Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction: A review

Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Surgery

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 417-422

  Finamore, Peter S ^a,c   Goldstein, Howard B ^a   Whitmore, Kristene E ^b  

^a Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery   (United States)

^b DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Pelvic floor dysfunction

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; MUSCLE RELAXANT AGENT; NARCOTIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTROMYOGRAM; ELECTROSTIMULATION; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PELVIC GIRDLE; PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE; PELVIS SURGERY; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STRESS INCONTINENCE; URINE RETENTION; VULVAR VESTIBULITIS;

EID: 67649999069     PISSN: 15425983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SPV.0b013e3181907870     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. DeLancey JOL. Anatomy and physiology and urinary continence. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1990;33:298-307.
2. Sapsford R. Rehabilitation of pelvic floor muscles utilizing trunk stabilization. Man Ther. 2004;9:3-12.
3. Messelink B, Benson T, Berghmans B, et al. Standardization of terminology of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction: report from the pelvic floor clinical assessment group of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2005;24:374-380.
4. Shafik A, El-Sibai O. Effect of levator ani muscle contraction on urethrovesical and anorectal pressures and role of the muscle in urination and defecation. Urology. 2001;58:193-196.
5. Weiss JM. Chronic pelvic pain and myofascial trigger points. Pain Clin. 2000;2:13-18.
6. Siegel SW. Selecting patients for sacral nerve stimulation. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32:19-26.
7. Madill SJ, McLean L. A contextual model of pelvic floor muscle defects in female stress urinary incontinence. A rationale for physiotherapy treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1101:335-360.
8. Bo K. Urinary incontinence, pelvic floor dysfunction, exercise and sport. Sports Med. 2004;34:451-464.
9. Dumoulin C, Peng Q, Stodkilde-Jorgensen H, et al. Changes in levator ani anatomical configuration following physiotherapy in women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2007;178:970-977.
10. Talasz H, Himmer-Perschak G, Marth E, et al. Evaluation of pelvic floor muscle function in a random group of adult women in Austria. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19:131-135.
11. Fine P, Burgio K, Borello-France D, et al. Teaching and practicing of pelvic floor muscle exercises in primiparous women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:107.e1-5.
12. Rosenbaum TY. Pelvic floor involvement in male and female sexual dysfunction and the role of pelvic floor rehabilitation in treatment: a literature review. J Sex Med. 2007;4:4-13.
13. Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Kalinowski SE, et al. Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction in patients with interstitial cystitis. Urology. 2007;70:16-18.
14. Lilius HG, Oravisto KJ, Valtonen EJ. Origin of pain in interstitial cystitis. Effect of ultrasound treatment on the concomitant levator ani spasm syndrome. Scan J Urol Nephrol. 1973;7:150-152.
15. Weiss JM. Pelvic floor myofascial trigger points: manual therapy for interstitial cystitis and the urgency-frequency syndrome. J Urol. 2001;166:2226-2231.
16. Reissing ED, Brown C, Lord MJ, et al. Pelvic floor muscle functioning in women with vulvar vestibu-litis syndrome. J Psych Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26:107-113.
17. White G, Jantos M, Glazer H. Establishing the diagnosis of vulvar vestibulitis. J Reprod Med. 1997;42:157-160.
18. Mariani L. Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an overview of non-surgical treatment. Eu J Obstet Gy-necol Reprod Biol. 2002;101:109-112.
19. Preston DM, Lennard-Jones JE. Anismus in chronic constipation. Dig Sis Sci. 1985;30:413-418.
20. Jost WH, Schrank B, Herold A, et al. Functional outlet obstruction: anismus, spastic pelvic floor syndrome and dyscoordination of the voluntary sphincter muscles. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;5:449-453.
21. Shafik A. The role of the levator ani muscle in evacuation, sexual performance and pelvic floor disorders. Int Urogynecol J. 2000;11:361-376.
22. Prather H, Spitznagle TM, Dugan SA. Recognizing and treating pelvic pain and pelvic floor dysfunction. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007;18:477-496.
23. FitzGerald MP, Burgio KL, Borello-France DF, et al. Pelvic-floor strength in women with incontinence as assessed by the Brink scale. Phys Ther. 2007;87:1316-1324.
24. Bo K, Sherburn M. Evaluation of female pelvic-floor muscle function and strength. Phys Ther. 2005;85:269-282.
25. Isherwood PJ, Rane A. Comparative assessment of pelvic floor strength using a perineometer and digital examination. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;107:1007-1011.
26. Ger GC, Wexner SD, Jorge JM, et al. Anorectal manometry in the diagnosis of paradoxical pubo-rectalis syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:816-825.
27. Wright RR. The levator ani spasm syndrome. Am J Procto. 1969;20:447-451.
28. Bharucha AE, Wald A, Enck P, et al. Functional anorectal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1510-1518.
29. Bo K, Finckenhagen HB. Is there any difference in measurement of pelvic floor muscle strength in supine and standing position? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003;82:1120-1124.
30. Frawley H. Pelvic floor muscle strength testing. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52:307.
31. Laycock J, Jerwood D. Pelvic floor muscle assessment: the PERFECT scheme. Physiotherapy. 2001;87:631-642.
32. Bo K, Lilleas F, Talseth T, et al. Dynamic MRI and pelvic floor muscles in an upright sitting position. Neurourol Urodyn. 2001;20:176-174.
33. Peng Q, Jones R, Shishido K, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of dynamic responses of female pelvic floor muscles. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;33:342-352.
34. Tunn R, Schaer G, Peschers U, et al. Updated recommendations on ultrasonography in urogynecol-ogy. Int Urogynecol J. 2005;16:236-241.
35. Gunter J. Chronic pelvic pain: an integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003;58:615-623.
36. Thiele GH. Coccygodynia: cause and treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1963;6:422-436.
37. Lukban JC, Parkin JV, Holzberg AS, et al. Interstitial cystitis and pelvic floor dysfunction: a comprehensive review. Pain Med. 2001;2:60-71.
38. Oyama IA, Rejba A, Lukban JC, et al. Modified Thiele massage as therapeutic intervention for female patients with interstitial cystitis and high-tone pelvic floor dysfunction. Urology. 2004;64:862-865.
39. Lukban JC, Whitmore KE. Pelvic floor muscle reeducation treatment of the overactive bladder and painful bladder syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2002;45:273-285.
40. Heah SM, Ho YH, Tan M, et al. Biofeedback is effective treatment for levator ani syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:187-189.
41. Ger GC, Wexner SD, Jorge JM, et al. Evaluation and treatment of chronic intractable rectal pain-a frustrating endeavor. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:139-145.
42. Fitzwater JB, Kuehl TJ, Schrier JJ. Electrical stimulation in the treatment of pelvic pain due to leva-tor ani spasm. J Reprod Med. 2003;48:573-577.
43. Sohn N, Weinstein MA, Robbins RD. The levator syndrome and its treatment with high-voltage electrogal-vanic stimulation. Am J Surg. 1982;144:580-582.
44. Hull TL, Milsom JW, Church J, et al. Electrogal-vanic stimulation for levator syndrome: how effective is it in the long term? Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:731-733.
45. Kaplan WE, Firlit CF, Schoenberg HW. The female urethral syndrome: external sphincter spasm as etiology. J Urol. 1980;124:48-49.
46. Grant SR, Salvati EP, Rubin RJ. Levator syndrome: an analysis of 316 cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1975;18:161-163.
47. Whitehead WE, Wald A, Diamant NE, et al. Functional disorders of the anus and rectum. Gut. 1999;45:1155-1159.
48. Thompson AJ, Jarrett L, Lockley L, et al. Clinical management of spasticity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:459-463.
49. Langford CF, Nagy SU, Ghoniem GM. Levator ani trigger point injections: an underutilized treatment for chronic pelvic pain. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26:59-62.
50. Raj PP. Botulinum neurotoxin in chronic pain management. Pain Practice. 2004;4:S68-S72.
51. Raj PP. Botulinum toxin therapy in pain management. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2003;21:715-731.
52. Frenkl TL, Rackley RR. Injectable neuromodulatory agents: botulinum toxin therapy. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32:89-99.
53. Aoki KR. Review of a proposed mechanism for the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A. Neurotoxicology 2005;26:785-793.
54. Jarvis SK, Abbott JA, Lenart MB, et al. Pilot study of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain associated with spasm of the levator ani muscles. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;44:46-50.
55. Thomson AJ, Jarvis SK, Lenart M, et al. The use of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) as treatment for intractable chronic pelvic pain associated with spasm of the levator ani muscles. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;112:247-249.
56. Abbott JA, Jarvis SK, Lyons SD, et al. Botulinum toxin type A for chronic pain and pelvic floor spasm in women. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:915-923.
57. Brin MF, Vapnek JM. Treatment of vaginismus with botulinum toxin injections. Lancet. 1997;349:252-253.
58. Romito S, Bottanelli M, Pellegrini M, et al. Botu-linum toxin for the treatment of genital pain syndromes. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2004;58:164-167.
59. Ghazizadeh S, Nikzad M. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of refractory vaginismus. Obstet Gy-necol. 2004;104:922-925.