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Volumn 124, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 325-333

On Sūryadāsa and the invention of bidirectional poetry (vilomakāvya)

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EID: 67650132950     PISSN: 00030279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4132220     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (72)
  • 3
    • 67650205805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the level of reading the poem, however, one still reads only from first verse to last verse
    • At the level of reading the poem, however, one still reads only from first verse to last verse.
  • 4
    • 84868804788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An example of a viscombining dot belowamākscombining dot belowara verse (Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowavilomakāvya 1, tamcombining dot below bhūsūtā- muktim udāra-hāsamcombining dot below vande yato bhavya-bhavamcombining dot below dayā-śrihcombining dot below śriyādavamcombining dot below bhavya-bha-toya-devam samcombining dot belowhāra-dā-muktim utāsubhūtām, An example of a samākscombining dot belowara verse Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowavilomakāvya 31, śaṅkāvajn̄ā-nut tv anujñāvakā śamcombining dot below yāne nadyām ugram udyāna- neyā, yāne nadyām ugram udyānaneyã śaṅkāvajñā-nut tv anujñāā vakāśamcombining dot below
    • An example of a viscombining dot belowamākscombining dot belowara verse (Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowavilomakāvya 1): tamcombining dot below bhūsūtā- muktim udāra-hāsamcombining dot below vande yato bhavya-bhavamcombining dot below dayā-śrihcombining dot below śriyādavamcombining dot below bhavya-bha-toya-devam samcombining dot belowhāra-dā-muktim utāsubhūtām || An example of a samākscombining dot belowara verse (Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowavilomakāvya 31): śaṅkāvajn̄ā-nut tv anujñāvakā śamcombining dot below yāne nadyām ugram udyāna- neyā | yāne nadyām ugram udyānaneyã śaṅkāvajñā-nut tv anujñāā vakāśamcombining dot below.
  • 5
    • 84868719013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rāmāyana 1.2 in the critical edition. The verse that Vālmiki discovered, incidentally, (1.2.14) cannot be read in two directions
    • Rāmāyana 1.2 in the critical edition. The verse that Vālmiki discovered, incidentally, (1.2.14) cannot be read in two directions.
  • 7
    • 84868730500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This list was developed using Bronner's study as a basis, and searching also through the standard reference works on the history of kāvya and the introductions to the published viloma texts
    • This list was developed using Bronner's study as a basis, and searching also through the standard reference works on the history of kāvya and the introductions to the published viloma texts.
  • 9
    • 84868798145 scopus 로고
    • Dvyarthī and Tryarthī Kāvyas in Sanskrit
    • (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute)
    • nor E. V. Vira Raghavacharya, "Dvyarthī and Tryarthī Kāvyas in Sanskrit," in Commemorative Essays Presented to Professor Kashinath Bapuji Pathak (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1934), 381, identifies this work as a vilomakāvya.
    • (1934) Commemorative Essays Presented to Professor Kashinath Bapuji Pathak , pp. 381
  • 10
    • 84868771856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronner follows NCC (7: 47), which does identify the work as a vilomakāvya, referring to the Tanjore Descriptive Catalogue (7: 2840ff.). That catalogue, however, nowhere identifies the work as viloma. The excerpts published in the TDC show a work that is a ślescombining dot belowakāvya of the Rāma story and the Krcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowa story simultaneously, but the commentary reads both of these narratives from the verses in the same direction. One of the verses of the introduction to the commentary identifies the poem as having different meanings in krama and vyutkrama. The verses given in the catalogue appear to offer the possibility of at least a partial viloma reading
    • Bronner follows NCC (7: 47), which does identify the work as a vilomakāvya, referring to the Tanjore Descriptive Catalogue (7: 2840ff.). That catalogue, however, nowhere identifies the work as viloma. The excerpts published in the TDC show a work that is a ślescombining dot belowakāvya of the Rāma story and the Krcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowa story simultaneously, but the commentary reads both of these narratives from the verses in the same direction. One of the verses of the introduction to the commentary identifies the poem as having different meanings in krama and vyutkrama. The verses given in the catalogue appear to offer the possibility of at least a partial viloma reading.
  • 14
    • 79958669728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Krishnamachariar 194. A manuscript in
    • Krishnamachariar, 194. A manuscript in the Madras Triennial Catalogue (2: 1716-17) shows that it contained twenty cantos and was a vilomakāvya of the Nala and Hariścandra stories.
    • The Madras Triennial Catalogue , vol.2 , pp. 1716-1717
  • 15
    • 84868730534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Krishnamachariar, 194, also lists Anantasuri's Hariścandrodaya in his section devoted to vilomakāvya, though he does not explicitly say that it is a vilomakāvya
    • Krishnamachariar, 194, also lists Anantasuri's Hariścandrodaya in his section devoted to vilomakāvya, though he does not explicitly say that it is a vilomakāvya.
  • 16
    • 79958636933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In fact it is a ślescombining dot belowakāvya but not a vilomakāvya. (See the Mysore Descriptive Catalogue 8: 206-7.)
    • The Mysore Descriptive Catalogue , vol.8 , pp. 206-207
  • 17
    • 84868792458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Rāghavayādaviya of Someśvara (Krishnamachariar, 191)
    • The Rāghavayādaviya of Someśvara (Krishnamachariar, 191)
  • 19
    • 84868804771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The description in the MTC makes it clear that it is a ślescombining dot belowakāvya, but not a vilomakāvya. On the existence of a lost work of Śrutakirti, see below, n. 23. In the introduction to his edition of Sūrya's Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowavilomakävya, K. N. Miśra identifies, in addition to some of the works already mentioned, two other titles as vilomakāvyas: the Pārvatirukmincombining dot belowiya of Vidyāmādhava and the Śrcombining dot belowngāravairāgyataraṅgini of Somaprabhäcärya. Both of these are listed by Krishnamachariar (190, 193)
    • The description in the MTC makes it clear that it is a ślescombining dot belowakāvya, but not a vilomakāvya. On the existence of a lost work of Śrutakirti, see below, n. 23. In the introduction to his edition of Sūrya's Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowavilomakävya, K. N. Miśra identifies, in addition to some of the works already mentioned, two other titles as vilomakāvyas: the Pārvatirukmincombining dot belowiya of Vidyāmādhava and the Śrcombining dot belowngāravairāgyataraṅgini of Somaprabhäcärya. Both of these are listed by Krishnamachariar (190, 193), but neither is identified by Krishnamachariar as a viloma work, and indeed neither one is, as is clear from consulting the example of the former work given by Krishnamachariar and the text of the latter published in the Kāvyamālā. One suspects that Miśra has inferred that these are vilomakāvyas because of where they are described by Krishnamachariar, that is, on the pages adjacent to the ones where the vilomakāvyai are listed.
  • 20
    • 84868730535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The work survives in only one manuscript (see n. 10) and is unpublished. Given the relative length of the WOrk - Sūrya's and Veṅkatcombining dot belowa's are only thirty-six and thirty-two verses respectively - and its subject matter - the stories of two human kings - it would seem to postdate the shorter works by Sūrya and Veṅkatcombining dot belowa, which explore one of the central topics of bitextual poetry, the combination of the stories of Rāma and Krcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowa. Where would the glory be for them in writing a work of thirty or so verses, if there already existed one in ten cantos?
    • The work survives in only one manuscript (see n. 10) and is unpublished. Given the relative length of the WOrk - Sūrya's and Veṅkatcombining dot belowa's are only thirty-six and thirty-two verses respectively - and its subject matter - the stories of two human kings - it would seem to postdate the shorter works by Sūrya and Veṅkatcombining dot belowa, which explore one of the central topics of bitextual poetry, the combination of the stories of Rāma and Krcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowa. Where would the glory be for them in writing a work of thirty or so verses, if there already existed one in ten cantos?
  • 21
    • 84868771872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., the short poems at the end of S. B. Velcombining dot belowancombining dot belowkar's edition of the Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowakāvya
    • See, e.g., the short poems at the end of S. B. Velcombining dot belowancombining dot belowkar's edition of the Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowakāvya.
  • 22
    • 84868825216 scopus 로고
    • The title is also sometimes listed as Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowakāvya or as Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowavilomäksarakävya. Editions: J. Haeberlin, Kāvyasamgraha (1847);
    • (1847) Kāvyasamgraha
    • Haeberlin, J.1
  • 23
    • 84868792459 scopus 로고
    • Kāvyamālā, part 11 (1895);
    • (1895) Kāvyamālā , Issue.PART 11
  • 24
    • 84868804789 scopus 로고
    • Vārāncombining dot belowasī: Chowkhamba
    • K. N. Mísra, Haridas Sanskrit Series, vol. 288 (Vārāncombining dot belowasī: Chowkhamba, 1970);
    • (1970) Haridas Sanskrit Series , vol.288
    • Mísra, K.N.1
  • 25
    • 79958656777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. B. Velankar (Bombay: K. B. Dhawale, 1977)
    • S. B. Velankar (Bombay: K. B. Dhawale, 1977).
  • 27
    • 84868771868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • which appears to be drawn from Winternitz, Geschichte, 125. Neither author gives a rationale for this date, which is presumably based on Sürya's floruit derived from his other dated works
    • which appears to be drawn from Winternitz, Geschichte, 125. Neither author gives a rationale for this date, which is presumably based on Sürya's floruit derived from his other dated works.
  • 28
    • 84868773479 scopus 로고
    • (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz)
    • David Pingree, Jyotihcombining dot belowśāstra (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1981), 124, lists astronomical works of Sūrya's that can be dated to 1538 and 1541. See below, however, for another work of his that can be dated to 1583. I would argue that the Rāmakrcombining dot belowscombining dot belowncombining dot belowakāvya is in fact a later work, composed closer to 1580 than 1540. Note that despite its great success, Sūrya makes no special point of referring to it in the closing verses of his works, where he describes what earlier works he has written. The situation is the same for the Siddhāntasamcombining dot belowhitāsārasamuccaya, another late work not yet composed when those various concluding verses were written.
    • (1981) Jyotihcombining Dot Belowśāstra , pp. 124
    • Pingree, D.1
  • 29
    • 79958513363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note that most bitextual works come with an autocommentary, a guide to the double reading being considered a necessary component of its composition
    • Note that most bitextual works come with an autocommentary, a guide to the double reading being considered a necessary component of its composition.
  • 30
    • 84868804786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There appears to be a reference here to the most famous early ślescombining dot belowa double epic, Kavirāja's Rāghavapāncombining dot belowdcombining dot belowaviya, which speaks of the merging of the two epics as being like the Gaṅgā flowing to the ocean (Bronner, 247-48). Sūrya claims that his accomplishment is that much more astounding
    • There appears to be a reference here to the most famous early ślescombining dot belowa double epic, Kavirāja's Rāghavapāncombining dot belowdcombining dot belowaviya, which speaks of the merging of the two epics as being like the Gaṅgā flowing to the ocean (Bronner, 247-48). Sūrya claims that his accomplishment is that much more astounding.
  • 31
    • 84868771865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anecdotal evidence of early, dated manuscripts suggests early dissemination of the work. Jaipur Pothikhānā 623 has the date 1718 Samcombining dot belowvat. The Dikshit collection in the Deccan College includes a manuscript (Accn. No. 3920) dated Śaka 1644. There are eight copies in the Mysore Descriptive Catalogue, though unfortunately no date is given
    • Anecdotal evidence of early, dated manuscripts suggests early dissemination of the work. Jaipur Pothikhānā 623 has the date 1718 Samcombining dot belowvat. The Dikshit collection in the Deccan College includes a manuscript (Accn. No. 3920) dated Śaka 1644. There are eight copies in the Mysore Descriptive Catalogue, though unfortunately no date is given.
  • 32
    • 79958542193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tanjore Descriptive Catalogue, 6: Cat. nos. 3843-46
    • Tanjore Descriptive Catalogue, 6: Cat. nos. 3843-46.
  • 34
    • 84868792455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chief authors who describe the alamcombining dot belowkāra are Dancombining dot belowdcombining dot belowin, Kāvyādarśa 3.70, 74-77
    • The chief authors who describe the alamcombining dot belowkāra are Dancombining dot belowdcombining dot belowin, Kāvyādarśa 3.70, 74-77
  • 35
    • 84868730530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Rudratcombining dot belowa, Kāvyālamcombining dot belowkāra 5.22-23
    • and Rudratcombining dot belowa, Kāvyālamcombining dot belowkāra 5.22-23.
  • 37
    • 84868792457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kirātārjuniya 15.18, 20, 22, 23
    • Kirātārjuniya 15.18, 20, 22, 23.
  • 38
    • 84868792456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Śiśupālavadha 19.33-34, 40, 44, 88, 90. Each of these is a verse containing a different variety of the anulomapratiloma alamcombining dot belowkāra; some are palindromic and some are not. Other varieties of word-play are invariably displayed in adjacent verses, so that the anulomapratiloma verses always form a part of a set of varied effects
    • Śiśupālavadha 19.33-34, 40, 44, 88, 90. Each of these is a verse containing a different variety of the anulomapratiloma alamcombining dot belowkāra; some are palindromic and some are not. Other varieties of word-play are invariably displayed in adjacent verses, so that the anulomapratiloma verses always form a part of a set of varied effects.
  • 39
    • 54749146752 scopus 로고
    • Ānandavardhana's Deviśataka
    • See, similarly, vss. 8,9, in Ānandavardhana's Deviśataka (Daniel Ingalls, "Ānandavardhana's Deviśataka", JAOS 109 [1989]: 568).
    • (1989) JAOS , vol.109 , pp. 568
    • Ingalls, D.1
  • 40
    • 84868771867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dancombining dot belowdcombining dot belowin specifies a pāda, half-verse, or verse as the potential length of the effect
    • Dancombining dot belowdcombining dot belowin specifies a pāda, half-verse, or verse as the potential length of the effect.
  • 41
    • 84868805381 scopus 로고
    • Pradhān Sampādakīya
    • ed. K. C. Gorawala (Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanapitha)
    • The only trace of a possible earlier work is a lone reference to a poem of Śrutakīrti. Pampa in his Pamparāmāyancombining dot belowa says that Śrutakirti wrote a Rāghavapāncombining dot belowdcombining dot belowaviya that was gatapratyāgata 'going and returning'. The scholarly community has been divided on the identity and date of Srutakirti (in any case before Pampa in the twelfth century) and the nature of the work composed. There is no certainty that gatapratyāgata refers to a vilomakāvya in the sense defined above. The term could as easily mean a poem in which verses are read from first to last and last to first, but always left to right. Furthermore, if it ever existed, this work was lost early on. No author after Pampa knows of it. Sūryadāsa would have had to (re-)invent the genre in any case. For bibliography, see H. Jain and A. N. Upādhye, "Pradhān Sampādakīya" in Dvisandhāna Mahākāvya of Mahākavi Dhanan̄jaya, ed. K. C. Gorawala (Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanapitha, 1970), 23-31.
    • (1970) Dvisandhāna Mahākāvya of Mahākavi Dhanan̄jaya , pp. 23-31
    • Jain, H.1    Upādhye, A.N.2
  • 42
    • 84868808840 scopus 로고
    • Siddhānta-samcombining dot belowhitā-sāra-samuccaya of Sūrya Pancombining dot belowdcombining dot belowitā
    • Also sometimes called Sūrya, Sūrya Pandita and Sūryasūri, but not the same as Sūryakavi, author of the commentary on the Kavikalpalatā. On Sūrya, see K. Madhava Krishna Sarma, "Siddhānta-samcombining dot belowhitā-sāra- samuccaya of Sūrya Pancombining dot belowdcombining dot belowitā," Viśva Bhārati 2 (1950): 222-25.
    • (1950) Viśva Bhārati , vol.2 , pp. 222-225
    • Madhava Krishna Sarma, K.1
  • 43
    • 84868733085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astronomers and Their Reasons: Working Paper on Jyotihcombining dot belowśāstra
    • For further bibliography, see Minkowski, "Astronomers and Their Reasons: Working Paper on Jyotihcombining dot belowśāstra," Journal of Indian Philosophy 30 (2002): 507-10.
    • (2002) Journal of Indian Philosophy , vol.30 , pp. 507-510
    • Minkowski1
  • 45
    • 84868730528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In a discussion of the precession of the equinoxes in the grahakakscombining dot belowākrama section of the last chapter, evamcombining dot below vartamāne śālivāhanaśake 1505 haste saptarscombining dot belowayas tiscombining dot belowtcombining dot belowhanti. This would make Sūrya seventy-five years old at the time of its composition. The work is not yet published, but I have had access to a copy of Jaipur Khasmohor 5026, and to copies of Baroda 3344 and 9473
    • In a discussion of the precession of the equinoxes in the grahakakscombining dot belowākrama section of the last chapter, evamcombining dot below vartamāne śālivāhanaśake 1505 haste saptarscombining dot belowayas tiscombining dot belowtcombining dot belowhanti. This would make Sūrya seventy-five years old at the time of its composition. The work is not yet published, but I have had access to a copy of Jaipur Khasmohor 5026, and to copies of Baroda 3344 and 9473.
  • 46
    • 84868804779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For more on this chapter, see Minkowski and Pingree, The Mlecchamatanirūpancombining dot belowa of Sūryadāsa, forthcoming
    • For more on this chapter, see Minkowski and Pingree, "The Mlecchamatanirūpancombining dot belowa of Sūryadāsa," forthcoming.
  • 47
    • 79958574062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sarma, p. 221. The work is as yet unpublished, and I have not seen a copy of a manuscript at the time of writing
    • Sarma, p. 221. The work is as yet unpublished, and I have not seen a copy of a manuscript at the time of writing.
  • 48
    • 52649168761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tājika: Persian Astrology in Sanskrit
    • Rome: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente
    • David Pingree, "Tājika: Persian Astrology in Sanskrit," in From Astral Omens to Astrology: From Babylon to Bikaner (Rome: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 1997), 79-90.
    • (1997) From Astral Omens to Astrology: From Babylon to Bikaner , pp. 79-90
    • Pingree, D.1
  • 49
    • 8444242753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indian Reception of Muslim Versions of Ptolemaic Astronomy
    • ed. F. J. and S. P. Ragep (Leiden: Brill)
    • D. Pingree, "Indian Reception of Muslim Versions of Ptolemaic Astronomy," in Tradition, Transmission, Transformation, ed. F. J. and S. P. Ragep (Leiden: Brill, 1996), 474-75.
    • (1996) Tradition, Transmission, Transformation , pp. 474-475
    • Pingree, D.1
  • 50
    • 84978512959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sultan among Hindu Kings': Dress, Titles and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara
    • For the growing importance of Islamicate courtly culture, from the fifteenth century on, in Vijayanagar, see Phillip B. Wagoner, "'Sultan among Hindu Kings': Dress, Titles and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara," Journal of Asian Studies 55 (196): 851-80.
    • Journal of Asian Studies , vol.55 , Issue.196 , pp. 851-880
    • Wagoner, P.B.1
  • 52
  • 53
    • 79958577765 scopus 로고
    • (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass)
    • Especially Murtaza Nizām Shāh I, a.k.a. The "Madman" (r. 1565-88). See Radhey Shyam, The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1966), 151-201. An ancestor of Sūrya had been a śāstrī in the court of the Devagiri Yādavas. There is no record of contact of the family with the Ahmadnagar court, though it is probable that the family's land-revenue income would have been confirmed by them.
    • (1966) The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar , pp. 151-201
    • Shyam, R.1
  • 54
    • 78650025416 scopus 로고
    • Sābājī Pratāparāja, a Protegé of Burhān Nizām Shah of Ahmadnagar, and His Works - Between A.D. 1500 and 1560
    • Burhān Nizām Shāh supported the work of Sābāji Pratāparāja, while Ahmad Nizām Shāh had Dalapatirāya as an officer in his court. Both were the authors of Dharmaśāstra works (P. K. Gode, "Sābājī Pratāparāja, a Protegé of Burhān Nizām Shah of Ahmadnagar, and His Works - Between A.D. 1500 and 1560," ABORI 24 (1943): 156-64).
    • (1943) ABORI , vol.24 , pp. 156-164
    • Gode, P.K.1
  • 55
    • 54849431692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Śamcombining dot belowkarabhatcombining dot belowtcombining dot belowa's Family Chronicle, the Gādhivamcombining dot belowś avarncombining dot belowana
    • ed. Axel Michaels [New Delhi: Manohar Publications
    • Furthermore, the narrative of the eminent Bhatta family of Banaras, the Gādhivamcombining dot belowśavarncombining dot belowana, describes various offers of support made by the Nizām Shāhī ruler to Rāmeśvara Bhatcombining dot belowtcombining dot belowa, who lived in the Ahmadnagar kingdom before migrating to Banaras (James Benson, "Śamcombining dot belowkarabhatcombining dot belowtcombining dot belowa's Family Chronicle, the Gādhivamcombining dot belowś avarncombining dot belowana" in The Pandit: Traditional Scholarship in India, ed. Axel Michaels [New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 2001], 105-18).
    • (2001) The Pandit: Traditional Scholarship in India , pp. 105-118
    • Benson, J.1
  • 56
    • 79958501102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to one contemporary source, the Nizām Shāhīs were Muslim-converted descendants of a family of Deccani Brahmins who came from Pathri, i.e., Pārthapura! (Benson, "Chronicle," 108).
    • Chronicle , pp. 108
    • Benson1
  • 58
    • 79956828536 scopus 로고
    • Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court
    • This Tājika text was also translated into Persian at Akbar's request. See M. Athar Ali, "Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court," Social Scientist 20 (1992): 38-45.
    • (1992) Social Scientist , vol.20 , pp. 38-45
    • Athar Ali, M.1
  • 59
    • 85014801626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persian in Precolonial Hindustan
    • ed. Sheldon Pollock [Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press]
    • There are contemporary accounts, for example, that the Adil Shāhī rulers in Bījapur employed many Brahmins as ministers (Muzaffar Alam, "Persian in Precolonial Hindustan," in Literary Cultures in History, ed. Sheldon Pollock [Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 2003], 157).
    • (2003) Literary Cultures in History , pp. 157
    • Alam, M.1
  • 60
    • 17344373799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Languages of Science in Early-Modern India
    • ed. K. Preisendanz Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften
    • For some remarks on this trend at the turn of the seventeenth century, see Pollock, "The Languages of Science in Early-Modern India," in Halbfass Commemoration Volume, ed. K. Preisendanz (Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2003), n. 44.
    • (2003) Halbfass Commemoration Volume , Issue.44
    • Pollock1
  • 61
    • 23044525312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Through Throats Where Many Rivers Meet': The Ecology of Hindi in the World of Persian
    • On the phenomenon of macaronic verse, see S. Phukan, "'Through Throats Where Many Rivers Meet': The Ecology of Hindi in the World of Persian," Indian Economic and Social History Review 38 (2001) 33-58.
    • (2001) Indian Economic and Social History Review , vol.38 , pp. 33-58
    • Phukan, S.1
  • 64
    • 84868864103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Though the work is grammatically in Sanskrit, nearly every line is loaded with Arabic or Persian astrological terms. Chaudhuri, Khān Khānān, 26-52, 126-59, provides an edition and translation.
    • Khān Khānān , vol.26-52 , pp. 126-159
    • Chaudhuri1
  • 66
    • 79958586071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For two Sanskrit authors in the Mughal courts, Siddhicandra and Jagannātha, and the kinds of innovation opened up to them by their functioning with Persian, see Pollock, "Death of Sanskrit," 404-12.
    • Death of Sanskrit , pp. 404-412
    • Pollock1
  • 68
    • 84868771862 scopus 로고
    • (Vārāncombining dot belowasī)
    • and the Nrcombining ring belowsimcombining dot belowhacampū, ed. Sūryakānta Śāstrī, Chowkhamba Vidyabhavan, vol. 43 (Vārāncombining dot belowasī, 1959).
    • (1959) Chowkhamba Vidyabhavan , vol.43
    • Śāstrī, S.1
  • 69
    • 84868804776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Readers may also wish to consider the maṅgala verses of Sūrya's commentary on the Bhagavad Gītā, published with seven other commentaries, ed. Jivaram Śastri, M. D. Bakre, D. V. Gokhale, by the Gujarati Printing Press in Bombay in 1915 (rpt. Delhi: Parimal Publications, 2001). The first verse, by way of example, shows some viloma effects, to which one can compare the first verse of Veṅkatcombining dot belowa's (later) Yādavarāghaviya: samcombining dot belowvidānandasamcombining dot belowdohasāndram indīvareksanam | indirāmandiramcombining dot below devam vande tam nandananandanam 1||
    • Readers may also wish to consider the maṅgala verses of Sūrya's commentary on the Bhagavad Gītā, published with seven other commentaries, ed. Jivaram Śastri, M. D. Bakre, D. V. Gokhale, by the Gujarati Printing Press in Bombay in 1915 (rpt. Delhi: Parimal Publications, 2001). The first verse, by way of example, shows some viloma effects, to which one can compare the first verse of Veṅkatcombining dot belowa's (later) Yādavarāghaviya: samcombining dot belowvidānandasamcombining dot belowdohasāndram indīvareksanam | indirāmandiramcombining dot below devam vande tam nandananandanam 1||
  • 70
    • 84868792450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several other reverse-direction practices in the Sanskrit sphere, such as the pratiloma recitation of Vedic or Tantric verses, were mentioned at the 2003 AOS meeting by members of the Society present. I am grateful for these suggestions. There was no evidence that Sūrya would have known of these practices, however, and none of them is meaning-bearing in reverse
    • Several other reverse-direction practices in the Sanskrit sphere, such as the pratiloma recitation of Vedic or Tantric verses, were mentioned at the 2003 AOS meeting by members of the Society present. I am grateful for these suggestions. There was no evidence that Sūrya would have known of these practices, however, and none of them is meaning-bearing in reverse.
  • 72
    • 84868730523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Porcher has already laid out some of the implications for the vilomakāvya of Veṅkatcombining dot belowa, Rāghavayā daviya, 64-76
    • Porcher has already laid out some of the implications for the vilomakāvya of Veṅkatcombining dot belowa, Rāghavayā daviya, 64-76.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.