Blood levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the Korean population: Results from the Second Korean National Human Exposure and Bio-monitoring Examination

Environmental Research

Volumn 109, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 738-744

  Son, Ji Young ^a   Lee, Jinheon ^b   Paek, Domyung ^c   Lee, Jong Tae ^d  

^a Hanyang University   (South Korea)

^b Kongju National University   (South Korea)

^c Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^d Korea University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Blood; Cadmium; Korean National Human Exposure and Bio monitoring Examination; Lead; Mercury

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM; LEAD; MERCURY;

BIOMONITORING; BLOOD; CADMIUM; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); LEAD; MERCURY (ELEMENT); POLLUTION EXPOSURE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BLOOD LEVEL; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; KOREA; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MALE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CADMIUM; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; KOREA; LEAD; MALE; MERCURY; MIDDLE AGED; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; YOUNG ADULT;

ASIA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; KOREA;

EID: 67649613069     PISSN: 00139351     EISSN: 10960953     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.03.012     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Angerer J., Ewers U., and Wilhelm M. Human biomonitoring: state of the art. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 210 (2007) 201-228
2. Calafat A.M., Ye X., Silva M.J., Kuklenyik Z., and Needham L.L. Human exposure assessment to environmental chemicals using biomonitoring. Int. J. Androl. 29 (2006) 166-171
3. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 2005. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA.
4. Christensen J.M. Human exposure to toxic metals: factors influencing interpretation of biomonitoring results. Sci. Total Environ. 166 (1995) 89-135
5. G-EQUAS (German External Quality Assessment Scheme for Analyses in Biological Materials). Institute and Out-Patient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine of the University Erlangen-Nuremberg (2005). 〈www.g-equaus.de〉
6. Hightower J.M., and Moore D. Mercury levels in high-end consumers of fish. Environ. Health Perspect. 111 (2003) 604-608
7. Hightower J.M., O'Hare A., and Hernandez G.T. Blood mercury reporting in NHANES: identifying Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, and multiracial groups. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 2 (2006) 173-175
8. Human Biomonitoring Commission (Kommission "Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes), 1996. Stoffmonographie Blei - referenz - und human-biomonitoring-werte (HBM), Bekanntmachung des Instituts für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene des Umweltbundesamtes. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, 39 (6), 236-241.
9. Human Biomonitoring Commission (Kommission "Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes), 1999. Stoffmonographie Quecksilber - referenz - und human-biomonitoring-werte (HBM), Empfehlung des Instituts für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene des Umweltbundesamtes, Kommission "Human-Biomonitoring" des Umweltbundesamtes. Bundesgesundheits. - Gesundheitsforsch. - Gesundheitsschutz, 42 (6), 511-521.
10. Human Biomonitoring Commission (Kommission ''Human-Biomonitoring'' des Umweltbundesamtes), 2002. Addendum zur ''Stoffmonographie Blei - referenz- und human-biomonitoringwerte'' der Kommission ''Human-Biomonitoring'' des Umweltbundesamtes. Bundesgesundheitsbl. - Gesundheitsforsch. - Gesundheitsschutz, 45 (9), 752-753.
11. Human Biomonitoring Commission (Kommission ''Human-Biomonitoring'' des Umweltbundesamtes), 2003. Aktualisierung der Referenzwerte für Blei, Cadmium, und Quecksilber im Blut und im Urin von Erwachsenen - Stellungnahme der Kommission ''Human-Biomonitoring'' des Umweltbundesamtes. Bundesgesundheitsbl. - Gesundheitsforsch. - Gesundheitsschutz, 46 (12), 1112-1113.
12. Human Biomonitoring Commission (Kommission ''Human-Biomonitoring'' des Umweltbundesamtes), 2005. Neue und aktualisierte Referenzwerte für Schadstoffgehalte in Blut und Urin von Kindern - Arsen, Blei, Cadmium und Quecksilber, Stellungnahme der Kommission ''Human-Biomonitoring'' des Umweltbundesamtes. Bundesgesundheitsbl. - Gesundheitsforsch. - Gesundheitsschutz, 48 (11), 1308-1312.
13. Liou S.H., Wu T.N., Chiang H.C., Yang G.Y., Yang T., Wu Y.Q., Lai J.S., Ho S.T., Lee C.C., Ko Y.C., Ko K.N., and Chang P.Y. Blood lead levels in Taiwanese adults: distribution and influencing factors. Sci. Total Environ. 180 (1996) 211-219
14. Mahaffey K.R. Mercury exposure: medical and public health issues. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 116 (2005) 127-153
15. Mahaffey K.R., Clickner R.P., and Bodurow C.C. Blood organic mercury and dietary mercury intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 and 2000. Environ. Health Perspect. 112 5 (2004) 562-570
16. Mckelvey W., Gwynn R.C., Jeffery N., Kass D., Thorpe L.E., Garg R.K., Palmer C.D., and Parsons P.J. A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of New York City adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 10 (2007) 1435-1441
17. Muntner P., Menke A., DeSalvo K.B., Rabito F.A., and Batuman V. Continued decline in blood lead levels among adults in the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Arch. Intern. Med. 165 (2005) 2155-2161
18. NHANES, 1999-2000. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm
19. Schulz C., Angerer J., Ewers U., and Kolossa-Gehring M. The German Human Biomonitoring Commission. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 210 (2007) 373-382
20. Schulz C., ConRad A., Becker K., Kolossa-Gehring M., Seiwert M., and Seifert B. Twenty years of the German Environmental Survey (GerES): human biomonitoring-temporal and spatial (West Germany/East Germany) differences in population exposure. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 210 (2007) 271-297
21. Seifert B., Becker K., Helm D., Krause C., Schulz C., and Seiwert M. The German Environmental Survey 1990/92 (GerES II): reference concentrations of selected environmental pollutants in blood, urine, hair, house dust, drinking water, and indoor air. J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 10 (2000) 552-565
22. Wilhelm M., Ewers U., and Schulz C. Revised and new reference values for some trace elements in blood and urine for human biomonitoring in environmental medicine. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 207 (2004) 69-73