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Volumn 68, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 259-292

Guerrilla warfare, democracy, and the fate of the confederacy

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EID: 67649522461     PISSN: 00224642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3069933     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (215)
  • 1
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    • Died of Democracy
    • David Donald, ed, Baton Rouge
    • David Donald, "Died of Democracy," in David Donald, ed., Why the North Won the Civil War (Baton Rouge, 1960), 77-90
    • (1960) Why the North Won the Civil War , pp. 77-90
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  • 3
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    • Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy: A Study in State Rights
    • March
    • Frank Lawrence Owsley, "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy: A Study in State Rights," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 11 (March 1925), 490-525, which served as Donald's point of departure, actually hit close to the mark, but Owsley still saw the conflict between government and individual as largely political
    • (1925) Mississippi Valley Historical Review , vol.11 , pp. 490-525
    • Lawrence Owsley, F.1
  • 9
    • 79958551241 scopus 로고
    • From the Barrel of a Gun: A History of Guerrilla, Revolutionary and Counter-Insurgency Warfare
    • This preference for guerrilla warfare was based largely on experience, as opposed to a scientific study of the issue. Yet the conduct of the Confederacy's guerrilla war - and Union responses to it - closely paralleled the strategies advocated by modern military writings on this subject, including those by such diverse authorities as Charles E. Callwell, T. E. Lawrence, Mao Tse-tung, and Che Guevara. Two good modern reviews of the literature are John Ellis, From the Barrel of a Gun: A History of Guerrilla, Revolutionary and Counter-Insurgency Warfare, from the Romans to the Present (Mechanicsburg, Pa., and London, 1995)
    • (1995) Romans to the Present (Mechanicsburg, Pa, and London)
    • Ellis, J.1
  • 11
    • 79958608840 scopus 로고
    • People's War in Vietnam
    • July
    • It should be stressed that not every "people's war" is necessarily waged as a guerrilla war, and certainly not every one is based on democratic values. See John M. Gates, "People's War in Vietnam," Journal of Military History, 54 (July 1990), 327-29
    • (1990) Journal of Military History , vol.54 , pp. 327-329
    • Gates, J.M.1
  • 12
    • 43449158351 scopus 로고
    • Why the Confederacy Lost
    • July
    • Other scholars have pointed to this tug-of-war in Confederate thinking, but no one has fully explored its origins, complexities, and implications. See, for example, Robert L. Kerby, "Why the Confederacy Lost," Review of Politics, 35 (July 1973), 326-45
    • (1973) Review of Politics , vol.35 , pp. 326-345
    • Kerby, R.L.1
  • 14
    • 79958630849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A People's War: Partisan Conflict in Tennessee and Kentucky
    • Daniel E. Sutherland, ed. Fayetteville, Ark.
    • and B. Franklin Cooling, "A People's War: Partisan Conflict in Tennessee and Kentucky," in Daniel E. Sutherland, ed., Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Home Front (Fayetteville, Ark., 1999), 113-32
    • (1999) Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Home Front , pp. 113-132
    • Cooling, B.F.1
  • 15
    • 11144232262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, Mass., and London
    • For the debate over guerrilla warfare as a viable Confederate military option see Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1997), 120-27
    • (1997) The Confederate War , pp. 120-127
    • Gallagher, G.W.1
  • 17
    • 67649519012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sideshow No Longer: A Historiographical Review of the Guerrilla War
    • March
    • For an analysis of this considerable literature see Daniel E. Sutherland, "Sideshow No Longer: A Historiographical Review of the Guerrilla War," Civil War History, 46 (March 2000), 5-23
    • (2000) Civil War History , vol.46 , pp. 5-23
    • Sutherland, D.E.1
  • 19
    • 84894688205 scopus 로고
    • The Confederate Cause in the Colorado Territory, 1861-1865
    • March
    • Duane Allan Smith, "The Confederate Cause in the Colorado Territory, 1861-1865," Civil War History, 7 (March 1961), 71-75
    • (1961) Civil War History , vol.7 , pp. 71-75
    • Allan Smith, D.1
  • 20
    • 79958496980 scopus 로고
    • edited by Donald J. Berthrong and Odessa Davenport (Norman, Okla.)
    • Daniel Ellis Conner, A Confederate in the Colorado Gold Fields, edited by Donald J. Berthrong and Odessa Davenport (Norman, Okla., 1970), 145, 162-63
    • (1970) A Confederate in the Colorado Gold Fields , vol.145 , pp. 162-163
    • Conner, D.E.1
  • 21
    • 79958494189 scopus 로고
    • Confederate Guerrillas in Southern Colorado
    • Fall
    • Morris F. Taylor, "Confederate Guerrillas in Southern Colorado," Colorado Magazine, 46 (Fall 1969), 304-23
    • (1969) Colorado Magazine , vol.46 , pp. 304-323
    • Taylor, M.F.1
  • 22
    • 84968302891 scopus 로고
    • Some Aspects of California's Military Problems during the Civil War
    • September
    • Leo P. Kibby, "Some Aspects of California's Military Problems During the Civil War," Civil War History, 5 (September 1959), 253-57
    • (1959) Civil War History , vol.5 , pp. 253-257
    • Kibby, L.P.1
  • 23
    • 84894694801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. L, Pt. I, 590 (quotations)
    • Official Records , vol.50 , Issue.PART. I , pp. 590
  • 25
    • 0022009796 scopus 로고
    • Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and Scratch': The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry
    • February
    • Elliott J. Gorn, "'Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and Scratch': The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry," American Historical Review, 90 (February 1985), 18-43
    • (1985) American Historical Review , vol.90 , pp. 18-43
    • Gorn, E.J.1
  • 30
    • 79958556113 scopus 로고
    • 'Desperate Characters': The Development and Impact of the Confederate Guerrillas in Kansas
    • Autumn
    • Gary L. Cheatham, "'Desperate Characters': The Development and Impact of the Confederate Guerrillas in Kansas," Kansas History, 14 (Autumn 1991), 144-61
    • (1991) Kansas History , vol.14 , pp. 144-161
    • Cheatham, G.L.1
  • 32
    • 79958623679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Ladies of Lawrence Are Arming! the Gendered Nature of Sectional Violence in Early Kansas
    • John R. McKivigan and Stanley Harrold, eds, Knoxville
    • Kristen A. Tegtmeier, "The Ladies of Lawrence Are Arming! The Gendered Nature of Sectional Violence in Early Kansas," in John R. McKivigan and Stanley Harrold, eds., Antislavery Violence: Sectional, Racial, and Cultural Conflict in Antebellum America (Knoxville, 1999), 215-35
    • (1999) Antislavery Violence: Sectional, Racial, and Cultural Conflict in Antebellum America , pp. 215-235
    • Tegtmeier, K.A.1
  • 33
    • 0040361921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This tendency toward violence should not be confused with the frequently mentioned "martial spirit" of the South. The two are not the same, and in any case, historians have fairly well qualified the supposed prevalence of southern militarism. See Bruce, Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South, 161-77
    • Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South , pp. 161-177
    • Bruce1
  • 34
    • 79957407725 scopus 로고
    • The Martial Spirit in the Antebellum South: Some Further Speculations in a National Context
    • February
    • and R. Don Higginbotham, "The Martial Spirit in the Antebellum South: Some Further Speculations in a National Context," Journal of Southern History, 58 (February 1992), 3-26
    • (1992) Journal of Southern History , vol.58 , pp. 3-26
    • Don Higginbotham, R.1
  • 40
    • 79958693354 scopus 로고
    • Maryland Historical Magazine
    • Fall
    • Donald Walter Curl, ed., "A Report from Baltimore," Maryland Historical Magazine, 64 (Fall 1969), 281 (first quotation)
    • (1969) A Report from Baltimore , vol.64
    • Curl, D.W.1
  • 41
    • 79958648620 scopus 로고
    • Dearest Braddie: Love and War in Maryland, 1860-61
    • Spring
    • Anna Bradford Agle and Sidney H. Wanzer, eds., "Dearest Braddie: Love and War in Maryland, 1860-61, Part 1," Maryland Historical Magazine, 88 (Spring 1993), 83, 86 (second quotation)
    • (1993) Maryland Historical Magazine , vol.83-88 , Issue.PART 1 , pp. 86
    • Agle1    S.H. Wanzer, A.B.2
  • 42
    • 79958621805 scopus 로고
    • (10 vols. to date; Baton Rouge and London)
    • Lynda Lasswell Crist et al., eds., The Papers of Jefferson Davis (10 vols. to date; Baton Rouge and London, 1971-), VII, 188 (Reynolds quotations)
    • (1971) The Papers of Jefferson Davis , vol.7 , pp. 188
    • Crist1
  • 44
    • 84894807869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6 vols.; Columbia, S.C., 1952-82
    • Mary C. Simms Oliphant et al., eds., The Letters of William Gilmore Simms (6 vols.; Columbia, S.C., 1952-82), IV, 364 (first, second, and third quotations)
    • The Letters of William Gilmore Simms , vol.4 , pp. 364
    • Oliphant1
  • 45
    • 84898123674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advent among the Indians: The Revolutionary Ethos of Gerrit Smith, James McCune Smith, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown
    • McKivigan and Harrold, eds
    • See John Stauffer, "Advent among the Indians: The Revolutionary Ethos of Gerrit Smith, James McCune Smith, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown," in McKivigan and Harrold, eds., Antislavery Violence, 236-73
    • Antislavery Violence , pp. 236-273
    • Stauffer, J.1
  • 48
    • 79958671269 scopus 로고
    • The American Revolution as Seen by Southerners in 1861
    • Winter
    • Robert F. Durden, "The American Revolution as Seen by Southerners in 1861," Louisiana History, 19 (Winter 1978), 33-42
    • (1978) Louisiana History , vol.19 , pp. 33-42
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  • 54
    • 84888188282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nor Is Their Standing Army to Be Despised': The Emergence of the Continental Army as a Military Institution
    • Hoffman and Albert, eds
    • Robert K. Wright Jr., "'Nor Is Their Standing Army to Be Despised': The Emergence of the Continental Army as a Military Institution," in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Arms and Independence, 50-74
    • Arms and Independence , pp. 50-74
    • Wright Jr., R.K.1
  • 56
    • 79958643261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooling, Fort Donelson's Legacy, 65-69. Cooling notes the mixed inheritance that pushed southerners toward a "people's war," although his starting point is Carl von Clausewitz's strategic framework of "the People in Arms" (pp. xi-xv; quotation on p. xi)
    • Fort Donelson's Legacy , pp. 65-69
    • Cooling1
  • 60
    • 79958499271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The American Militia: A Traditional Institution with Revolutionary Responsibilities
    • esp
    • "The American Militia: A Traditional Institution with Revolutionary Responsibilities," 106-31, esp. 114-15, 118-23
  • 63
    • 79958631995 scopus 로고
    • Arms and Independence
    • Ronald Hoffman, Thad W. Tate, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Charlottesville
    • For the rambunctious nature of colonial minutemen and the "internal" guerrilla war that erupted on the Revolutionary home front, especially in the South, see Hoffman and Albert, eds., Arms and Independence; Ronald Hoffman, Thad W. Tate, and Peter J. Albert, eds., An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry during the American Revolution (Charlottesville, 1985)
    • (1985) An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry during the American Revolution
    • South, H.1    Albert2
  • 65
    • 33749866752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Revolutionary Virginia: The Failure of the Minutemen and the Revolution from below
    • December
    • and Michael A. McDonnell, "Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Revolutionary Virginia: The Failure of the Minutemen and the Revolution from Below," Journal of American History, 85 (December 1998), 946-81
    • (1998) Journal of American History , vol.85 , pp. 946-981
    • McDonnell, M.A.1
  • 66
    • 84895193893 scopus 로고
    • Rehearsal for the Civil War: Antislavery and Proslavery at the Fighting Point in Kansas, 1854-1856
    • Lewis Perry and Michael Fellman, eds 301-7
    • Proslavery and antislavery forces in Kansas had similarly appealed to the traditions of the Revolution during their guerrilla war of the 1850s. See Michael Fellman, "Rehearsal for the Civil War: Antislavery and Proslavery at the Fighting Point in Kansas, 1854-1856," in Lewis Perry and Michael Fellman, eds., Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists (Baton Rouge and London, 1979), 297-98, 301-7
    • (1979) Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists Baton Rouge and London , pp. 297-298
    • Fellman, M.1
  • 70
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    • Mary Moragné's The British Partizan
    • James B. Meriwether, ed. Spartanburg, S.C.
    • Karen A. Endres, "Mary Moragné's The British Partizan," in James B. Meriwether, ed., South Carolina Women Writers (Spartanburg, S.C., 1979), 27-39
    • (1979) South Carolina Women Writers , pp. 27-39
    • Endres, K.A.1
  • 72
    • 79958552384 scopus 로고
    • The First Original Confederate Drama: The Guerrillas
    • October
    • Carla Waal, "The First Original Confederate Drama: The Guerrillas," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 70 (October 1962), 459-67
    • (1962) Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , vol.70 , pp. 459-467
    • Waal, C.1
  • 73
    • 79958489858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a few of the many examples of guerrillainspired poetry see Henry Timrod, "A Cry to Arms," 49-51
    • A Cry to Arms , pp. 49-51
    • Timrod, H.1
  • 74
    • 79958637690 scopus 로고
    • The Guerrillas
    • 49 William Gilmore Simms, ed, New York
    • and S. Teackle Wallis, "The Guerrillas," 146-49, in William Gilmore Simms, ed., War Poetry of the South (New York, 1867)
    • (1867) War Poetry of the South , vol.146
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  • 76
    • 84894756967 scopus 로고
    • The Guerrilla Martyrs, in Esther Parker Ellinger
    • 1918; New York
    • and William Gilmore Simms, "The Guerrilla Martyrs," in Esther Parker Ellinger, The Southern War Poetry of the Civil War (1918; New York, 1970), 102
    • (1970) The Southern War Poetry of the Civil War , pp. 102
    • Simms, W.G.1
  • 80
    • 79958691556 scopus 로고
    • Florida's Confederate Guerrillas: John W. Pearson and the Oklawaha Rangers
    • October
    • Zack C. Waters, "Florida's Confederate Guerrillas: John W. Pearson and the Oklawaha Rangers," Florida Historical Quarterly, 70 (October 1991), 133-49
    • (1991) Florida Historical Quarterly , vol.70 , pp. 133-149
    • Waters, Z.C.1
  • 82
    • 79958523661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. IV, 115-16 (second and third quotations)
    • Official Records , vol.4 , pp. 115-116
  • 83
    • 79958584263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solomons scrapbook, p. 60 (fourth and fifth quotations)
    • Solomons scrapbook , pp. 60
  • 85
    • 79958560146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scarborough, ed, 62
    • Scarborough, ed., Diary of Edmund Ruffin, II, 60, 62, 65
    • Diary of Edmund Ruffin, II , vol.60 , pp. 65
  • 87
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    • O'Daniel to Jefferson Davis
    • June 17
    • William D. O'Daniel to Jefferson Davis, June 17, 1861, reel 4, frame 513, all in RG 109, M-437
    • (1861)
    • William, D.1
  • 93
    • 84942440330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guerrillas: The Real War in Arkansas
    • Anne J. Bailey and Daniel E. Sutherland, eds. Ark.
    • Daniel E. Sutherland, "Guerrillas: The Real War in Arkansas," in Anne J. Bailey and Daniel E. Sutherland, eds., Civil War Arkansas: Beyond Battles and Leaders Fayetteville, Ark., 2000), 136
    • (2000) Civil War Arkansas: Beyond Battles and Leaders Fayetteville , pp. 136
    • Sutherland, D.E.1
  • 96
    • 84972168155 scopus 로고
    • Guerrilla War in Western Missouri, 1862-1865: Historical Extensions of the Relative Deprivation Hypothesis
    • 19 January
    • This stated desire to defend homes and families supports the "relative deprivation" theory of Don R. Bowen, "Guerrilla War in Western Missouri, 1862-1865: Historical Extensions of the Relative Deprivation Hypothesis," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 19 (January 1977), 30-51, although Bowen's emphasis on prosperous, slaveholding families would not fit all parts of the South
    • (1977) Comparative Studies in Society and History
    • Bowen, D.R.1
  • 98
    • 79958505642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Here, too, is where Owsley's emphasis on "local defense" provides some insight, although by stressing the efforts of the states to hoard arms and raise "regular" troops, Owsley misses the vital role assigned to individuals in irregular forces. For example, in looking at Arkansas, he cites the pages of a report that emphasized the struggle between Richmond and Little Rock over control of troops in the state, but he fails to consider the section of that same report devoted to the operations of Confederate guerrillas. Compare Owsley, "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy," 501-2, to Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. XIII, 29-32 and 33-36
    • Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy , pp. 501-502
    • Owsley, C.1
  • 99
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    • The American Civil War Considered as a Crisis in Law and Order
    • October
    • Phillip S. Paludan, "The American Civil War Considered as a Crisis in Law and Order," American Historical Review, 77 (October 1972), 1013-34
    • (1972) American Historical Review , vol.77 , pp. 1013-1034
    • Paludan, P.S.1
  • 103
    • 79958499268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Williams Clan: Mountain Farmers and Union Fighters in North Central Arkansas
    • Bailey and Sutherland, eds
    • For a band of Unionist guerrillas who thought in similar terms see Kenneth C. Barnes, "The Williams Clan: Mountain Farmers and Union Fighters in North Central Arkansas," in Bailey and Sutherland, eds., Civil War Arkansas, 155-75
    • Civil War Arkansas , pp. 155-175
    • Barnes, K.C.1
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    • August 28
    • James E. Love to Molly, August 28, 1862, James Edwin Love Papers (Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis)
    • (1862) Love to Molly
    • James, E.1
  • 109
    • 79958666501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army
    • December
    • Bruce Allardice, "West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army," Civil War History, 43 (December 1997), 310-31
    • (1997) Civil War History , vol.43 , pp. 310-331
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    • trans. G. H. Mendell and W. P. Craighill (Philadelphia)
    • Antoine Henri de Jomini, The Art of War, trans. G. H. Mendell and W. P. Craighill (Philadelphia, 1862), 29 (quotation)
    • (1862) The Art of War , pp. 29
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    • New York and Oxford
    • Christopher Bassford, Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815-1945 (New York and Oxford, 1994), 50-57, challenges the old assumption that Clausewitz was unknown to antebellum Americans, but he acknowledges that the evidence is, at best, inconclusive. In any event, Clausewitz concluded his observations on guerrilla warfare, written in 1832, with this admission: "This discussion has been less an objective analysis than a groping for the truth. The reason is that this sort of warfare is not as yet very common."
    • (1994) Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815-1945 , pp. 50-57
    • Bassford, C.1
  • 120
    • 79958643259 scopus 로고
    • The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb
    • 2 vols.; Washington, D.C.
    • Ulrich B. Phillips, ed., "The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb," in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1911 (2 vols.; Washington, D.C., 1913), II, 577 (first quotation)
    • (1913) Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1911 , vol.2 , pp. 577
    • Phillips, U.B.1
  • 122
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    • Indians and Insurrectos: The US Army's Experience with Insurgency
    • March
    • John M. Gates, "Indians and Insurrectos: The US Army's Experience with Insurgency," Parameters: Journal of the U.S. Army War College, 13 (March 1983), 59-68
    • (1983) Parameters: Journal of the U.S. Army War College , vol.13 , pp. 59-68
    • Gates, J.M.1
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    • 79958645624 scopus 로고
    • New York and London
    • Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York and London, 1995), 136-37, 167-68, 184 (first quotation on p. 167)
    • (1995) A Biography , pp. 136-137
    • Thomas1    R.E. Lee, E.M.2
  • 127
    • 79958618596 scopus 로고
    • 'We Are Our Own Trumpeters': Robert E. Lee Describes Winfield Scott's Campaign to Mexico City
    • July
    • Gary W. Gallagher, ed., "'We Are Our Own Trumpeters': Robert E. Lee Describes Winfield Scott's Campaign to Mexico City," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 95 (July 1987), 369 (fourth quotation)
    • (1987) Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , vol.95 , pp. 369
    • Gallagher, G.W.1
  • 130
    • 24944440956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, 21-22. The most recent biography of Scott emphasizes the general's largely successful efforts to contain the guerrilla war by pacifying Mexican noncombatants, but it does not discuss Scott's retaliation against the guerrillas themselves
    • Hard Hand of War , pp. 21-22
    • Grimsley1
  • 134
    • 79958522481 scopus 로고
    • Jefferson Davis and the Art of War
    • June 106, 108-9, 111-12
    • Grady McWhiney, "Jefferson Davis and the Art of War," Civil War History, 21 (June 1975), 105, 106, 108-9, 111-12
    • (1975) Civil War History , vol.21 , pp. 105
    • McWhiney, G.1
  • 135
    • 79958666500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Papers of Jefferson Davis, III
    • Crist et al., eds., Papers of Jefferson Davis, III, 203, 278 (first quotation)
    • 278 (first quotation) , vol.203
    • Crist1    et al2
  • 145
    • 79958516198 scopus 로고
    • Self-Governance and the American Citizen as Soldier
    • 21-39,35, January, 2001
    • Ricardo A. Herrera, "Self-Governance and the American Citizen as Soldier, 1775-1861," Journal of Military History, 65 (January 2001), 21-23, 35-39
    • (1775) Journal of Military History , pp. 65-23
    • Herrera, R.A.1
  • 148
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    • Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Revolutionary Virginia
    • McDonnell, "Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Revolutionary Virginia," 950, 955 (quotation)
    • 955 (quotation) , vol.950
    • McDonnell1
  • 150
    • 79958523658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Official Records, Ser. IV, Vol. I, 579 (first five quotations)
    • Official Records , vol.1 , pp. 579
  • 153
    • 79958551239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 237, 242-243
    • Official Records, Ser. II, Vol. I, 234-35, 237, 242-43 (Halleck quotation)
    • Ser. II, Official Records , vol.1 , pp. 234-235
  • 155
    • 79958549251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 24
    • Bauer, Mexican War, 223-24, 269, 334-35
    • Mexican War , vol.223 , Issue.269 , pp. 334-335
    • Bauer1
  • 157
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    • Gallagher, Confederate War, 144-46. Some historians also suggest that the chaos attendant to a guerrilla war would have played havoc with slavery, and that for this reason, too, Confederate leaders rejected the strategy. However, as reasonable as this sounds, no one has produced any evidence to support the theory
    • Confederate War , pp. 144-146
    • Gallagher1
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    • The Perseverance of the Soldiers
    • Gabor S. Boritt, ed, New York and Oxford
    • Reid Mitchell, "The Perseverance of the Soldiers," in Gabor S. Boritt, ed., Why the Confederacy Lost (New York and Oxford, 1992), 124-25
    • (1992) Why the Confederacy Lost , pp. 124-125
    • Mitchell, R.1
  • 160
    • 62149112675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How Should Americans Understand the Civil War?
    • March
    • Gary W. Gallagher, "How Should Americans Understand the Civil War?" North & South, 2 (March 1999), 16-17
    • (1999) North & South , vol.2 , pp. 16-17
    • Gallagher, G.W.1
  • 161
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    • Investigation of the subject warrants more attention than it can receive here, but one could argue that slavery was most seriously threatened when Union troops entered an area unopposed; and some evidence suggests that guerrillas and local units, like home guards and militiamen, could serve as effective policing agencies. See Crist et al., eds., Papers of Jefferson Davis, VIII, 263, 451, IX, 320, and X, 87
    • Papers of Jefferson Davis , vol.8 , pp. 263
    • Crist1
  • 162
    • 0008989837 scopus 로고
    • In the Shadow of Old John Brown: Insurrection Anxiety and Confederate Mobilization, 1861-1863
    • Autumn
    • Armstead L. Robinson, "In the Shadow of Old John Brown: Insurrection Anxiety and Confederate Mobilization, 1861-1863," Journal of Negro History, 65 (Autumn 1980), 286-87
    • (1980) Journal of Negro History , vol.65 , pp. 286-287
    • Robinson, A.L.1
  • 164
    • 33749017101 scopus 로고
    • Partisan Warfare, Model 1861-65
    • November
    • Carl E. Grant, "Partisan Warfare, Model 1861-65," Military Review, 38 (November 1958), 42 (first quotation)
    • (1958) Military Review , vol.38 , pp. 42
    • Grant, C.E.1
  • 166
    • 79958540694 scopus 로고
    • Proceedings of First Confederate Congress: First Session Completed, Second Session in Part
    • "Proceedings of First Confederate Congress: First Session Completed, Second Session in Part," Southern Historical Society Papers, 45 (new ser., 7) (May 1925), 122 (first quotation)
    • (1925) Southern Historical Society Papers , pp. 45
  • 167
    • 79958566320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Official Records, Ser. IV, Vol. I, 1094-95 (subsequent quotations on p. 1095). The Federal protest against "rebel barbarities" by guerrillas became complicated in spring 1862 by a U.S. congressional hearing into the mistreatment of Union prisoners and the wounded by Confederate soldiers and the desecration of the Union dead and graves after the battle of First Bull Run. Then, too, reports circulated after the battle of Pea Ridge that Cherokee Indians, fighting under the Rebel flag, had employed the "tomahawk, war-club, and scalping knife" against Union troops
    • Official Records, Ser. IV , vol.1 , pp. 1094-1095
  • 171
    • 79958529146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proceedings of First Confederate Congress
    • "Proceedings of First Confederate Congress," 153, 160-61 (first, second, and fourth quotations)
  • 172
    • 33846297704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ash, When the Yankees Came, 48, believes deserters strengthened guerrilla bands in all parts of the South
    • When the Yankees Came , pp. 48
    • Ash1
  • 174
    • 79958612575 scopus 로고
    • Sullivan to Randolph
    • August 17, reel 72, frame 313-14, all in RG 109, M-437
    • John O. Sullivan to Randolph, August 17, 1862, reel 72, frame 313-14, all in RG 109, M-437
    • (1862)
    • John, O.1
  • 175
    • 84894703161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. XIII, 835 (fourth quotation)
    • Official Records , vol.13 , pp. 835
  • 179
    • 84894738150 scopus 로고
    • A Texan urged his brother to resign from McNeill's Rangers, in part, because of the low reputation of partisan bands. See Edward B. Williams, ed., Rebel Brothers: The Civil War Letters of the Truehearts (College Station, Tex., 1995), 131-32
    • (1995) Rebel Brothers: The Civil War Letters of the Truehearts , pp. 131-132
  • 180
    • 79958482492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooling, Fort Donelson's Legacy, 65, calls the failed Partisan Ranger Act "one of the Confederacy's missed opportunities."
    • Cooling, Fort Donelson's Legacy , pp. 65
  • 182
    • 77249104880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liberty Men and Loyalists
    • Grimsley, 112, proposes four categories of Confederate guerrillas, three of which correspond roughly to the groups identified in this essay
    • and Crow, "Liberty Men and Loyalists," 125-78. Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, 112, proposes four categories of Confederate guerrillas, three of which correspond roughly to the groups identified in this essay
    • Hard Hand of War , pp. 125-178
    • Crow1
  • 183
    • 34548282647 scopus 로고
    • New York, reprint, Lincoln, Nebr, and London
    • Ella Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War (New York, 1928; reprint, Lincoln, Nebr., and London, 1998), 62-76
    • (1928) Desertion during the Civil War , pp. 62-76
    • Lonn, E.1
  • 184
    • 79958673271 scopus 로고
    • Citizens of Lee County, Virginia] to Jefferson Davis
    • October 22, 53, frames
    • P. Hagan et al. [Citizens of Lee County, Virginia] to Jefferson Davis, October 22, 1862, RG 109, M-437, reel 53, frames 897-900
    • (1862) M-437, reel , pp. 897-900
    • Hagan, P.1
  • 186
    • 79958588315 scopus 로고
    • Missouri, 1861-1865, Military Affairs, 41 (February)
    • Don R. Bowen, "Quantrill, James, Younger, et al.: Leadership in a Guerrilla Movement, Missouri, 1861-1865," Military Affairs, 41 (February 1977), 42-48
    • (1977) Leadership in a Guerrilla Movement , pp. 42-48
    • Bowen1    Quantrill, J.Y.2
  • 188
    • 5644232993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political Banditry and the Colombian
    • and Gonzalo G. Sánchez and Donny Meertens, "Political Banditry and the Colombian Violencia," 151-70
    • Violencia , pp. 151-170
    • Sánchez, G.G.1    Meertens, D.2
  • 193
    • 24944514125 scopus 로고
    • Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War
    • October
    • Daniel E. Sutherland, "Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War," Journal of Military History, 56 (October 1992), 567-86
    • (1992) Journal of Military History , vol.56 , pp. 567-586
    • Sutherland, D.E.1
  • 194
    • 67649547317 scopus 로고
    • Exterminating Savages: The Union Army and Mountain Guerrillas in Southern West Virginia
    • Noe and Wilson, eds
    • Kenneth W. Noe, "Exterminating Savages: The Union Army and Mountain Guerrillas in Southern West Virginia, 1861-1862," in Noe and Wilson, eds., Civil War in Appalachia, 104-30
    • (1861) Civil War in Appalachia , pp. 104-130
    • Noe, K.W.1
  • 195
    • 79958599199 scopus 로고
    • Adjutant General's Office, Washington, D.C, esp. 77-78
    • Adjutant General's Office, General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force, 1863 (Washington, D.C., 1864), 64-87, esp. 77-78
    • (1864) General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force, 1863 , pp. 64-87
  • 196
    • 84927084482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lincoln, Lieber and the Laws of War: The Origins and Limits of the Principle of Military Necessity
    • April
    • Burris M. Carnahan, "Lincoln, Lieber and the Laws of War: The Origins and Limits of the Principle of Military Necessity," American Journal of International Law, 92 (April 1998), 213-31
    • (1998) American Journal of International Law , vol.92 , pp. 213-231
    • Carnahan, B.M.1
  • 206
    • 79958665392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Proceedings of First Confederate Congress," 191, 253; "Proceedings of First Confederate Congress: Second Session in Part," Southern Historical Society Papers, 46 (new ser., 8) (January 1928), 4-8, 48, 184
    • Proceedings of First Confederate Congress , vol.191 , pp. 253
  • 207
    • 79958662821 scopus 로고
    • Proceedings of the First Confederate Congress: Fourth Session, 7 December 1863-18 February 1864
    • 28 ed, 50 new ser, 12, October, 401
    • Frank E. Vandiver, ed., "Proceedings of the First Confederate Congress: Fourth Session, 7 December 1863-18 February 1864," Southern Historical Society Papers, 50 (new ser., 12) (October 1953), 401, 427-28, 440, 450
    • (1953) Southern Historical Society Papers , vol.427 , Issue.440 , pp. 450
  • 208
    • 79958560143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ser. IV
    • Official Records, Ser. IV, Vol. III, 194
    • Official Records , vol.3 , pp. 194
  • 213
    • 79958586810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ser. I
    • Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. XLVII, Pt. III, 821-34
    • Official Records , vol.47 , Issue.PART III , pp. 821-834


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.