Study of water supply and sanitation practices in India using geographic information systems: Some design and other considerations in a village setting

Indian Journal of Medical Research

Volumn 129, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 233-241

  Gopal, Srilla ^a   Sarkar, Rajiv ^a   Banda, Kalyan ^a   Govindarajan, Jeyanthi ^a   Harijan, B B ^a   Jeyakumar, M B ^a   Mitta, Philip ^a   Sadanala, M E ^a   Selwyn, Tryphena ^a   Suresh, C R ^a   Thomas, V A ^a   Devadason, Pethuru ^a   Kumar, Ranjit ^a   Selvapandian, David ^a   Kang, Gagandeep ^a   Balraj, Vinorah ^a  

^a CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

Geographic information systems; Sanitation; Sewage Water contamination; Water storage

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER;

ARTICLE; DIARRHEA; FECAL COLIFORM; FLUID INTAKE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; INDIA; MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION; RESIDENTIAL CARE; SANITATION; SEWAGE; SEWAGE DISPOSAL; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY; CONSTRUCTION WORK AND ARCHITECTURAL PHENOMENA; DEFECATION; HOUSING; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; METHODOLOGY; MORBIDITY; PUBLIC HEALTH; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIAL CLASS; STANDARD; STATISTICS;

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; DEFECATION; DIARRHEA; FACILITY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; HOUSING; HUMANS; INDIA; MORBIDITY; PUBLIC HEALTH; RURAL POPULATION; SEWAGE; SOCIAL CLASS; WATER PURIFICATION; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 67649662068     PISSN: 09715916     EISSN: 09715916     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Sobsey MD, Bartram S. Water quality and health in the new millennium: the role of the World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Forum Nutr 2003; 56: 396-405.
2. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: a mid-term assessment of progress. World Health Organization, Geneva and United Nations Childrens Fund, New York; 2004.
3. Moe CL, Rheingans RD. Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. J Water Health 2006; 4 (Suppl 1): 41-57.
4. World Health Organization. Water Sanitation and Hygiene Links to Health Facts and Figures. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/ factsfigures2005.pdf, Accessed on November 14, 2007.
5. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India: Volume I, Mumbai: IIPS; 2007.
6. Bora D, Dhariwal AC, Jain DC, Sachdeva V, Vohra JG, Prakash RM, et al. V. cholerae O1 outbreak in remote villages of Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, 1994. J Commun Dis 1997; 29: 121-5.
7. Sarkar R, Prabhakar AT, Manickam S, Selvapandian D, Raghava MV, Kang G, et al. Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of acute diarrhoeal disease using geographic information systems. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101: 587-93.
8. Howe AD, Forster S, Morton S, Marshall R, Osbrn KS, Wright P, et al. Cryptosporidium oocysts in a water supply associated with a cryptosporidiosis outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: 619-24.
9. Licence K, Oates KR, Synge BA, Reid TM. An outbreak of E. coli O157 infection with evidence of spread from animals to man through contamination of a private water supply. Epidemiol Infect 2001; 126: 135-8.
10. Trevett AF, Carter R, Tyrrel S. Water quality deterioration: a study of household drinking water quality in rural Honduras. Int J Environ Health Res 2004; 14: 273-83.
11. Banda K, Sarkar R, Gopal S, Govindarajan J, Harijan BB, Jeyakumar MB, et al. Water handling, sanitation and defecation practices in rural southern India: a knowledge, attitude and practices study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101: 1124-30.
12. Kulldorff M, Nagarwalla N. Spatial disease clusters: detection and inference. Stat Med 1995; 14: 799-810.
13. Kulldorff M. A spatial scan statistic. Commun Statist Theor Meth 1997; 26: 1481-96.
14. Ramakrishna BS, Kang G, Rajan DP, Mathan M, Mathan VI. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 from the drinking water supply during an epidemic of cholera. Trop Med Int Health 1996; 1: 854-8.
15. Bland JM, 1996. A simple interactive statistical programme. Version dated 08.05.1996 ed. London, St. George's Hospital Medical School; 1996. Available from: http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~mb55/soft/soft.htm, accessed on November 14, 2007.
16. Bilas R, Singh RP. Rural water supply and the problem of health in village India, case of the Varanasi district. Geogr Med 1981; 11: 65-85.
17. Kang G, Ramakrishna BS, Daniel J, Mathan M, Mathan VI. Epidemiological and laboratory investigations of outbreaks of diarrhoea in rural South India: implications for control of disease. Epidemiol Infect 2001; 127: 107-12.
18. Brick T, Primrose B, Chandrasekhar R, Roy S, Muliyil J, Kang G. Water contamination in urban south India: household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004; 207: 473-80.
19. Pai M, Kang G, Ramakrishna BS, Venkataraman A, Muliyil J. An epidemic of diarrhoea in south India caused by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Indian J Med Res 1997; 106: 7-12.
20. Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board. Guidelines for provision of water supply and hygiene for the village panchayat [Book in Tamil]. Northern Zone, Vellore, Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, Communication and Human Resource Development Division; 2007.
21. Propato M, Uber JG. Vulnerability of water distribution systems to pathogen intrusion: how effective is a disinfectant residual? Environ Sci Technol 2004; 38: 3713-22.
22. WHO. Guidelines for cholera control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993.
23. Kang G, Roy S, Balraj V. Appropriate technology for rural India - solar decontamination of water for emergency settings and small communities. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100: 863-6.
24. Rose A, Roy S, Abraham V, Holmgren G, George K, Balraj V, et al. Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in southern India. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 139-41.
25. Arnold BF, Colford JM Jr. Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 76: 354-64.
26. Mintz ED, Reiff FM, Tauxe RV. Safe water treatment and storage in the home. A practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease. JAMA 1995; 273: 948-53.
27. Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD004794.
28. Zwane AP, Kremer M. What works in fighting diarrheal diseases in developing countries? A critical review [working paper on the internet]. Boston: Center for International Development at Harvard University; 2007. Available from: http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/kremer/ papers/wbro.pdf, accessed on November 14, 2007.
29. Riner ME, Cunningham C, Johnson A. Public health education and practice using geographic information system technology. Public Health Nurs 2004; 21: 57-65.
30. Scotch M, Parmanto B, Gadd CS, Sharma RK. Exploring the role of GIS during community health assessment problem solving: experiences of public health professionals. Int J Health Geogr 2006; 5: 39. Available from: http://www.ijhealthgeographics.com/content/5/1/ 39. Accessed on November 14, 2007.