Obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with type 2 diabetes: Aetiology and implications for clinical care

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism

Volumn 11, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 733-741

  Idris, Iskandar ^a   Hall, Andrew P ^b   O'Reilly, John ^c   Barnett, Anthony ^d   Allen, Martin ^d   Andrews, Robert ^e   Grunstein, Phillipe ^f   Lewis, Keir ^g   Goenka, Niru ^h   Wilding, John P ⁱ  

^a SHERWOOD FOREST HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF LEICESTER NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL AINTREE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^f NORFOLK AND NORWICH UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^g SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^h Countess of Chester Hospital ^*  (United Kingdom)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk; Clinical management; Obstructive Sleep Apnoea; Screening; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; ENDOTHELIN 1; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; NITRIC OXIDE; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2;

AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT CARE; PHENOTYPE; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PULSE OXIMETRY; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; SOMNOLENCE; THORAX PRESSURE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; RISK; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE;

EID: 67649973858     PISSN: 14628902     EISSN: 14631326     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01045.x     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd edn. Diagnostic and Coding Manual. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2006.
2. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1230-1235.
3. Newman AB, Nieto FJ, Guidry U et al. Relation of sleep-disordered breathing to cardiovascular disease risk factors: The Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 50-59.
4. Resnick HE, Redline S, Shahar E et al. Diabetes and sleep disturbances: findings from the Sleep Heart Health Study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 702-709.
5. Tasali E, Mokhlesi B, Van Cauter E. Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: Interacting epidemics. Chest 2008; 133: 496-506.
6. Meslier N, Gagnadoux F, Giraud P et al. Impaired glucose-insulin metabolism in males with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 156-160.
7. West SD, Nicoll DJ, Stradling JR. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in men with type 2 diabetes. Thorax 2006; 61: 945-950.
8. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1414-1431.
9. Shaw JE, Punjabi NM, Wilding JP, Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ, International Diabetes Federation Taskforce on Epidemiology and Prevention. Sleep-disordered breathing and type 2 diabetes: A report from the International Diabetes Federation Taskforce on Epidemiology and Prevention. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81: 2-12.
10. Coughlin SR, Mawdsley L, Mugarza JA, Calverley PM, Wilding JP. Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 735-741.
11. Lam JC, Lam B, Lam CL et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and the metabolic syndrome in community-based Chinese adults in Hong Kong. Respir Med 2006; 100: 980-987.
12. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-1607.
13. Peled N, Kassirer M, Shitrit D et al. The association of OSA with insulin resistance, inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Respir Med 2007; 101: 1696-1701.
14. Tassone F, Lanfranco F, Gianotti L et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome impairs insulin sensitivity independently of anthropometric variables. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 59: 374-379.
15. Davies RJ, Turner R, Crosby J, Stradling JR. Plasma insulin and lipid levels in untreated obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring; their comparison with matched controls and response to treatment. J Sleep Res 1994; 3: 180-185.
16. Gruber A, Horwood F, Sithole J, Ali NJ, Idris I. Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with the metabolic syndrome but not insulin resistance state. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006; 5: 22
17. Lindberg E, Berne C, Elmasry A, Hedner J, Janson C. CPAP treatment of a population-based sample-what are the benefits and the treatment compliance? Sleep Med 2006; 7: 553-60
18. Harsch IA, Schahin SP, Brückner K et al. The effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on insulin sensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Respiration 2004; 71: 252-259.
19. Coughlin SR, Mawdsley L, Mugarza JA, Wilding JP, Calverley PM. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of CPAP in obese males with OSA. Eur Respir J. 2007; 29: 720-727.
20. West SD, Nicoll DJ, Wallace TM, Matthews DR, Stradling JR. Effect of CPAP on insulin resistance and HbA1c in men with obstructive sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetes. Thorax 2007; 62: 969-974.
21. Weaver TE, Grunstein RR. Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy: The challenge to effective treatment. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5: 173-178.
22. Narimiya M, Yamada H, Matsuba I, Ikeda YU, Tanese T, Abe M. The effect of hypoxia on insulin and glucagon secretion in the perfused pancreas of the rat. Endocrinology 1982; 111: 1010-1014.
23. Cheng N, Cai W, Jiang M, Wu S. Effect of hypoxia on blood glucose, hormones, and insulin receptor functions in newborn calves. Pediatr Res 1997; 41: 852-856.
24. Polotsky VY, Li J, Punjabi NM et al. Intermittent hypoxia increases insulin resistance in genetically obese mice. J Physiol 2003; 552: 253-264.
25. Oltmanns KM, Gehring H, Rudolf S et al. Hypoxia causes glucose intolerance in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 1231-1237.
26. Iiyori N, Alonso LC, Li J et al. Intermittent hypoxia causes insulin resistance in lean mice independent of autonomic activity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 15: 851-857.
27. Gottlieb DJ, Punjabi NM, Newman AB et al. Association of sleep time with diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 863-867.
28. Alam I, Lewis K, Stephens JW, Baxter JN. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and sleep apnoea: All pro-inflammatory states. Obes Rev 2006; 8: 119-127.
29. Harsch IA, Schahin SP, Radespiel-Troger M et al. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment rapidly improves insulin sensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 156-162.
30. Reichmuth KJ, Austin D, Skatrud JB, Young T. Association of sleep apnea and type II diabetes: A population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 1590-1595.
31. Tuomilehto H, Peltonen M, Partinen M et al. Sleep duration is associated with an increased risk for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women -The FIN-D2D survey. Sleep Med 2008; 9: 221-227.
32. Mallon L, Broman JE, Hetta J. High incidence of diabetes in men with sleep complaints or short sleep duration: A 12-year follow-up study of a middle-aged population. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2762-2767.
33. Sanders MH, Givelber R. Sleep disordered breathing may not be an independent risk factor for diabetes, but diabetes may contribute to the occurrence of periodic breathing in sleep. Sleep Med 2003; 4: 349-350.
34. Elmasry A, Lindberg E, Berne C, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and glucose metabolism in hypertensive men: A population-based study. J Intern Med 2001; 249: 153-161.
35. Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, Eves L. Reversal of obstructive sleep apnoea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares. Lancet 1981; 1: 862-865.
36. Marshall NS, Barnes M, Travier N et al. Continuous positive airway pressure reduces daytime sleepiness in mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea: A meta-analysis. Thorax 2006; 61: 430-434.
37. Engleman HM, Cheshire KE, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. Daytime sleepiness, cognitive performance and mood after continuous positive airway pressure for the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax 1993; 48: 911-914.
38. Hoekema A, Stegenga B, Bakker M et al. Simulated driving in obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea; effects of oral appliances and continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep Breath 2007; 11: 129-138.
39. Chin K, Nakamura T, Takahashi K et al. Falls in blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea after long-term nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 2091-2099.
40. Pepperell JC, Ramdassingh-Dow S, Crosthwaite N et al. Ambulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: A randomised parallel trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 204-210.
41. Babu A, Herdegen J, Fogelfeld L, Shott S, Mazzone T. Type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, and continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 447-452.
42. Brooks B, Cistulli P, Borkman M et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in obese noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients: Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on insulin responsiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1681-1685.
43. Weaver TE, Maislin G, Dinges DF et al. Relationship between hours of CPAP use and achieving normal levels of sleepiness and daily function. Sleep 2007; 30: 711-719.
44. Schwartz AR, Gold AR, Schubert N et al. Effect of weight loss on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 494-498.
45. Smith PL, Gold AR, Meyers DA, Haponik EF, Bleecker ER. Weight loss in mildly to moderately obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103 (Pt. 1): 850-855.
46. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E et al. Bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 292: 1724-1737
47. Dixon JB, Schachter LM, O'Brien PE. Polysomnography before and after weight loss in obese patients with severe sleep apnea. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 1048-1054.
48. Harman EM, Wynne JW, Block AJ. The effect of weight loss on sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation in morbidly obese men. Chest 1982; 82: 291-294.
49. Peker Y, Carlson J, Hedner J. Increased incidence of coronary artery disease in sleep apnoea: A long-term follow-up. Eur Respir J 2006; 28: 596-602.
50. Valham F, Mooe T, Rabben T, Stenlund H, Wiklund U, Franklin KA. Increased risk of stroke in patients with coronary artery disease and sleep apnea. A 10-year follow-up. Circulation 2008; 118: 955-60.
51. Garcia-Touchard A, Somers VK, Olson LJ, Caples SM. Central sleep apnea: implications for congestive heart failure. Chest 2008; 133: 1495-1504.
52. Lanfranchi PA, Somers VK, Braghiroli A, Corra U, Eleuteri E, Giannuzzi P. Central sleep apnea in left ventricular dysfunction: Prevalence and implications for arrhythmic risk. Circulation 2003; 107: 727-732.
53. Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, Abboud FM. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 1897-1904.
54. Davies CW, Crosby JH, Mullins RL, Barbour C, Davies RJ, Stradling JR. Case-control study of 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and normal matched control subjects. Thorax 2000; 55: 736-740.
55. Lurbe E, Redon J, Kesani A et al. Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 797-805.
56. Astrup AS, Tarnow L, Rossing P, Hansen BV, Hilsted J, Parving HH. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 334-339.
57. Leung RS, Bradley TD. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 2147-2165.
58. Parker JD, Brooks D, Kozar LF, et al. Acute and chronic effects of airway obstruction on canine left ventricular performance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1888-1896.
59. Phillips BG, Narkiewicz K, Pesek CA, Haynes WG, Dyken ME, Somers VK. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on endothelin-1 and blood pressure. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 61-66.
60. Schulz R, Mahmoudi S, Hattar K et al. Enhanced release of superoxide from polymorphonuclear neutrophils in obstructive sleep apnea. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162 (Pt 1): 566-570.
61. Faccenda JF, Mackay TW, Boon NA, Douglas NJ. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 344-348.
62. Kinebuchi S, Kazama JJ, Satoh M et al. Short-term use of continuous positive airway pressure ameliorates glomerular hyperfiltration in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Clin Sci 2004; 107: 317-322.
63. Sin DD, Logan AG, Fitzgerald FS, Liu PP, Bradley TD. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients with and without Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Circulation 2000; 102: 61-66.
64. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: An observational study. Lancet 2005; 365: 1046-1053.
65. Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Edinger JD, Lichstein KL, Morin CM. Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia. Sleep 2006; 29: 1155-1173 (review).
66. Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP. Obesity-related sleepiness and fatigue: The role of the stress system and cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1083: 329-344.
67. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep 1991; 14: 540-545.
68. Iqbal N, Thomson G, Idris I. Excess day-time sleepiness in patients with diabetes: Relationship between HbA(1c), BMI and vascular complications. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 1175-1176.
69. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1206-1252.