New enclosures: Why civil society and governments need to look beyond life patenting

New Centennial Review

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 187-204

  Shand, Hope ^a  

^a ETC Group

Author keywords

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Indexed keywords

EID: 67649630772     PISSN: 1532687X     EISSN: 15396630     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/ncr.2003.0029     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. "New Enclosures: Alternative Mechanisms to Enhance Corporate Monopoly and Bioserfdom in the 21st Century," ETC Communique, no. 73, November/December 2001. Available at www.etcgroup.org
2. John Barton, "Reforming the Patent System," Science 287, no. 5460 (17 March 2000): 1933-34
3. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1999 (New York: Oxford University Press, July 1999)
4. Sub-Commission on Intellectual Property Rights and Human Rights, Commission on Human Rights, United Nations, "Resolution on Intellectual Property Rights and Human Rights," E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/7, 17 August 2000
5. http://www.dn.se
6. Emma Dorey, "Nuffield Slams DNA Patents," Nature Biotechnology 20 (September 2002): 864
7. United Nations Commission on Human Rights, "Commission on Human Rights Adopts Resolutions on the Right to Development," press release, Commission on Human Rights, 57th session, 18 April 2001
8. Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, "Independent Commission Finds Intellectual Property Rights Impose Costs on Most Developing Countries and Do Not Help to Reduce Poverty," press release, 12 September 2002. Available at www.iprcommission.org
9. Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Executive Summary: Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy (London: September 2002), 17
10. The Advisory Committee on Health Research, Genomics and World Health (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002)
11. Peter Mitchell, "European Commission Rethinks Biotech Patents," Nature Biotechnology 20 (December 2002): 1175
12. John Koza, Martin Keane, and Matthew Streeter, "Evolving Inventions," Scientific American, February 2003, 53-59
13. Terminator and Traitor technology, go to www.etcgroup.org
14. James Meek, "Genetic Chickens Get DNA Copyright Tag, Guardian, 31 July 2000, 4
15. John C. Baker, Kevin M. O'Connell, and Ray A. Williamson, eds., Commercial Observation Satellites: At the Leading Edge of Global Transparency (co-published by RAND and the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2001)
16. B. McKay and M. Jordan, "Orange Juice Rivalry Spurs Florida Plan to Spy on Brazil," Wall Street Journal, 28 January 2002. Available at http://online.wsj.com
17. "Tecnología satelital para detectar comercio illegal," Revista Chacra, available at http://www.revistachacra.com.ar/notas/cne200006n06.htm
18. "Satellite Photos to Aid Efforts Against Tax Evasion in Argentina," Financial Times Global News Wire, 9 January 2001
19. Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro et al., "Farming Pays: Andalucia's Agricultural Application of GPS," available at: http://www.precisionfarming.com/features/0199pf_manz.html
20. Neal D. Hamilton, "Possible Effects of Recent Developments in Plant Related Intellectual Property Rights in the U.S." (paper presented at the International Seminar on Effects of Intellectual Property Rights on Agriculture in Developing Countries, Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia, 7-8 March 1995).
21. Eva Ann Dorris, "Monsanto Contracts: To Sign or Not to Sign," Mississippi Farmer, 1 December 2000. Available at http://www.biotech-info.net/to_sign_or_not.html
22. Pioneer Hi-Bred, Pioneer Hi-Bred Technology Agreement, October 2000
23. North Dakota State University Agriculture Communication, news release, "GMOs Bring Increased Liability Risk for Producers," 22 March 2001
24. Pioneer Hi-Bred, YieldGard Product Use Guide (2001)
25. Rick Weiss, "Monsanto's Gene Police Raise Alarm on Farmers' Rights, Rural Tradition," Washington Post, 3 February 1999, 1
26. Centre for Science and Environment, "Seeds of Discontent?" and "Who is Protected?" in Down To Earth 10, no. 8 (15 September 2001): 6, 48-51
27. C. James, "Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2001," ISAAA Briefs, no. 24 (preview), Ithaca, NY.: ISAAA
28. GRAIN'S excellent report (in cooperation with SANFEC), "'TRIPs-plus' through the Back Door: How Bilateral Treaties Impose Stronger Rules for IPR on Life than the WTO," July 2001. Available at www.grain.org
29. Sabine Louet, "Free Access to Genomic Databases under Threat," BioMedNet News, 7 April 2001
30. Monsanto and DuPont, "DuPont and Monsanto Reach Agreement that Brings New Technologies to Farmers Worldwide," news release, 2 April 2002. Available at http://www.monsanto.com/monsanto/layout/media/02/04-02-02a.asp
31. ETC Group, "Dupont and Monsanto: 'Living in Sinergy'?" news release, 9 April 2002. Available at www.etcgroup.org
32. ETC Group, The Big Down: Atomtech - Technologies Converging at the Nano-Scale," January 2003. Available at: www.etcgroup.org
33. M. Roco and W. S. Bainbridge, eds., Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 2001), 3-4, available at www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/societalimpact/nanosi.pdf
34. Sandra Helsel, "Shootout at the IP Corral," 28 October 2002. Available at http://www.nanoelectronicsplanet.com/nanochannels/circuit/article/0,4028, 10501_1476651,00.html
35. ETC Group, "Patenting Elements of Nature," Genotype, 25 March 2002. Available at http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=308