메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 82, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 12-17

The effect of translocation on movement behaviour-A test of the assumptions of behavioural studies

Author keywords

Capture mark recapture; Handling effect; Oedipoda caerulescens; Orthoptera

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; GRASSHOPPER; HABITAT SELECTION; MARK-RECAPTURE METHOD; MARKING METHOD; MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR; MOVEMENT; PREDICTION; TRANSLOCATION;

EID: 67650099161     PISSN: 03766357     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.03.001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0001550852 scopus 로고
    • Effect of habitat familiarity and toe clipping on rate of owl predation in Microtus pennsylvanicus
    • Ambrose H.W. Effect of habitat familiarity and toe clipping on rate of owl predation in Microtus pennsylvanicus. Journal of Mammalogy 53 4 (1972) 909-912
    • (1972) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.53 , Issue.4 , pp. 909-912
    • Ambrose, H.W.1
  • 2
    • 0141987653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grasshopper biodiversity and bioindicators in Australian tropical savannas: responses to disturbance in Kakadu National Park
    • Andersen A.N., Ludwig J.A., Lowe L.M., and Rentz D.C.F. Grasshopper biodiversity and bioindicators in Australian tropical savannas: responses to disturbance in Kakadu National Park. Austral Ecology 26 3 (2001) 213-222
    • (2001) Austral Ecology , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 213-222
    • Andersen, A.N.1    Ludwig, J.A.2    Lowe, L.M.3    Rentz, D.C.F.4
  • 3
    • 0032951995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and behaviour of hihi, an endangered New Zealand honeyeater, in the establishment phase following translocation
    • Armstrong D.P., Castro I., Alley J.C., Feenstra B., and Perrott J.K. Mortality and behaviour of hihi, an endangered New Zealand honeyeater, in the establishment phase following translocation. Biological Conservation 89 3 (1999) 329-339
    • (1999) Biological Conservation , vol.89 , Issue.3 , pp. 329-339
    • Armstrong, D.P.1    Castro, I.2    Alley, J.C.3    Feenstra, B.4    Perrott, J.K.5
  • 4
    • 0031060898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homing movements of displaced stream-dwelling brown trout
    • Armstrong J.D., and Herbert N.A. Homing movements of displaced stream-dwelling brown trout. Journal of Fish Biology 50 (1997) 445-449
    • (1997) Journal of Fish Biology , vol.50 , pp. 445-449
    • Armstrong, J.D.1    Herbert, N.A.2
  • 5
    • 0028161643 scopus 로고
    • Adult movements between populations in the specialist butterfly Proclossiana eunomia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
    • Baguette M., and Neve G. Adult movements between populations in the specialist butterfly Proclossiana eunomia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Ecological Entomology 19 1 (1994) 1-5
    • (1994) Ecological Entomology , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-5
    • Baguette, M.1    Neve, G.2
  • 6
    • 0034013660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population spatial structure and migration of three butterfly species within the same habitat network: consequences for conservation
    • Baguette M., Petit S., and Queva F. Population spatial structure and migration of three butterfly species within the same habitat network: consequences for conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology 37 1 (2000) 100-108
    • (2000) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 100-108
    • Baguette, M.1    Petit, S.2    Queva, F.3
  • 7
    • 67650178665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of passive transponder used for individual marking on mating propensity in Arianta arbustorum (Helicidae, Gastropoda)
    • Baminger H. Effects of passive transponder used for individual marking on mating propensity in Arianta arbustorum (Helicidae, Gastropoda). Arianta 3 (2000) 39-46
    • (2000) Arianta , vol.3 , pp. 39-46
    • Baminger, H.1
  • 8
    • 10344224587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-lasting method for marking beetles (Coleoptera), which does not enhance mortality
    • Bates A.J., and Sadler J.P. A long-lasting method for marking beetles (Coleoptera), which does not enhance mortality. Entomological News 115 1 (2004) 49-51
    • (2004) Entomological News , vol.115 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-51
    • Bates, A.J.1    Sadler, J.P.2
  • 9
    • 0035206542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homing behaviour of stream-dwelling brook charr following experimental displacement
    • Belanger G., and Rodriguez M.A. Homing behaviour of stream-dwelling brook charr following experimental displacement. Journal of Fish Biology 59 (2001) 987-1001
    • (2001) Journal of Fish Biology , vol.59 , pp. 987-1001
    • Belanger, G.1    Rodriguez, M.A.2
  • 10
    • 4844220088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of grazing on individual male movement in Roesel's bush-cricket Metrioptera roeseli: one possible clue to species range expansion
    • Berggren A. Impact of grazing on individual male movement in Roesel's bush-cricket Metrioptera roeseli: one possible clue to species range expansion. Journal of Insect Behavior 17 4 (2004) 419-429
    • (2004) Journal of Insect Behavior , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 419-429
    • Berggren, A.1
  • 11
    • 27744443764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of conspecifics on individual male movement in Roesel's bush cricket, Metrioptera roeseli
    • Berggren A. The effect of conspecifics on individual male movement in Roesel's bush cricket, Metrioptera roeseli. Ecological Entomology 30 4 (2005) 480-483
    • (2005) Ecological Entomology , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 480-483
    • Berggren, A.1
  • 13
    • 0028179911 scopus 로고
    • Directions in conservation biology
    • Caughley G. Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology 63 (1994) 215-244
    • (1994) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 215-244
    • Caughley, G.1
  • 14
    • 0031128690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental study of the translocation of the noisy miner Manorina melanocephala
    • Clarke M.F., and Schedvin N. An experimental study of the translocation of the noisy miner Manorina melanocephala. Biological Conservation 80 (1997) 161-167
    • (1997) Biological Conservation , vol.80 , pp. 161-167
    • Clarke, M.F.1    Schedvin, N.2
  • 15
    • 84902228465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes, mechanisms and consequences of dispersal
    • Hanksi I., and Gaggiotti O.E. (Eds), Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam
    • Clobert J., Ims R.A., and Rousset F. Causes, mechanisms and consequences of dispersal. In: Hanksi I., and Gaggiotti O.E. (Eds). Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Metapopulations (2004), Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam 307-335
    • (2004) Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Metapopulations , pp. 307-335
    • Clobert, J.1    Ims, R.A.2    Rousset, F.3
  • 16
    • 0032466856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of enamel paint on the behavior and survival of the periodical cicada, Magicicada septendecim (Homoptera) and the lesser migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera)
    • Cooley J.R., Hammond G.S., and Marshall D.C. Effects of enamel paint on the behavior and survival of the periodical cicada, Magicicada septendecim (Homoptera) and the lesser migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera). Great Lakes Entomologist 31 3-4 (1998) 161-168
    • (1998) Great Lakes Entomologist , vol.31 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 161-168
    • Cooley, J.R.1    Hammond, G.S.2    Marshall, D.C.3
  • 20
    • 22444456445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new method of marking spiders
    • Evans T.A., and Gleeson P.V. A new method of marking spiders. Journal of Arachnology 26 3 (1998) 382-384
    • (1998) Journal of Arachnology , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 382-384
    • Evans, T.A.1    Gleeson, P.V.2
  • 21
    • 0008556886 scopus 로고
    • Short-term effects of ringing and toe-clipping on the recapture of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus)
    • Fairley J.S. Short-term effects of ringing and toe-clipping on the recapture of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Journal of Zoology 197 (1982) 295-297
    • (1982) Journal of Zoology , vol.197 , pp. 295-297
    • Fairley, J.S.1
  • 22
    • 35148886655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the required minimum landscape size for dispersal studies?
    • Franzén M., and Nilson S.G. What is the required minimum landscape size for dispersal studies?. Journal of Animal Ecology 76 6 (2007) 1224-1230
    • (2007) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.76 , Issue.6 , pp. 1224-1230
    • Franzén, M.1    Nilson, S.G.2
  • 23
    • 0021623903 scopus 로고
    • The effects of capturing and marking on subsequent activity in Boloria acrocnema (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with a comparison of different numerical models that estimate population size
    • Gall L.F. The effects of capturing and marking on subsequent activity in Boloria acrocnema (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with a comparison of different numerical models that estimate population size. Biological Conservation 28 (1984) 139-154
    • (1984) Biological Conservation , vol.28 , pp. 139-154
    • Gall, L.F.1
  • 25
    • 0041571885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement patterns of the bush cricket Platycleis albopunctata in different types of habitat: matrix is not always matrix
    • Hein S., Gombert J., Hovestadt T., and Poethke H.-J. Movement patterns of the bush cricket Platycleis albopunctata in different types of habitat: matrix is not always matrix. Ecological Entomology 28 4 (2003) 432-438
    • (2003) Ecological Entomology , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 432-438
    • Hein, S.1    Gombert, J.2    Hovestadt, T.3    Poethke, H.-J.4
  • 26
    • 18144420081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer-generated null models as an approach to detect perceptual range in mark-re-sight studies-an example with grasshoppers
    • Hein S., Poethke H.-J., and Hovestadt T. Computer-generated null models as an approach to detect perceptual range in mark-re-sight studies-an example with grasshoppers. Ecological Entomology 30 2 (2005) 225-233
    • (2005) Ecological Entomology , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 225-233
    • Hein, S.1    Poethke, H.-J.2    Hovestadt, T.3
  • 27
    • 0005113104 scopus 로고
    • Survival of a phaneropterid bush cricket studied by a new marking technique (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae)
    • Heller K.G., and von Helversen O. Survival of a phaneropterid bush cricket studied by a new marking technique (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae). Entomologia Generalis 15 2 (1990) 203-208
    • (1990) Entomologia Generalis , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 203-208
    • Heller, K.G.1    von Helversen, O.2
  • 28
    • 34547869303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marking hard-shelled gastropods: tag loss, impact on life-history traits, and perspectives in biology
    • Henry P.Y., and Jarne P. Marking hard-shelled gastropods: tag loss, impact on life-history traits, and perspectives in biology. Invertebrate Biology 126 2 (2007) 138-153
    • (2007) Invertebrate Biology , vol.126 , Issue.2 , pp. 138-153
    • Henry, P.Y.1    Jarne, P.2
  • 29
    • 0030302866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat patch size and isolation on dispersal by Hesperia comma butterflies: implications for metapopulation structure
    • Hill J.K., Thomas C.D., and Lewis O.T. Effects of habitat patch size and isolation on dispersal by Hesperia comma butterflies: implications for metapopulation structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 65 6 (1996) 725-735
    • (1996) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.65 , Issue.6 , pp. 725-735
    • Hill, J.K.1    Thomas, C.D.2    Lewis, O.T.3
  • 30
    • 27944508269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The control of emigration and its consequences for the survival of populations
    • Hovestadt T., and Poethke H.-J. The control of emigration and its consequences for the survival of populations. Ecological Modelling 190 3-4 (2006) 443-453
    • (2006) Ecological Modelling , vol.190 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 443-453
    • Hovestadt, T.1    Poethke, H.-J.2
  • 31
    • 0030830530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of site familiarity on movement patterns of male prairie voles Microtus ochrogaster
    • Jacquot J.J., and Solomon N.G. Effects of site familiarity on movement patterns of male prairie voles Microtus ochrogaster. American Midland Naturalist 138 2 (1997) 414-417
    • (1997) American Midland Naturalist , vol.138 , Issue.2 , pp. 414-417
    • Jacquot, J.J.1    Solomon, N.G.2
  • 32
    • 0032952050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal in a metapopulation of the bush cricket, Metrioptera bicolor (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
    • Kindvall O. Dispersal in a metapopulation of the bush cricket, Metrioptera bicolor (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Journal of Animal Ecology 68 1 (1999) 172-185
    • (1999) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 172-185
    • Kindvall, O.1
  • 33
    • 4243053675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A technique for marking the rice leaf bug Trigonoylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy) (Heteroptera: Miridae) using a fluorescent pigment
    • Kobayashi T., and Kikuchi A. A technique for marking the rice leaf bug Trigonoylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy) (Heteroptera: Miridae) using a fluorescent pigment. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 48 2 (2004) 109-113
    • (2004) Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 109-113
    • Kobayashi, T.1    Kikuchi, A.2
  • 34
    • 0001570580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detectability, philopatry, and the distribution of dispersal distances in vertebrates
    • Koenig W.D., Van Vuren D., and Hooge P.N. Detectability, philopatry, and the distribution of dispersal distances in vertebrates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11 12 (1996) 514-517
    • (1996) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.11 , Issue.12 , pp. 514-517
    • Koenig, W.D.1    Van Vuren, D.2    Hooge, P.N.3
  • 35
    • 0023511117 scopus 로고
    • Effects of live-trapping and toe-clipping on body weight of European and African rodent species
    • Korn H. Effects of live-trapping and toe-clipping on body weight of European and African rodent species. Oecologia 71 4 (1987) 597-600
    • (1987) Oecologia , vol.71 , Issue.4 , pp. 597-600
    • Korn, H.1
  • 36
    • 0036186032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marking methods in small mammals: ear-tattoo as an alternative to toe-clipping
    • Lindner E., and Fuelling O. Marking methods in small mammals: ear-tattoo as an alternative to toe-clipping. Journal of Zoology 256 2 (2002) 159-163
    • (2002) Journal of Zoology , vol.256 , Issue.2 , pp. 159-163
    • Lindner, E.1    Fuelling, O.2
  • 37
    • 33644795579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat use and mobility of two threatened coastal dune insects: implications for conservation
    • Maes D., Ghesquiere A., Logie M., and Bonte D. Habitat use and mobility of two threatened coastal dune insects: implications for conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 10 (2006) 105-115
    • (2006) Journal of Insect Conservation , vol.10 , pp. 105-115
    • Maes, D.1    Ghesquiere, A.2    Logie, M.3    Bonte, D.4
  • 38
    • 0000943398 scopus 로고
    • An experimental comparison of screech owl predation on resident and transient white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)
    • Metzgar L.H. An experimental comparison of screech owl predation on resident and transient white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Journal of Mammalogy 48 (1967) 387-391
    • (1967) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.48 , pp. 387-391
    • Metzgar, L.H.1
  • 39
    • 0022179824 scopus 로고
    • The effect of toe-clipping on survival of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
    • Pavone L.V., and Boonstra R. The effect of toe-clipping on survival of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63 (1985) 499-501
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.63 , pp. 499-501
    • Pavone, L.V.1    Boonstra, R.2
  • 40
    • 0037394238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local extinction and the evolution of dispersal rates: causes and correlations
    • Poethke H.-J., Hovestadt T., and Mitesser O. Local extinction and the evolution of dispersal rates: causes and correlations. The American Naturalist 161 4 (2003) 631-640
    • (2003) The American Naturalist , vol.161 , Issue.4 , pp. 631-640
    • Poethke, H.-J.1    Hovestadt, T.2    Mitesser, O.3
  • 41
    • 0034968866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The matrix matters: effective isolation in fragmented landscapes
    • Ricketts T.-H. The matrix matters: effective isolation in fragmented landscapes. American Naturalist 158 1 (2001) 87-99
    • (2001) American Naturalist , vol.158 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-99
    • Ricketts, T.-H.1
  • 42
    • 0034803191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Butterfly responses to habitat edges in the highly fragmented prairies of Central Iowa
    • Ries L., and Debinski D.M. Butterfly responses to habitat edges in the highly fragmented prairies of Central Iowa. Journal of Animal Ecology 70 5 (2001) 840-852
    • (2001) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.70 , Issue.5 , pp. 840-852
    • Ries, L.1    Debinski, D.M.2
  • 43
    • 21644472693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Edge avoidance and movement of the butterfly Parnassius smintheus in matrix and non-matrix habitat
    • Ross J.A., Matter S.F., and Roland J. Edge avoidance and movement of the butterfly Parnassius smintheus in matrix and non-matrix habitat. Landscape Ecology 20 2 (2005) 127-135
    • (2005) Landscape Ecology , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-135
    • Ross, J.A.1    Matter, S.F.2    Roland, J.3
  • 44
    • 34249108905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of movement and dispersal in an endangered damselfly and the consequences for its management
    • Rouquette J.R., and Thompson D.J. Patterns of movement and dispersal in an endangered damselfly and the consequences for its management. Journal of Applied Ecology 44 3 (2007) 692-701
    • (2007) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 692-701
    • Rouquette, J.R.1    Thompson, D.J.2
  • 45
    • 67650103022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heuschrecken in Bayern. Eugen Ulmer Verlag
    • Schlumprecht H., and Waeber G. Heuschrecken in Bayern. Eugen Ulmer Verlag. Stuttgart (2003)
    • (2003) Stuttgart
    • Schlumprecht, H.1    Waeber, G.2
  • 46
    • 0037393245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of spatial scale on quantifying insect dispersal: an analysis of butterfly data
    • Schneider C. The influence of spatial scale on quantifying insect dispersal: an analysis of butterfly data. Ecological Entomology 28 2 (2003) 252-256
    • (2003) Ecological Entomology , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 252-256
    • Schneider, C.1
  • 47
    • 0037707008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural responses to habitat patch boundaries restrict dispersal and generate emigration-patch area relationships in fragmented landscapes
    • Schtickzelle N., and Baguette M. Behavioural responses to habitat patch boundaries restrict dispersal and generate emigration-patch area relationships in fragmented landscapes. Journal of Animal Ecology 72 4 (2003) 533-545
    • (2003) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.72 , Issue.4 , pp. 533-545
    • Schtickzelle, N.1    Baguette, M.2
  • 48
    • 33846838455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of changes in movement behaviour within and outside habitat in a specialist butterfly
    • Schtickzelle N., Joiris A., Van Dyck H., and Baguette M. Quantitative analysis of changes in movement behaviour within and outside habitat in a specialist butterfly. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 4 (2007) 1471-2148
    • (2007) BMC Evolutionary Biology , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 1471-2148
    • Schtickzelle, N.1    Joiris, A.2    Van Dyck, H.3    Baguette, M.4
  • 49
    • 0001147193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonisation and dispersal patterns of banded (Calopteryx splendens) and beautiful demoiselles (C. virgo) (Odonata: Calopteryidae) in south-east German streams
    • Stettmer C. Colonisation and dispersal patterns of banded (Calopteryx splendens) and beautiful demoiselles (C. virgo) (Odonata: Calopteryidae) in south-east German streams. European Journal of Entomology 93 (1996) 579-593
    • (1996) European Journal of Entomology , vol.93 , pp. 579-593
    • Stettmer, C.1
  • 50
    • 0005587284 scopus 로고
    • Homing behaviour of the Giant African Snail, Achatina fulica (Ferussac) (Gastropoda; Pulmonata)
    • Tomiyama K. Homing behaviour of the Giant African Snail, Achatina fulica (Ferussac) (Gastropoda; Pulmonata). Journal of Ethology 10 2 (1992) 139-147
    • (1992) Journal of Ethology , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 139-147
    • Tomiyama, K.1
  • 51
    • 27744597266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal behaviour in fragmented landscapes: routine or special movements?
    • Van Dyck H., and Baguette M. Dispersal behaviour in fragmented landscapes: routine or special movements?. Basic and Applied Ecology 6 6 (2005) 535-545
    • (2005) Basic and Applied Ecology , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 535-545
    • Van Dyck, H.1    Baguette, M.2
  • 53
    • 0001300880 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ear-tagging and toe-clipping in prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster
    • Wood M.D., and Slade N.A. Comparison of ear-tagging and toe-clipping in prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. Journal of Zoology 71 (1990) 252-255
    • (1990) Journal of Zoology , vol.71 , pp. 252-255
    • Wood, M.D.1    Slade, N.A.2
  • 54
    • 0034734113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling animal movement as a persistant random walk in two dimensions: expected magnitude of net displacement
    • Wu H., Li B.L., Springer T.A., and Neill W.H. Modelling animal movement as a persistant random walk in two dimensions: expected magnitude of net displacement. Ecological Modelling 132 (2000) 115-124
    • (2000) Ecological Modelling , vol.132 , pp. 115-124
    • Wu, H.1    Li, B.L.2    Springer, T.A.3    Neill, W.H.4
  • 55
    • 2942525414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of dispersal: predation as a function of movement and site familiarity in ruffed grouse
    • Yoder J.M., Marschall E.A., and Swanson D.A. The cost of dispersal: predation as a function of movement and site familiarity in ruffed grouse. Behavioral Ecology 15 3 (2004) 469-476
    • (2004) Behavioral Ecology , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 469-476
    • Yoder, J.M.1    Marschall, E.A.2    Swanson, D.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.