The reinvention of Spanish conservatism: The Popular Party since 1989

The Politics of Contemporary Spain

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 146-168

  Balfour, Sebastian ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 67649734458     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203002759     Document Type: Chapter

References (75)

1. Juan J. Linz, and José Ramón Montero, 'The Party Systems of Spain. Old Cleavages and New Challenges', in Lauri Karvonen, and Stein Kuhnle, Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 150-96.
2. 'Los partidos se desbaratan en el poder y se rehacen en la oposición', statement to El Eleraldo de Madrid, 25 February, 1907 in
3. Maria Jesús González, El universo conservador de Antonio Maura. Biografia y proyecto de Estado (Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1997), p. 118.
4. Of the analyses of the earlier period of the party's fortunes, probably the best is Lourdes López Nieto, Alianza Popular: estructura y evolution electoral de un partido conservador (1976-1982) (Madrid: CIS, 1988).
5. Rogelio Baón, Historia del Partido Popular, vol. 1:
6. Del Franquismo a la Refundación (Madrid: Ibersaf, 2001), p. 383.
7. Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, Historia de las derechas espaholas. De la ilustraeión a nuestros dias (Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2000), p. 470.
8. José Ramón Montero, 'More than Conservative, Less than Neoconservative: Alianza Popular in Spain', in Brian Girvin (ed.), The Transformation of Contemporary Conservatism (London: Sage, 1988), pp. 145-63.
9. Baón, Historia, p. 518.
10. Fernando Jauregui, La derecha después de Fraga (Madrid: El Pais, 1987), pp. 155-6.
11. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, En busca del tiempo servido (Madrid: Planeta, 1987), pp. 445-6.
12. Baón, Historia, pp. 771-2.
13. Frédérique Chadel, 'Penser le changement dans les partis politiques. Le processus d'institutionalisation au Partido Popular', BCN Political Sciences Debates 2 (2003), pp. 75-122.
14. Galicia remained the most recalcitrant of the regional and local party apparatuses. For details see Nieves Lagares, El PP de Galicia (Madrid, Tecnos, 1999).
15. Carlos Barrera, Historia del proceso democrático en Espana. Tardofranquismo, transición y democracia (Madrid: Fragua, 2002), p. 230.
16. For example González Cuevas, Historia.
17. Diario SP, 1 June 1969. His Falangist roots have been largely covered up in his hagiographies.
18. Of those consulted for this chapter, only one of the more outspoken of these biographies mentions the fact: Raimundo Castro, El sucesor (Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1995).
19. 'El deber de votar' and 'La lección de la historia', Nueva Rioja, 18 and 23 February 1979.
20. José Maria Aznar, El partido del centro. Conferencia del Presidente del Partido Popular en el Club Siglo XX, Madrid, 25 de abril de 1991 (Madrid: Partido Popular, 1991), p. 12.
21. In an interview with conservative journalists in 1994, Aznar made a rare though very indirect criticism of the Franco era for 'that Spanish necrophilia, that ritual of paraphernalia and cult of the dead that exists in Spain': Pilar Ferrer and Luisa Palma, Retratos del interior (Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1994), p. 95.
22. Victoria Prego, José Maria Aznar. Un presidente para la modernidad (1996-) (Madrid: Unidad Editorial, 2002), p. 106.
23. The Foundation continued to receive large sums of money from the government in subsequent years, making it the most subsidised institution of its kind in Spain. For the 2003 award, see El Periódico de Catalunya, 25 August 2003.
24. José Maria Aznar, Espana. La segunda transición (Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1995), pp. 226-70.
25. Aznar, Libertad y solidaridad (Barcelona: Planeta, 1991), pp. 16-17, 27.
26. Aznar, in Nueva Revista 55 (1998), p. 173.
27. Miguel Platón, 'Espana ya no es diferente', Nueva Revista 72 (November-December 2000).
28. Aznar, Libertad, p. 12.
29. José Ignacio Wert, 'Opinión pública. Encuestas y elecciones 1996-1999', in Javier Tusell (ed.), El gobierno de Aznar. Balance de una gestión, 1996-2000 (Barcelona: Critica, 2000), pp. 221-2.
30. Jaime Rodriguez-Arana, Por qué el centro? Hacia la libertad solidaria (Santiago de Compostela: Forum Galicia de Estudios Sociales, 1999), p. 18 and
31. 'El nuevo centro', Nueva Revista 59 (October 1998).
32. Javier Arenas, La Vanguardia, 14 April 1999.
33. Javier Tusell, 'Introducción', in Tusell, El gobierno, pp. 30-1, 33-4.
34. In an interview with Enrique de Diego: 'Pero cayó en nuestras manos y le dimos el barniz', in Castro, El sucesor, pp. 86-8.
35. Arrondo De Miguel Rodriguez, Retrato de Aznar con paisaje de fondo (Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros, 2002), p. 146.
36. The editor and president of the Foundation's journal Nueva Revista, Antonio Fontán Pérez, ex-president of the Partido Liberal, an admirer and probably member of Opus Dei, played a highly influential role in shaping the Valladolid clan. In 2002, the conservative think-tanks were merged into the FAES under the patronage of almost all the ministers and numerous ex-ministers of the PP government and allocated a budget of 5 million euros. Aznar himself became its president. Tusell argues that FAES is a stronghold of the PP's neoconservatism. Only 12 of its 48 patrons come from the centre or Christian Democratic branch of the PP: El Aznarato. El gobierno del Partido Popular 1996-2003 (Madrid: Aguilar, 2004), p. 282.
37. Baón, director of Fraga's cabinet until 1989, recognised that the challenges were without foundation: Historia, pp. 544-5.
38. Miguel Angel Águilar, 'Los medios de comunicación', in Tusell, El gobierno, pp. 182-96;
39. Barrera, Historia, pp. 244-5.
40. Sebastian Balfour, '"Bitter Victory, Sweet Defeat". The March Elections in Spain', Government and Opposition 31/3 (Summer 1996), pp. 276-7.
41. José Luis de la Granja and Santiago de Pablo, 'La encrucijada vasca: entre Ermua y Estella', in Tusell, El gobierno, pp. 155-6.
42. Aguilar in Tusell, El gobierno, pp. 196-203;
43. Victoria Prego, Presidentes (Barcelona: Asi Fue, 2000), pp. 349-54;
44. Enric Marin i Otto and Joan Manuel Tresserras, 'Els mitjans de comunicació com a engranatge del poder', in n.a., Les mentides del PP (Barcelona: Angle Editorial, 2003), pp. 66-85.
45. The PSOE claimed that some 3,000 civil servants were replaced by supporters of the new PP government after it took office in 1997 (El Pais, 31 March 2004).
46. Álvaro Soto Carmona, 'Politica social. Relaciones con los sindicatos', in Tusell, El gobierno, pp. 76-93.
47. Antonia Maria Ruiz Jiménez, 'Conservative Parties and Feminist Demands Viewed in an International Perspective: Making Sense of the Partido Popular in Spain', Estudio/Working Paper, Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, 2003/185, p. 23.
48. Juan Carlos Jiménez, 'Balance económico de un fin de siglo', in Tusell, El gobierno, pp. 55-69;
49. Sáez Lozano, in Nueva Revista 55 (February 1998).
50. Jacint Jordana and David Sancho, 'Policy Networks and the Opening up of the Market: The Case of Telecommunications Liberalisation in Spain', Estudio/Working Paper, Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, 2003/188, pp. 1-34.
51. Jiménez in Tusell, El gobierno, pp. 68-9;
52. Angel Fernández Ordónez, 'Vergüenza e hipocresia', El Pais, 18 July 2003.
53. Francisco Michavila, 'Politica educativa', in Tusell, El gobierno, pp. 126-7.
54. Soto Carmona in Tusell, El gobierno, pp. 89-91.
55. Vicenj Navarro, 'La desconvergencia social en Europa', El Pais 16 September 2003.
56. Antonia Martinez and Mónica Méndez, 'Las campanas de los partidos', in Ismael Crespo Martinez (ed.), Las campanas electorales y sus efectos en la decisión del voto, vol. 2:
57. La campana electoral en 2000: partidos, medios de comunicación y electores (Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2004), pp. 73-133.
58. Ruiz Jiménez, 'Conservative Parties', p. 23.
59. Juan J. Linz and José Ramón Montero, 'The party systems of Spain: old cleavages and new challenges', Estudio/Working Paper, Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, 1999/138.
60. 'Disposición adicional segunda', in Proyecto de Ley Orgánica de Calidad de la Educación, 2003, p. 64.
61. Aznar himself has frequently stressed the centrality of Catholicism in the identity of Spaniards. Recently he extended the concept to Europe. In the September 2003 Ambrosetti Forum of world leaders, he argued for the inclusion of the concept of Christian heritage in the European Constitution (El Pais, 6 September 2003).
62. Josep Piqué y Maria San Gil, 'El patriotismo constitucional del siglo XXI', Comisión no. 2, XIV Congreso Nacional, 2002, p. 5.
63. For a recent discussion of the issue see Carles Viver Pi-Sunyer, 'Finalmente, una amplia autonomia de baja calidad', El Pais, 6 September 2003.
64. Aznar, Libertad, pp. 118-19. The PP government's claim that the 2003 Iraq war had the backing of the United Nations rested on a highly distorted reading of Resolution 1,438.
65. For further details see Soledad Gallego-Diaz, 'La presencia', El Pais, 25 August 2003. For Aznar's claims, see, for example, his declaration of 20 August 2003 in La Vanguardia (on the same day).
66. Only one PP deputy appears to have openly expressed his discomfort at the government's decision (Jesús López Medel) and one of the founders of the AP, Pastor Ridruejo, criticised the move in El Mundo, 28 March 2003.
67. On the other hand, according to the ex-Minister of Labour in the first PP administration, Manuel Pimentel, 'many people were against it but didn't dare express [their opposition]' (interview in El Pais, 14 July 2003).
68. El Mundo, 27 March 2003.
69. FT.com, 27 May 2003.
70. Javier Noya, 'La Espana post-Sadam y su opinión pública', Real Instituto Elcano, 29 April 2003.
71. El Pais, 4 April 2004.
72. Marin i Otto and Tresserras, 'Els mitjans', p. 76.
73. La Vanguardia, 30 March 2004.
74. For example, Vicenj Navarro, 'Ideologia y politica en Espana', El Pais, 24 February 2004.
75. David Broughton, 'The Social Bases of Western European Conservative Parties', in Girvin (ed.), The Transformation, p. 221, n. 1.