Using the work. Remarks on the text of De iure praedae

Grotiana

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 215-245

  Waszink, Jan ^a  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

De iure praedae; Grotius; Hamaker; History of philology; Ms. UBL BPL 917; Sources; Textual criticism

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650150103     PISSN: 01673831     EISSN: 18760759     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187607508X366553     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. For authorisation, see M. Mathijsen, Naar de Letter: Handboek editiewetenschap, 2nd edn. (The Hague: Huygens Instituut, 1997), pp. 123-148.
2. De Iure Praedae Commentarius by Hugo Grotius, vol. II. The Collotype reproduction of the original manuscript of 1604 in the handwriting of Grotius, The Classics of International Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950; reprint Buffalo: Hein, 1995); the reprint has reproductions of poorer quality.
3. Based on Hamaker's page 12; see ms. fol. 7; for a translation, see Hugo Grotius, Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, tr. Gwladys L. Williams, ed. by Martine Julia van Ittersum, Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics (Indianapolis, Liberty Fund, 2006), p. 26
4. (further referred to as: Grotius/Williams/Ittersum, Commentary, 2006).
5. 2nd insertion: 'Herein lies that brotherhood of man ...Stoics, whose view Cicero adopts' (p. 27);
6. 3rd insertion: 'Seneca has said ...security in exchange' (p. 26-27).
7. Plutarchus, De sollertia animalium, ed. Stephanus, p. 964B, line 8;
8. Sextus Empiricus, Adversus mathematicos, 2.32.5;
9. Aelianus, De natura animalium, 6.50.19;
10. Aristonicus, De signis Odysseae, ad Od. 9.106;
11. Porphyrius, De abstinentia, 1.5.15;
12. Porphyrius, Quaestionum Homericarum ad Odysseam pertinentium reliquiae, ad Od. 9.106 sqq;
13. Stobaeus, Anthologium, 1.3.1.4;
14. Orion, Anthologion, 6.10.4;
15. Scholia in Hesiodum, Prolegomena, (p. 274ter, line 5)
16. Scholia in Homerum, ad Od. 9.106
17. Clemens Alex., Stromateis 1.29.
18. Note that three of these places are notes to Homer, Odyssey 9.106, where the wild Cyclopes are called αcombining comma aboveθεμι ́στοι, 'ignorant of Justice'. Grotius does not bring this place into his discussion here (or anywhere else that I have met).
19. Hesiodi Opera et Dies, librorum mss. et veterum editionum lectionibus commentarioque instruxit David Iacobus van Lennep (Amsterdam: Mueller, 1847).
20. Hesiodi Ascrei Opera et Dies. Aurea Carmina Pythagorae (Antwerp: Christoffel Plantijn, 1581). The same reading in the Paris editions of Hesiod of 1556 (Morelius) and 1581 (Morellus).
21. In the edition by Friedrich Sylburg (1536-1596). Clementis Alexandrini opera quae exstant, ([Heidelberg]: In officina Sanctandreana, 1592).
22. The Hesiod-citation is printed like the surrounding prose, but with recognisable line divisions that mark it as poetry. Sylburg's edition was available in Leiden's university library in Grotius's time, as appears from the contemporary printed catalogue (Bertius, Nomenclator, repr. Leiden 1995, B4r). Daniel Heinsius, already mentioned, published an edition of Clement (also based on Sylburg's) in 1616, which again has the Hesiod-citation in the same form (p. 154); Heinsius' copy of Sylburg's edition is preserved in Leiden UL, 754 A18 (see the inscription εcombining comma aboveκ τω̃ν του̃ Εcombining reversed comma aboveινσ ίου on the title page). Note that Heinsius did not adapt the reading of the fragment to that in his own edition of Hesiod.
23. Of the 11 quotations referred to above, only two can have been Grotius's source: Stobaeus, Anthologium 1.3.1.4 and the place in Clement of Alexandria, for these are the only ones which quote all four lines present in DIP, and end with αcombining comma aboveρίστη. However, Stobaeus has εcombining comma abovéσθειν and εcombining comma aboveν αυcombining comma aboveτοι̃ς· in line 2, unlike Grotius. Thus Clement remains as the only likely source.
24. See a.o. L. Früchtel in Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, vol. III (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1957), s.v. Clemens Alexandrinus.
25. This has been noted several times before, e.g. Peter Borschberg, 'Hugo Grotius' Theory of Trans-Oceanic Trade Regulation. Revisiting Mare Liberum (1609)', IILJ Working Papers, History and Theory of International Law, August 2006, p. 8;
26. see also Borschberg in the paper in this collection (n. 75). Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government (Cambridge: CUP, 1993), p. 171 also noted that most references to the Spanish scholastics were added later.
27. 'Human reason sprang from divine reason'. This is the last line of a fragment of 9 lines from Epicharmus' Politeia, which has only survived through Clement, Stromateis 5.118 (Eusebius quotes it too, but taken from Clement, though with a small variance; the γε proves that Grotius took the line from Clement). Hamaker renders the fragment correctly as it is in BPL 917 and points at Clement (there is no source-ref. in the ms.), but to the wrong place (bk. 6); see ms. fol. 6v and Hamaker p. 12.
28. Excerpta ex tragoediis et comoediis Graecis tum quae exstant, tum quae perierunt, (Paris: Nicolas Buon, 1626) (TMD 468).
29. Grotius had worked on the book for several years (see e.g. see Briefwisseling, II, no. 590 of July 1619; no. 845 of 29 July 1623);
30. he prepared the edition right after he had finished De iure belli ac pacis for the press: see no. 930 of 8 Nov. 1624.
31. See Poetae Comici Graeci [= PCG], ed. by R. Kassel and C. Austin, (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2001), I, p. 139; Epicharmus ft. 240. Grotius's emendations are not in the line quoted here.
32. For the use of commonplace books by early-modern scholars, see A. Moss, Printed Commonplace-books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996),
33. and J. Waszink, 'Introduction' in J. Lipsius. Politica. Six books of Politics or Political Instruction, Bibliotheca Latinitatis Novae, ed. by J. Waszink (Assen: Van Gorcum, 2004), pp. 49-55.
34. 'Similarly, also, demonstrations from the resources of erudition, strengthen, confirm, and establish demonstrative reasonings, in so far as men's minds are in a wavering state like young people's. "The good commandment," then, according to the Scripture, "is a lamp, and the law is a light to the path; for instruction corrects the ways of life". "Law is monarch of all, both of mortals and of immortals," says Pindar. I understand, however, by these words, Him who enacted law. And I regard, as spoken of the God of all, the following utterance of Hesiod, though spoken by the poet at random and not with comprehension: "For the Saturnian framed for men this law: fishes, and beasts, and winged birds may eat each other, since no rule of right is theirs; but right (by far the best) to men he gave." Whether, then, it be the law which is connate and natural, or that given afterwards, which is meant, it is certainly of God; and both the law of nature and that of instruction are one. Thus also Plato, in The Statesman, says that the lawgiver is one; and in The Laws, that he who shall understand music is one; teaching by these words that the Word is one, and God is one. And Moses manifestly calls the Lord a covenant: "Behold I am my Covenant with thee," having previously told him not to seek the covenant in writing. For it is a covenant which God, the Author of all, makes (τίθ εται). For God (θεός) is called from θέσις (placing), and order or arrangement.' (tr. from The writings of Clement of Alexandria, tr. W. Wilson, 2 vols (Edinburgh: s.n., 1869-71).
35. See also H.U. Meyboom, Clemens Alexandrinus V, Vlechtwerken I, Oud-Christelijke Geschritten in Nederlandsche Vertaling 12 (Leiden: Sijthoff, 1914).
36. In. Hesiodi Ascraei opera quae exstant ..., ([Heidelberg]: 1591),
37. and ΗΣΙΟΔΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΑΣΚΡΑΙΟΥ ΕΡΓΑ ΚΑΙ ΗΜΕΡΑΙ , etc., I. Spondanus Rupellanae provinciae Praefectus recensuit..., Rupellae (La Rochelle: apud Hieronymum Haultinum, 1592). The edition Poemata Hesiodi Ascraei ... with annotations by Melanchton and the Wittenberg professor M.E. Schmidt (Wittenberg: 1601) has an even less transparent alternative for the third line: Namque hanc hominibus legem disposuit Saturnius,/Piscibus quidem et feris et avibus volucribus,/Se mutuo ut devorent, quoniam non est ultio pro illis./Hominibus autem dedit iustitiam, quae multo optima/Est. ...
38. Clementis Alexandrini viri longe doctissimi, ... Gentiano Herveto Aureliano interprete (Basle: [Michael Isengrin], 1555).
39. See also F. Simmler, 'Prinzipien der Edition von Texten der Frühen Neuzeit aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht' in Probleme der Edition von Texten der Frühen Neuzeit, Beihefte zu Editio, vol. 3, ed. by L. Mundt et al. (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1992), pp. 49-56.
40. Detailed research into the physical characteristics of BPL 917 (watermarks, page-numberings, binding) was performed by Martine van Ittersum and Peter Borschberg in Leiden UL during the NIAS-year 2004-05. I thank Martine van Ittersum for providing me with a draft of her article on the results of this research, which will be published in the future.
41. See Martine van Ittersum's article in this collection.
42. Briefwisseling van Hugo Grotius, ed. P.C. Molhuysen, B.L. Meulenbroek and H.J.M. Nellen, 17 vols. (The Hague, 1928-2001), I, ep. 86; translation mine.
43. haec origo was deleted at a later time. In Williams's translation: 'For that matter, even if other bonds are lacking, the universal fellowship of mankind and the communion established by nature, will still cause us to be affected in our turn by ills inflicted upon others', p. 93. Grotius's communio naturae seems better rendered by something like 'the fact that they have human nature in common' than by 'the communion established by nature'.
44. See also R. Fruin, 'Een onuitgegeven werk van Hugo de Groot' in Idem, Verspreide Geschriften, ed. by P.J. Blok, P.L. Muller, S. Muller, 11 vols (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1900-1905), III, pp. 367-445
45. (English: 'An Unpublished Work of Hugo Grotius', in: Bibliotheca Visseriana Dissertationum ius internationale illustrantium, tomus 5, X, (Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit, 1925), pp. 1-100).
46. see also Van Ittersum, Profit and Principle, p. 24-25.
47. Fruin conjectured that Grotius actually conducted the lawsuit for the Company (and thus presented the argument to the Admiralty Board, see 'Unpublished Work', p. 39).
48. As Van Ittersum points out (Profit and Principle p. 190), 'Inchoate notions of freedom of trade and navigation already informed Dutch privateering in the East Indies before Grotius sat down to write DIP. (...) Yet the judges' references to natural rights, ius gentium and the law of war were haphazard at best, which Grotius sought to correct in DIP.'
49. See 'Introduction' p. 19-23
50. in: Grotius, The Antiquity of the Batavian Republic, with the notes by Petrus Scriverius, Bibliotheca Latinitatis Novae, ed. by Jan Waszink et al. (Assen: Van Gorcum, 2000).
51. H. Nellen, Hugo de Groot. Een leven in strijd om de vrede (Amsterdam 2007), p. 84.
52. R. Fruin, 'Onuitgegeven werk'
53. Discussions at the NIAS seminar, spring 2005.
54. Profit and Principle, ch. 3, pp.105-188.
55. In 'Hugo Grotius in Context: Van Heemskerck's Capture of the Santa Catharina and its Justification in De Jure Praedae (1604-1606)', Asian Journal of Social Science, 31.3 (2003), p. 524, she describes the VOC's purpose as winning support with potential allies such as the French and English kings and the other Dutch provinces.
56. Fruin, 'Unpublished work', p. 11 refers to the capture of the St. Jago near St. Helena in March 1602 in which naval captains from Holland and Zeeland had conflicting opinions on the legitimacy of an attack on a Portuguese ship.
57. Note also that Williams made a mistake at the beginning of the insertion (the place marked [64], p. 147 (Williams, 1950) or 215 (Grotius/Williams/ Ittersum, 2006): the words 'According to Dionysus' are not in the ms. or in Hamaker.
58. The end of fol. 63v was originally followed by the beginning of 67r (FURES ... PUBLICI in auro atque purpura..., a quotation from Cato's speeches, quoted by Gellius, Noctes Atticae, XI.18.18); similarly the end of fol. 66r connects with the beginning of 67v (Cum igitur apud... omnes nationes); 66v is empty: the unused last page of the insertion. The folio numbers quoted here are those of the numbering in the upper outer corners of the pages (the manuscript contains several folio-numberings). This numbering is obviously younger than the insertion, for it includes the folio-numbers of the insertion (Williams points out that there is another folio numbering just below, in which 63v and 67r are 56v and 57r respectively, but ignores the complication that 64r also carries the number 57 in what seems to be the same series).
59. The Dutch text of the decree by which they renounced their claims is published in Grotius, Commentary The Law of Prize and Booty, tr. Williams, 1950 p. 379-80;
60. See also Van Ittersum 'Hugo Grotius in context', p. 535.
61. V. Enthoven, Zeeland en de opkomst van de Republiek. Handel en strijd in de Scheldedelta c. 1550-1621. Leiden, 1996, p. 207-210.
62. See Van Itterum, Profit & Principle ch.1, p. 37 n. 39
63. and 'Hugo Grotius in context' p. 545 (app. III).
64. With thanks to Victor Enthoven for this suggestion. For references to sources, see Enthoven, Zeeland en de opkomst van de Republiek and Enthoven, 'Van steunpilaar tot blok aan het been. De Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie en de Unie', in De Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie tussen oorlog en diplomatie, ed. by G. Knaap and G. Teitler (Leiden: KITLV, 2002), pp. 45ff;
65. P. van Dam, Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie, ed. by F. Stapel, RGP 63, vol. 1 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1927), p. 44 & n. 1;
66. and The Hague, Nationaal Archief, VOC 13389, Repartitie van de veroverde goederen..., 1606 (quoted from Enthoven, 'Steunpilaar').,