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International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Dec
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(a) International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Diabetes Atlas, 3rd Edition, Dec, 2006; http://www.iotf.org/diabetes.asp.
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Diabetes Atlas, 3rd Edition
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For preliminary communication, see
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For preliminary communication, see: (a) Hsiao, Y.; Rivera, N. R.; Rosner, T.; Krska, S. W.; Njolito, E.; Wang, F.; Sun, Y.; Armstrong, J. D., III.; Grabowski, E. J. J.; Tillyer, R. D.; Spindler, F.; Malan, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 9918-9919.
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Hsiao, Y.1
Rivera, N.R.2
Rosner, T.3
Krska, S.W.4
Njolito, E.5
Wang, F.6
Sun, Y.7
Armstrong III, J.D.8
Grabowski, E.J.J.9
Tillyer, R.D.10
Spindler, F.11
Malan, C.12
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11
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0001390081
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For previous examples of asymmetric hydrogenation of electron-rich N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl enamines, see
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For previous examples of asymmetric hydrogenation of electron-rich N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl enamines, see: (a) Lee, N. E.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5985-5986.
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(b) Tararov, R.; Kadyrov, V. I.; Riermeier, T. H.; Holz, J.; Börner, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 2351-2355.
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Tararov, R.1
Kadyrov, V.I.2
Riermeier, T.H.3
Holz, J.4
Börner, A.5
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67649589144
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U.S. Patent 5,859,249
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(c) Seido, N., Nishikawa, T.; Sotoguchi, T.; Yuasa, Y.; Miura, T. Kumobayashi, H., U.S. Patent 5,859,249, 1999.
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(1999)
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Seido, N.1
Nishikawa, T.2
Sotoguchi, T.3
Yuasa, Y.4
Miura, T.5
Kumobayashi, H.6
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14
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0032829866
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For reviews about the status of the syntheses of β-amino acids prior to the work described here, see
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For reviews about the status of the syntheses of β-amino acids prior to the work described here, see: (a) Abdel-Magid, A. F.; Cohen, J. H.; Maryanoff, C. A. Curr. Med. Chem. 1999, 6, 955-970.
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Curr. Med. Chem.
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Abdel-Magid, A.F.1
Cohen, J.H.2
Maryanoff, C.A.3
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(b) Drexler, H.-J.; You, J.; Zhang, S.; Fischer, C.; Baumann, W.; Spannenberg, A.; Heller, D. Org. Process Res. DeV. 2003, 7, 355-361.
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Drexler, H.-J.1
You, J.2
Zhang, S.3
Fischer, C.4
Baumann, W.5
Spannenberg, A.6
Heller, D.7
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17
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67649622889
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note
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This manufacturing process received the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award (2006) for alternative synthetic pathways and the IChemE Astra-Zeneca Award for excellence in green chemistry and chemical engineering (2005),
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18
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0034712155
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For examples, see
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For examples, see: (a) Sorensen, U. S.; Falch, E.; Krogsgaard-Larsen, P. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 1003-1007.
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J. Org. Chem.
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Sorensen, U.S.1
Falch, E.2
Krogsgaard-Larsen, P.3
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(b) Hamada, Y.; Kondo, Y.; Shioiri, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 669-673.
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Hamada, Y.1
Kondo, Y.2
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(c) Alker, D.; Campbell, S. F.; Cross, P. E.; Burges, R. A.; Carter, A. J.; Gardiner, D. G. J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 2381-2388.
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Alker, D.1
Campbell, S.F.2
Cross, P.E.3
Burges, R.A.4
Carter, A.J.5
Gardiner, D.G.6
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0020362452
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(e) Shinkai, I.; Liu, T.; Reamer, R. A.; Sletzinger, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23, 4899-4902.
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Tetrahedron Lett.
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Shinkai, I.1
Liu, T.2
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Sletzinger, M.4
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23
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(f) Mohri, K.; Oikawa, Y.; Hirao, K.-I.; Yonemitsu, O. Chem. Pharm. Bull 1982, 30, 3097-3105.
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Mohri, K.1
Oikawa, Y.2
Hirao, K.-I.3
Yonemitsu, O.4
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25
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5644289358
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For detailed mechanistic studies, see
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For detailed mechanistic studies, see; (a) Xu, F.; Armstrong, J. D., III.; Zhou, G. X.; Simmons, B.; Hughes, D.; Ge, Z.; Grabowski, E. J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 13002-13009.
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Xu, F.1
Armstrong III, J.D.2
Zhou, G.X.3
Simmons, B.4
Hughes, D.5
Ge, Z.6
Grabowski, E.J.J.7
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26
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67649592687
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note
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Meldrum adduct 12, with a pKa of 3.1 as measured by titration in water at ambient temperature, is not stable in solution as its free acid. However, the anion of 12, which could be formed with Hunig's base, is quite stable.
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27
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33746916498
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Interestingly, the trace amount of NH4Cl in the isolated 9 turned out to be beneficial for the subsequent hydrogenation in terms of reaction rate and yield. For more detailed discussion about the function of NH4Cl in sitagliptin hydrogenation, see
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Interestingly, the trace amount of NH4Cl in the isolated 9 turned out to be beneficial for the subsequent hydrogenation in terms of reaction rate and yield. For more detailed discussion about the function of NH4Cl in sitagliptin hydrogenation, see: (a) Clausen, A. M.; Dziadul, B.; Cappuccio, K. L.; Kaba, M.; Starbuck, C.; Hsiao, Y.; Dowling, T. M. Org. Process Res. Dev 2006, 10, 723-726.
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(2006)
Org. Process Res. Dev
, vol.10
, pp. 723-726
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Clausen, A.M.1
Dziadul, B.2
Cappuccio, K.L.3
Kaba, M.4
Starbuck, C.5
Hsiao, Y.6
Dowling, T.M.7
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28
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67649628680
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note
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In collaboration with Solvias AG, Switzerland, extensive screenings were carried out to search for the most suitable catalyst for this hydrogenation.
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29
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85095971289
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note
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3 L/mol.
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30
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67649625735
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note
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Optimal performance was achieved with a mole ratio of 1:1 NH4Cl/ catalyst.
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31
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67649574447
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note
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For these experiments, no additional NH4Cl was added and the enamine 9 was purified through recrystalliztion. The observed acid additive effects on the reaction rate were clearly confirmed with controlled experiments by using the same lot of enamine 9 in the absences of acid additives.
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32
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67649625734
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note
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Commercial source of Ecosorb C-941: Graver Technologies, Glasgow, DE 19702.
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33
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67649589143
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note
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The Fe and Rh residue in the isolated sitagliptin free base is typically <20 ppm.
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