Elders, young men, and David Livingstone's "Civilizing Mission": Revisiting the disintegration of the Kololo Kingdom, 1851-1864

International Journal of African Historical Studies

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 55-80

  Kalusa, Walima T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649604809     PISSN: 03617882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. The narrative on the reception is based on David Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London: John Murray, 1857), 178-79
2. This information is duplicated in Travels and Researches in South Africa (London: Herbert Joseph, 1937), an abridged version of Missionary Travels. Hereinafter Travels alone refers to the shortened version of Missionary Travels and Researches from which the former derives
3. Other versions of the reception are also found in David Livingstone, Livingstone's Private Journals, 1851-1853, edited by I. Schapera (London: Chatto and Windus, 1960), 137
4. and David Livingstone, Livingstone's African Journal 1, edited by I. Schapera (London: Chatto and Windus, 1963)
5. The identity of Mapulanye is revealed in David and Charles Livingstone, Narrative of the Expedition to the Zambezi and Its Tributaries: And the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1858-1864 (London: Duckworth, 2001, first published by John Murray in 1865), 204
6. Livingstone, Travels, 53
7. That Sekeletu usually spoke in this manner is recorded in Livingstone and Livingstone, Narrative, 205-206
8. Livingstone, Private Journals, 142-143
9. Livingstone, Missionary Travels, 227
10. and Travels, 89
11. Edwin Smith, "Sebetwane and the Makololo," African Studies 15, 2 (1956), 49-74
12. Jean Comaroff and John Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa, vol.1 (University of Chicago Press, 1991)
13. and Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa, vol.2: The Dialectics of Modernity on a South Africa Frontier (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997)
14. Paul S. Landau, The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in a Southern African Kingdom (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann 1995)
15. See also, J.D.Y. Peel, "For Who Hath Despised the Small Things? Missionary Narratives and Historical Anthropology," Comparative Studies in Society and History 37, 3 (1995), 581-607
16. David Maxwell, Christians and Chief in Zimbabwe: A Social History of the Hwesa People, c. 1870s-1900s (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999)
17. Derek R. Peterson, Creative Writing: Translation, Book-Keeping, and the Work of Imagination in Colonial Kenya (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2004)
18. Meredith McKittrick, To Dwell Secure: Generation, Christianity, and Colonialism in Ovamboland (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2002)
19. and Patrick Harries, Work, Culture, and Identity: Migrant Labourers in Mozambique and South Africa, c. 1860-1910 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1994)
20. See Walima T. Kalusa, "Language, Medical Auxiliaries and the Re-Interpretation of Missionary Medicine in Colonial Mwinilunga, Zambia, 1922-1951," Journal of Eastern African Studies 1, 1 (March 2007), 57-78
21. See also Pier M. Larson, "'Capacities and Modes of Thinking': Intellectual Engagements and Subaltern Hegemony in the Early History of Malagasy Christianity," American Historical Review 102, 2 (1997), 969-70
22. Vicente Rafael, Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993)
23. Thomas Spear and Isaria N. Kimambo, eds., East African Expressions of Christianity (Athens: Ohio University Press; Oxford: James Currey, 1999)
24. and Birgit Meyer, Translating the Devil: Religion and Modernity among the Ewe in Ghana (Trenton, NJ: New World Press, 1999)
25. This argument has been made by many scholars working on other societies widely removed in time and space. For good examples, see Elias Mandala, Work and Control in a Peasant Economy: A History of the Lower Tchiri Valley in Malawi, 1859-1960 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990)
26. Sara Berry, Fathers Work for Their Sons: Accumulation, Mobility, and Class Formation in an Extended Yoruba Community (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985)
27. McKittrick, Generation, Christianity, and Colonialism
28. Harries, Work, Culture, and Identity
29. See Francois Coillard, On the Threshold of Central Africa: A Record of Twenty Years' Pioneering among the Barotse of the Upper Zambezi (1897; reprint, London: Frank Cass, 1971), 11
30. Among these are Smith, "Sebetwane and the Makololo"
31. J.D. Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath: A Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Bantu Africa (London: Longman, 1966)
32. Andrew Roberts, A History of Zambia (London, Nairobi, Ibadan and Lusaka: Heinemann Educational Books, 1976)
33. D. Fred Ellenberger, History of the Basttto: Ancient and Modern (London: Caxton Publishing Company, 1912)
34. These dynamics are deftly analyzed by Gerald L. Caplan, The Elites of Barotseland, 1878-1969: A Political History of Zambia's Western Province (London: C. Hurst and Co., 1970)
35. Anonymous reviewer. For a recent discussion on the Mfecane, see J.D. Omer-Copper, "Debate: Has the Mfecane a Future? A Response to the Cobbing Critique," Journal of Southern African Studies 19, 2 (1993), 273-294
36. William Cotton Oswell, Hunter and Explorer: The Story of His Life (London: William Heinemann, 1900), 241
37. Edwin, "Sebetwane and the Makololo."
38. See Coillard, On the Threshold, 16
39. This may have been in keeping with the Kololo custom called sela, which according to Livingstone, involved "lifting" the cattle of the defeated or the weak. For his comments on sela, see his Private Journals, 252
40. Oswell, Hunter and Explorer, 244
41. On Kenya, see Derek Peterson, Creative Writing, 10-20
42. and on Mozambique, Harries, Work. Culture and Identity, 4-5
43. Ellenberger, History of the Basotho
44. Caplan, Elites of Barotseland, 186
45. Ellenberger, History of the Basutho, 319
46. Omer-Cooper, Zulu Aftermath, 123
47. Livingstone, Private Journals 1, 158
48. See also Oliver Ransford, David Livingstone: The Dark Interior (London: John Murray, 1978), 63
49. McKittrick, Generation, Christianity and Colonialism, 5-7
50. See also Mandala, Work and Control
51. African Journal 1, 15
52. Missionary Travels, 179
53. For a recent review of literature on masculinity and gender in southern Africa, see Robert Morrell, "Of Boys and Men: Masculinity and Gender in African Studies," Journal of Southern African Studies 24, 4 1998), 605-630
54. Livingstone, Missionary Correspondence, 183
55. See http://www.barotseland.com/history3.htm. I am indebted to an anonymous reviewer who drew my attention to this source
56. http://www.barotseland.com/history3.htmIbid. Livingstone was Robert Moffat's son-in-law
57. Livingstone, African Journal, 2, 290-291
58. Livingstone, African Journal 1, 227
59. See Daniel Crawford, Thinking Black: Twenty-Two Years without a Break in the Long Grass of Central Africa (London: Morgan and Scott, 1912, original edition), 32
60. See James A. Pritchett, Friends for Life, Friends for Death: Cohorts and Consciousness among the Lunda-Ndembu (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007), 26-28
61. and Harries, Work, Culture and Identity
62. Livingstone, Narrative
63. James A. Pritchett, The Lunda-Ndembu: Style, Change and Social Transformation in South Central Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), xi
64. See Sara Berry, Fathers Work for Their Sons (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984)
65. and Ellenberger, History, 323
66. See also Roberts, History, 131
67. See, for example, Andrew D. Roberts, "Pre-colonial Trade in Zambia," African Social Research 10 (1970), 715-46
68. A History of the Bemba (London: Longman, 1978)
69. and Ian Cunnison, The Luapula Peoples of Northern Rhodesia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959). In another study, Andrew Roberts shows awareness of the significance of guns in the rise of "new men" in nineteenth-century central Africa
70. See his "Firearms in North-Eastern Zambia before 1900," Transafrican Journal of History 1, 2 (1971), 3-21. I am grateful to Dr. Giacomo Macola for drawing my attention to this source
71. See Frederick. C Selous, "Twenty Years in Zambezi," Extract from the Geographic Journal 1893
72. See http://www.barotseland.com/history3.htm
73. th Century (Lund: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1987). An anonymous reviewer drew my attention to this valuable source
74. Mutumba Mainga, Bulozi under Luyana Kings (London: Longman, 1973), 88-100
75. See also Caplain, Elites of Barotseland
76. For detailed accounts on this topic, see Stella E. Kilby, No Cross Marks the Spot (Thorpe Bay, UK: Galamena Press, 2001)
77. and Maud Isabella Slater, Isabella Price, Pioneer (Bournemouth: Milne, 1996). An anonymous reviewer drew my attention to these sources
78. http://www.barotseland.com/history3.htm
79. http://www.barotseland.com/history3.htmIbid
80. Daniel Liswaniso, personal communication to author, 12 December 2007