-
1
-
-
67649553159
-
Died of Democracy
-
David Donald, ed, Baton Rouge
-
David Donald, "Died of Democracy," in David Donald, ed., Why the North Won the Civil War (Baton Rouge, 1960), 77-90
-
(1960)
Why the North Won the Civil War
, pp. 77-90
-
-
Donald, D.1
-
2
-
-
0346051626
-
-
Athens, Ga., and London 356
-
Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still Jr., Why the South Lost the Civil War (Athens, Ga., and London, 1986), 7-8, 356
-
(1986)
Why the South Lost the Civil War
, pp. 7-8
-
-
Beringer1
H. Hattaway2
A. Jones3
Still Jr., W.N.R.E.4
-
3
-
-
61449459279
-
Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy: A Study in State Rights
-
March
-
Frank Lawrence Owsley, "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy: A Study in State Rights," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 11 (March 1925), 490-525, which served as Donald's point of departure, actually hit close to the mark, but Owsley still saw the conflict between government and individual as largely political
-
(1925)
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, vol.11
, pp. 490-525
-
-
Lawrence Owsley, F.1
-
9
-
-
79958551241
-
From the Barrel of a Gun: A History of Guerrilla, Revolutionary and Counter-Insurgency Warfare
-
This preference for guerrilla warfare was based largely on experience, as opposed to a scientific study of the issue. Yet the conduct of the Confederacy's guerrilla war - and Union responses to it - closely paralleled the strategies advocated by modern military writings on this subject, including those by such diverse authorities as Charles E. Callwell, T. E. Lawrence, Mao Tse-tung, and Che Guevara. Two good modern reviews of the literature are John Ellis, From the Barrel of a Gun: A History of Guerrilla, Revolutionary and Counter-Insurgency Warfare, from the Romans to the Present (Mechanicsburg, Pa., and London, 1995)
-
(1995)
Romans to the Present (Mechanicsburg, Pa, and London)
-
-
Ellis, J.1
-
11
-
-
79958608840
-
People's War in Vietnam
-
July
-
It should be stressed that not every "people's war" is necessarily waged as a guerrilla war, and certainly not every one is based on democratic values. See John M. Gates, "People's War in Vietnam," Journal of Military History, 54 (July 1990), 327-29
-
(1990)
Journal of Military History
, vol.54
, pp. 327-329
-
-
Gates, J.M.1
-
12
-
-
43449158351
-
Why the Confederacy Lost
-
July
-
Other scholars have pointed to this tug-of-war in Confederate thinking, but no one has fully explored its origins, complexities, and implications. See, for example, Robert L. Kerby, "Why the Confederacy Lost," Review of Politics, 35 (July 1973), 326-45
-
(1973)
Review of Politics
, vol.35
, pp. 326-345
-
-
Kerby, R.L.1
-
14
-
-
79958630849
-
A People's War: Partisan Conflict in Tennessee and Kentucky
-
Daniel E. Sutherland, ed. Fayetteville, Ark.
-
and B. Franklin Cooling, "A People's War: Partisan Conflict in Tennessee and Kentucky," in Daniel E. Sutherland, ed., Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Home Front (Fayetteville, Ark., 1999), 113-32
-
(1999)
Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Home Front
, pp. 113-132
-
-
Cooling, B.F.1
-
15
-
-
11144232262
-
-
Cambridge, Mass., and London
-
For the debate over guerrilla warfare as a viable Confederate military option see Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1997), 120-27
-
(1997)
The Confederate War
, pp. 120-127
-
-
Gallagher, G.W.1
-
17
-
-
67649519012
-
Sideshow No Longer: A Historiographical Review of the Guerrilla War
-
March
-
For an analysis of this considerable literature see Daniel E. Sutherland, "Sideshow No Longer: A Historiographical Review of the Guerrilla War," Civil War History, 46 (March 2000), 5-23
-
(2000)
Civil War History
, vol.46
, pp. 5-23
-
-
Sutherland, D.E.1
-
18
-
-
0037676565
-
-
(70 vols. in 128; Washington, D.C., 1880-1901), Ser. IV, I, 415
-
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (70 vols. in 128; Washington, D.C., 1880-1901), Ser. IV, Vol. I, 415 (first and second quotations)
-
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
-
-
-
19
-
-
84894688205
-
The Confederate Cause in the Colorado Territory, 1861-1865
-
March
-
Duane Allan Smith, "The Confederate Cause in the Colorado Territory, 1861-1865," Civil War History, 7 (March 1961), 71-75
-
(1961)
Civil War History
, vol.7
, pp. 71-75
-
-
Allan Smith, D.1
-
20
-
-
79958496980
-
-
edited by Donald J. Berthrong and Odessa Davenport (Norman, Okla.)
-
Daniel Ellis Conner, A Confederate in the Colorado Gold Fields, edited by Donald J. Berthrong and Odessa Davenport (Norman, Okla., 1970), 145, 162-63
-
(1970)
A Confederate in the Colorado Gold Fields
, vol.145
, pp. 162-163
-
-
Conner, D.E.1
-
21
-
-
79958494189
-
Confederate Guerrillas in Southern Colorado
-
Fall
-
Morris F. Taylor, "Confederate Guerrillas in Southern Colorado," Colorado Magazine, 46 (Fall 1969), 304-23
-
(1969)
Colorado Magazine
, vol.46
, pp. 304-323
-
-
Taylor, M.F.1
-
22
-
-
84968302891
-
Some Aspects of California's Military Problems during the Civil War
-
September
-
Leo P. Kibby, "Some Aspects of California's Military Problems During the Civil War," Civil War History, 5 (September 1959), 253-57
-
(1959)
Civil War History
, vol.5
, pp. 253-257
-
-
Kibby, L.P.1
-
23
-
-
84894694801
-
-
Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. L, Pt. I, 590 (quotations)
-
Official Records
, vol.50
, Issue.PART. I
, pp. 590
-
-
-
24
-
-
0040361921
-
-
Austin, Tex., and London 89-113, 196-211
-
Dickson D. Bruce Jr., Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South (Austin, Tex., and London, 1979), 3-20, 89-113, 196-211
-
(1979)
Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South
, pp. 3-20
-
-
Bruce Jr., D.D.1
-
25
-
-
0022009796
-
Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and Scratch': The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry
-
February
-
Elliott J. Gorn, "'Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and Scratch': The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry," American Historical Review, 90 (February 1985), 18-43
-
(1985)
American Historical Review
, vol.90
, pp. 18-43
-
-
Gorn, E.J.1
-
29
-
-
79958541837
-
Brown
-
February
-
and Brown, "Western Violence: Structure, Values, Myth," Western Historical Quarterly, 24 (February 1993), 6-7 (quotation on p. 6)
-
(1993)
Western Violence: Structure, Values, Myth, Western Historical Quarterly
, vol.24
, pp. 6-7
-
-
-
30
-
-
79958556113
-
'Desperate Characters': The Development and Impact of the Confederate Guerrillas in Kansas
-
Autumn
-
Gary L. Cheatham, "'Desperate Characters': The Development and Impact of the Confederate Guerrillas in Kansas," Kansas History, 14 (Autumn 1991), 144-61
-
(1991)
Kansas History
, vol.14
, pp. 144-161
-
-
Cheatham, G.L.1
-
32
-
-
79958623679
-
The Ladies of Lawrence Are Arming! the Gendered Nature of Sectional Violence in Early Kansas
-
John R. McKivigan and Stanley Harrold, eds, Knoxville
-
Kristen A. Tegtmeier, "The Ladies of Lawrence Are Arming! The Gendered Nature of Sectional Violence in Early Kansas," in John R. McKivigan and Stanley Harrold, eds., Antislavery Violence: Sectional, Racial, and Cultural Conflict in Antebellum America (Knoxville, 1999), 215-35
-
(1999)
Antislavery Violence: Sectional, Racial, and Cultural Conflict in Antebellum America
, pp. 215-235
-
-
Tegtmeier, K.A.1
-
33
-
-
0040361921
-
-
This tendency toward violence should not be confused with the frequently mentioned "martial spirit" of the South. The two are not the same, and in any case, historians have fairly well qualified the supposed prevalence of southern militarism. See Bruce, Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South, 161-77
-
Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South
, pp. 161-177
-
-
Bruce1
-
34
-
-
79957407725
-
The Martial Spirit in the Antebellum South: Some Further Speculations in a National Context
-
February
-
and R. Don Higginbotham, "The Martial Spirit in the Antebellum South: Some Further Speculations in a National Context," Journal of Southern History, 58 (February 1992), 3-26
-
(1992)
Journal of Southern History
, vol.58
, pp. 3-26
-
-
Don Higginbotham, R.1
-
39
-
-
79958618597
-
Lawler to Leroy Pope Walker
-
June 17
-
Levi W. Lawler to Leroy Pope Walker, June 17, 1861, in Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War, War Department Collection of Confederate Records, Record Group 109, Microform 437 (National Archives, Washington, D.C.), reel 4, frame 286 (first quotation), hereinafter cited as RG 109, M-437
-
(1861)
Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War, War Department Collection of Confederate Records, Record Group 109, Microform 437 (National Archives, Washington, D.C.), reel 4, frame 286 (first quotation), hereinafter cited as
, vol.RG 109
-
-
Levi, W.1
-
40
-
-
79958693354
-
Maryland Historical Magazine
-
Fall
-
Donald Walter Curl, ed., "A Report from Baltimore," Maryland Historical Magazine, 64 (Fall 1969), 281 (first quotation)
-
(1969)
A Report from Baltimore
, vol.64
-
-
Curl, D.W.1
-
41
-
-
79958648620
-
Dearest Braddie: Love and War in Maryland, 1860-61
-
Spring
-
Anna Bradford Agle and Sidney H. Wanzer, eds., "Dearest Braddie: Love and War in Maryland, 1860-61, Part 1," Maryland Historical Magazine, 88 (Spring 1993), 83, 86 (second quotation)
-
(1993)
Maryland Historical Magazine
, vol.83-88
, Issue.PART 1
, pp. 86
-
-
Agle1
S.H. Wanzer, A.B.2
-
42
-
-
79958621805
-
-
(10 vols. to date; Baton Rouge and London)
-
Lynda Lasswell Crist et al., eds., The Papers of Jefferson Davis (10 vols. to date; Baton Rouge and London, 1971-), VII, 188 (Reynolds quotations)
-
(1971)
The Papers of Jefferson Davis
, vol.7
, pp. 188
-
-
Crist1
-
43
-
-
29844458863
-
-
Baton Rouge
-
William Kauffman Scarborough, ed., The Diary of Edmund Ruffin. Vol. II: The Years of Hope: April, 1861-June, 1863 (Baton Rouge, 1976), 51-52 (quotation on p. 52)
-
(1976)
The Diary of Edmund Ruffin. II: The Years of Hope: April, 1861-June, 1863
, pp. 51-52
-
-
Scarborough, W.K.1
-
44
-
-
84894807869
-
-
6 vols.; Columbia, S.C., 1952-82
-
Mary C. Simms Oliphant et al., eds., The Letters of William Gilmore Simms (6 vols.; Columbia, S.C., 1952-82), IV, 364 (first, second, and third quotations)
-
The Letters of William Gilmore Simms
, vol.4
, pp. 364
-
-
Oliphant1
-
45
-
-
84898123674
-
Advent among the Indians: The Revolutionary Ethos of Gerrit Smith, James McCune Smith, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown
-
McKivigan and Harrold, eds
-
See John Stauffer, "Advent among the Indians: The Revolutionary Ethos of Gerrit Smith, James McCune Smith, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown," in McKivigan and Harrold, eds., Antislavery Violence, 236-73
-
Antislavery Violence
, pp. 236-273
-
-
Stauffer, J.1
-
48
-
-
79958671269
-
The American Revolution as Seen by Southerners in 1861
-
Winter
-
Robert F. Durden, "The American Revolution as Seen by Southerners in 1861," Louisiana History, 19 (Winter 1978), 33-42
-
(1978)
Louisiana History
, vol.19
, pp. 33-42
-
-
Durden, R.F.1
-
51
-
-
79958539421
-
-
ed, Chapel Hill and London
-
Jon L. Wakelyn, ed., Southern Pamphlets on Secession, November 1860-April 1861 (Chapel Hill and London, 1996), 114, 177, 327
-
(1996)
Southern Pamphlets on Secession, November 1860-April 1861
, vol.114
, Issue.177
, pp. 327
-
-
-
54
-
-
84888188282
-
Nor Is Their Standing Army to Be Despised': The Emergence of the Continental Army as a Military Institution
-
Hoffman and Albert, eds
-
Robert K. Wright Jr., "'Nor Is Their Standing Army to Be Despised': The Emergence of the Continental Army as a Military Institution," in Hoffman and Albert, eds., Arms and Independence, 50-74
-
Arms and Independence
, pp. 50-74
-
-
Wright Jr., R.K.1
-
55
-
-
79958571451
-
April 8, 1862
-
ed, New Haven and London, 872
-
Charles C. Jones Jr. to Mrs. C. C. Jones, April 8, 1862, in Robert Manson Myers, ed., The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven and London, 1972), 872 (second and third quotations)
-
(1972)
The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War
-
-
Charles, C.1
Jr, J.2
Mrs, T.3
Jones, C.C.4
-
56
-
-
79958643261
-
-
Cooling, Fort Donelson's Legacy, 65-69. Cooling notes the mixed inheritance that pushed southerners toward a "people's war," although his starting point is Carl von Clausewitz's strategic framework of "the People in Arms" (pp. xi-xv; quotation on p. xi)
-
Fort Donelson's Legacy
, pp. 65-69
-
-
Cooling1
-
57
-
-
79958640271
-
Functions of the Partisan-Militia in the South during the American Revolution: An Interpretation
-
W. Robert Higgins, ed, Durham
-
Clyde R. Ferguson, "Functions of the Partisan-Militia in the South During the American Revolution: An Interpretation," in W. Robert Higgins, ed., The Revolutionary War in the South: Power, Conflict, and Leadership: Essays in Honor of John Richard Alden (Durham, 1979), 239-58
-
(1979)
The Revolutionary War in the South: Power, Conflict, and Leadership: Essays in Honor of John Richard Alden
, pp. 239-258
-
-
Ferguson, C.R.1
-
60
-
-
79958499271
-
The American Militia: A Traditional Institution with Revolutionary Responsibilities
-
esp
-
"The American Militia: A Traditional Institution with Revolutionary Responsibilities," 106-31, esp. 114-15, 118-23
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
79958631995
-
Arms and Independence
-
Ronald Hoffman, Thad W. Tate, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Charlottesville
-
For the rambunctious nature of colonial minutemen and the "internal" guerrilla war that erupted on the Revolutionary home front, especially in the South, see Hoffman and Albert, eds., Arms and Independence; Ronald Hoffman, Thad W. Tate, and Peter J. Albert, eds., An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry during the American Revolution (Charlottesville, 1985)
-
(1985)
An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry during the American Revolution
-
-
South, H.1
Albert2
-
65
-
-
33749866752
-
Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Revolutionary Virginia: The Failure of the Minutemen and the Revolution from below
-
December
-
and Michael A. McDonnell, "Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Revolutionary Virginia: The Failure of the Minutemen and the Revolution from Below," Journal of American History, 85 (December 1998), 946-81
-
(1998)
Journal of American History
, vol.85
, pp. 946-981
-
-
McDonnell, M.A.1
-
66
-
-
84895193893
-
Rehearsal for the Civil War: Antislavery and Proslavery at the Fighting Point in Kansas, 1854-1856
-
Lewis Perry and Michael Fellman, eds 301-7
-
Proslavery and antislavery forces in Kansas had similarly appealed to the traditions of the Revolution during their guerrilla war of the 1850s. See Michael Fellman, "Rehearsal for the Civil War: Antislavery and Proslavery at the Fighting Point in Kansas, 1854-1856," in Lewis Perry and Michael Fellman, eds., Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists (Baton Rouge and London, 1979), 297-98, 301-7
-
(1979)
Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists Baton Rouge and London
, pp. 297-298
-
-
Fellman, M.1
-
70
-
-
84868843257
-
Mary Moragné's The British Partizan
-
James B. Meriwether, ed. Spartanburg, S.C.
-
Karen A. Endres, "Mary Moragné's The British Partizan," in James B. Meriwether, ed., South Carolina Women Writers (Spartanburg, S.C., 1979), 27-39
-
(1979)
South Carolina Women Writers
, pp. 27-39
-
-
Endres, K.A.1
-
72
-
-
79958552384
-
The First Original Confederate Drama: The Guerrillas
-
October
-
Carla Waal, "The First Original Confederate Drama: The Guerrillas," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 70 (October 1962), 459-67
-
(1962)
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
, vol.70
, pp. 459-467
-
-
Waal, C.1
-
73
-
-
79958489858
-
-
For a few of the many examples of guerrillainspired poetry see Henry Timrod, "A Cry to Arms," 49-51
-
A Cry to Arms
, pp. 49-51
-
-
Timrod, H.1
-
74
-
-
79958637690
-
The Guerrillas
-
49 William Gilmore Simms, ed, New York
-
and S. Teackle Wallis, "The Guerrillas," 146-49, in William Gilmore Simms, ed., War Poetry of the South (New York, 1867)
-
(1867)
War Poetry of the South
, vol.146
-
-
Teackle Wallis, S.1
-
76
-
-
84894756967
-
The Guerrilla Martyrs, in Esther Parker Ellinger
-
1918; New York
-
and William Gilmore Simms, "The Guerrilla Martyrs," in Esther Parker Ellinger, The Southern War Poetry of the Civil War (1918; New York, 1970), 102
-
(1970)
The Southern War Poetry of the Civil War
, pp. 102
-
-
Simms, W.G.1
-
77
-
-
24944440956
-
-
Cambridge, Eng, and other cities
-
Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians, 1861-1865 (Cambridge, Eng., and other cities, 1995), 18-19
-
(1995)
The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians, 1861-1865
, pp. 18-19
-
-
Grimsley, M.1
-
78
-
-
79958635070
-
In Myers, ed
-
November 27
-
Charles C. Jones Jr. to Rev. C. C. Jones, November 27, 1861, in Myers, ed., Children of Pride, 804 (first quotation)
-
(1861)
Children of Pride
, pp. 804
-
-
Charles, C.1
Jr, J.2
Rev, T.3
Jones, C.C.4
-
80
-
-
79958691556
-
Florida's Confederate Guerrillas: John W. Pearson and the Oklawaha Rangers
-
October
-
Zack C. Waters, "Florida's Confederate Guerrillas: John W. Pearson and the Oklawaha Rangers," Florida Historical Quarterly, 70 (October 1991), 133-49
-
(1991)
Florida Historical Quarterly
, vol.70
, pp. 133-149
-
-
Waters, Z.C.1
-
82
-
-
79958523661
-
-
Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. IV, 115-16 (second and third quotations)
-
Official Records
, vol.4
, pp. 115-116
-
-
-
83
-
-
79958584263
-
-
Solomons scrapbook, p. 60 (fourth and fifth quotations)
-
Solomons scrapbook
, pp. 60
-
-
-
85
-
-
79958560146
-
-
Scarborough, ed, 62
-
Scarborough, ed., Diary of Edmund Ruffin, II, 60, 62, 65
-
Diary of Edmund Ruffin, II
, vol.60
, pp. 65
-
-
-
87
-
-
79958480368
-
O'Daniel to Jefferson Davis
-
June 17
-
William D. O'Daniel to Jefferson Davis, June 17, 1861, reel 4, frame 513, all in RG 109, M-437
-
(1861)
-
-
William, D.1
-
88
-
-
79958592937
-
-
17 W. Raines, ed, Austin, Tex
-
W. Raines, ed., Six Decades in Texas, or Memoirs of Francis Richard Lubbock (Austin, Tex., 1900), 314-17, 324-25
-
(1900)
Six Decades in Texas, or Memoirs of Francis Richard Lubbock
, vol.314
, pp. 324-325
-
-
-
93
-
-
84942440330
-
Guerrillas: The Real War in Arkansas
-
Anne J. Bailey and Daniel E. Sutherland, eds. Ark.
-
Daniel E. Sutherland, "Guerrillas: The Real War in Arkansas," in Anne J. Bailey and Daniel E. Sutherland, eds., Civil War Arkansas: Beyond Battles and Leaders Fayetteville, Ark., 2000), 136
-
(2000)
Civil War Arkansas: Beyond Battles and Leaders Fayetteville
, pp. 136
-
-
Sutherland, D.E.1
-
96
-
-
84972168155
-
Guerrilla War in Western Missouri, 1862-1865: Historical Extensions of the Relative Deprivation Hypothesis
-
19 January
-
This stated desire to defend homes and families supports the "relative deprivation" theory of Don R. Bowen, "Guerrilla War in Western Missouri, 1862-1865: Historical Extensions of the Relative Deprivation Hypothesis," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 19 (January 1977), 30-51, although Bowen's emphasis on prosperous, slaveholding families would not fit all parts of the South
-
(1977)
Comparative Studies in Society and History
-
-
Bowen, D.R.1
-
98
-
-
79958505642
-
-
Here, too, is where Owsley's emphasis on "local defense" provides some insight, although by stressing the efforts of the states to hoard arms and raise "regular" troops, Owsley misses the vital role assigned to individuals in irregular forces. For example, in looking at Arkansas, he cites the pages of a report that emphasized the struggle between Richmond and Little Rock over control of troops in the state, but he fails to consider the section of that same report devoted to the operations of Confederate guerrillas. Compare Owsley, "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy," 501-2, to Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. XIII, 29-32 and 33-36
-
Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy
, pp. 501-502
-
-
Owsley, C.1
-
99
-
-
60949910666
-
The American Civil War Considered as a Crisis in Law and Order
-
October
-
Phillip S. Paludan, "The American Civil War Considered as a Crisis in Law and Order," American Historical Review, 77 (October 1972), 1013-34
-
(1972)
American Historical Review
, vol.77
, pp. 1013-1034
-
-
Paludan, P.S.1
-
103
-
-
79958499268
-
The Williams Clan: Mountain Farmers and Union Fighters in North Central Arkansas
-
Bailey and Sutherland, eds
-
For a band of Unionist guerrillas who thought in similar terms see Kenneth C. Barnes, "The Williams Clan: Mountain Farmers and Union Fighters in North Central Arkansas," in Bailey and Sutherland, eds., Civil War Arkansas, 155-75
-
Civil War Arkansas
, pp. 155-175
-
-
Barnes, K.C.1
-
104
-
-
79958661690
-
-
August 28
-
James E. Love to Molly, August 28, 1862, James Edwin Love Papers (Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis)
-
(1862)
Love to Molly
-
-
James, E.1
-
109
-
-
79958666501
-
West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army
-
December
-
Bruce Allardice, "West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army," Civil War History, 43 (December 1997), 310-31
-
(1997)
Civil War History
, vol.43
, pp. 310-331
-
-
Allardice, B.1
-
112
-
-
0013274239
-
-
trans. G. H. Mendell and W. P. Craighill (Philadelphia)
-
Antoine Henri de Jomini, The Art of War, trans. G. H. Mendell and W. P. Craighill (Philadelphia, 1862), 29 (quotation)
-
(1862)
The Art of War
, pp. 29
-
-
Henri de Jomini, A.1
-
116
-
-
79958473206
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-
Urbana, Chicago, and London
-
Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Urbana, Chicago, and London, 1983), 12-14, 21-24
-
(1983)
How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War
, vol.12
, pp. 21-24
-
-
Hattaway, H.1
Jones, A.2
-
118
-
-
0013067722
-
-
Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London
-
and Gérard Chaliand, ed., The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1994), 653-70
-
(1994)
The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age
, pp. 653-670
-
-
Chaliand, G.1
-
119
-
-
3042596761
-
-
New York and Oxford
-
Christopher Bassford, Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815-1945 (New York and Oxford, 1994), 50-57, challenges the old assumption that Clausewitz was unknown to antebellum Americans, but he acknowledges that the evidence is, at best, inconclusive. In any event, Clausewitz concluded his observations on guerrilla warfare, written in 1832, with this admission: "This discussion has been less an objective analysis than a groping for the truth. The reason is that this sort of warfare is not as yet very common."
-
(1994)
Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815-1945
, pp. 50-57
-
-
Bassford, C.1
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120
-
-
79958643259
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The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb
-
2 vols.; Washington, D.C.
-
Ulrich B. Phillips, ed., "The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb," in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1911 (2 vols.; Washington, D.C., 1913), II, 577 (first quotation)
-
(1913)
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1911
, vol.2
, pp. 577
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-
Phillips, U.B.1
-
122
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33846306750
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Indians and Insurrectos: The US Army's Experience with Insurgency
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March
-
John M. Gates, "Indians and Insurrectos: The US Army's Experience with Insurgency," Parameters: Journal of the U.S. Army War College, 13 (March 1983), 59-68
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(1983)
Parameters: Journal of the U.S. Army War College
, vol.13
, pp. 59-68
-
-
Gates, J.M.1
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123
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79958645624
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-
New York and London
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Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York and London, 1995), 136-37, 167-68, 184 (first quotation on p. 167)
-
(1995)
A Biography
, pp. 136-137
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-
Thomas1
R.E. Lee, E.M.2
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127
-
-
79958618596
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'We Are Our Own Trumpeters': Robert E. Lee Describes Winfield Scott's Campaign to Mexico City
-
July
-
Gary W. Gallagher, ed., "'We Are Our Own Trumpeters': Robert E. Lee Describes Winfield Scott's Campaign to Mexico City," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 95 (July 1987), 369 (fourth quotation)
-
(1987)
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
, vol.95
, pp. 369
-
-
Gallagher, G.W.1
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130
-
-
24944440956
-
-
Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, 21-22. The most recent biography of Scott emphasizes the general's largely successful efforts to contain the guerrilla war by pacifying Mexican noncombatants, but it does not discuss Scott's retaliation against the guerrillas themselves
-
Hard Hand of War
, pp. 21-22
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-
Grimsley1
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131
-
-
0012233777
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-
Lawrence, Kans, 235, 186-189,194-195
-
See Timothy D. Johnson, Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 167-69, 186-89, 194-95, 235
-
(1998)
Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory
, pp. 167-169
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-
Johnson, T.D.1
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134
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79958522481
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Jefferson Davis and the Art of War
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June 106, 108-9, 111-12
-
Grady McWhiney, "Jefferson Davis and the Art of War," Civil War History, 21 (June 1975), 105, 106, 108-9, 111-12
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(1975)
Civil War History
, vol.21
, pp. 105
-
-
McWhiney, G.1
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135
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79958666500
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Papers of Jefferson Davis, III
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Crist et al., eds., Papers of Jefferson Davis, III, 203, 278 (first quotation)
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278 (first quotation)
, vol.203
-
-
Crist1
et al2
-
145
-
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79958516198
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Self-Governance and the American Citizen as Soldier
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21-39,35, January, 2001
-
Ricardo A. Herrera, "Self-Governance and the American Citizen as Soldier, 1775-1861," Journal of Military History, 65 (January 2001), 21-23, 35-39
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(1775)
Journal of Military History
, pp. 65-23
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-
Herrera, R.A.1
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148
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79958609279
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Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Revolutionary Virginia
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McDonnell, "Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Revolutionary Virginia," 950, 955 (quotation)
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955 (quotation)
, vol.950
-
-
McDonnell1
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150
-
-
79958523658
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-
Official Records, Ser. IV, Vol. I, 579 (first five quotations)
-
Official Records
, vol.1
, pp. 579
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-
-
153
-
-
79958551239
-
-
237, 242-243
-
Official Records, Ser. II, Vol. I, 234-35, 237, 242-43 (Halleck quotation)
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Ser. II, Official Records
, vol.1
, pp. 234-235
-
-
-
155
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79958549251
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-
24
-
Bauer, Mexican War, 223-24, 269, 334-35
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Mexican War
, vol.223
, Issue.269
, pp. 334-335
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-
Bauer1
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157
-
-
11144232262
-
-
Gallagher, Confederate War, 144-46. Some historians also suggest that the chaos attendant to a guerrilla war would have played havoc with slavery, and that for this reason, too, Confederate leaders rejected the strategy. However, as reasonable as this sounds, no one has produced any evidence to support the theory
-
Confederate War
, pp. 144-146
-
-
Gallagher1
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159
-
-
79958488728
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The Perseverance of the Soldiers
-
Gabor S. Boritt, ed, New York and Oxford
-
Reid Mitchell, "The Perseverance of the Soldiers," in Gabor S. Boritt, ed., Why the Confederacy Lost (New York and Oxford, 1992), 124-25
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(1992)
Why the Confederacy Lost
, pp. 124-125
-
-
Mitchell, R.1
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160
-
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62149112675
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How Should Americans Understand the Civil War?
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March
-
Gary W. Gallagher, "How Should Americans Understand the Civil War?" North & South, 2 (March 1999), 16-17
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(1999)
North & South
, vol.2
, pp. 16-17
-
-
Gallagher, G.W.1
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161
-
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79958657565
-
-
Investigation of the subject warrants more attention than it can receive here, but one could argue that slavery was most seriously threatened when Union troops entered an area unopposed; and some evidence suggests that guerrillas and local units, like home guards and militiamen, could serve as effective policing agencies. See Crist et al., eds., Papers of Jefferson Davis, VIII, 263, 451, IX, 320, and X, 87
-
Papers of Jefferson Davis
, vol.8
, pp. 263
-
-
Crist1
-
162
-
-
0008989837
-
In the Shadow of Old John Brown: Insurrection Anxiety and Confederate Mobilization, 1861-1863
-
Autumn
-
Armstead L. Robinson, "In the Shadow of Old John Brown: Insurrection Anxiety and Confederate Mobilization, 1861-1863," Journal of Negro History, 65 (Autumn 1980), 286-87
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(1980)
Journal of Negro History
, vol.65
, pp. 286-287
-
-
Robinson, A.L.1
-
164
-
-
33749017101
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Partisan Warfare, Model 1861-65
-
November
-
Carl E. Grant, "Partisan Warfare, Model 1861-65," Military Review, 38 (November 1958), 42 (first quotation)
-
(1958)
Military Review
, vol.38
, pp. 42
-
-
Grant, C.E.1
-
165
-
-
79958473205
-
-
Albert Castel, "The Guerrilla War, 1861-1865," Special Issue, Civil War Times Illustrated, 13 (October 1974), 9 (fifth quotation)
-
The Guerrilla War, 1861-1865, Special Issue, Civil War Times Illustrated
, pp. 13
-
-
Castel, A.1
-
166
-
-
79958540694
-
Proceedings of First Confederate Congress: First Session Completed, Second Session in Part
-
"Proceedings of First Confederate Congress: First Session Completed, Second Session in Part," Southern Historical Society Papers, 45 (new ser., 7) (May 1925), 122 (first quotation)
-
(1925)
Southern Historical Society Papers
, pp. 45
-
-
-
167
-
-
79958566320
-
-
Official Records, Ser. IV, Vol. I, 1094-95 (subsequent quotations on p. 1095). The Federal protest against "rebel barbarities" by guerrillas became complicated in spring 1862 by a U.S. congressional hearing into the mistreatment of Union prisoners and the wounded by Confederate soldiers and the desecration of the Union dead and graves after the battle of First Bull Run. Then, too, reports circulated after the battle of Pea Ridge that Cherokee Indians, fighting under the Rebel flag, had employed the "tomahawk, war-club, and scalping knife" against Union troops
-
Official Records, Ser. IV
, vol.1
, pp. 1094-1095
-
-
-
170
-
-
79958503044
-
-
195
-
Ezra J. Warner and W. Buck Yearns, Biographical Register of the Confederate Congress (Baton Rouge, 1975), 38, 195, 230
-
Biographical Register of the Confederate Congress (Baton Rouge, 1975)
, vol.38
, pp. 230
-
-
Warner, E.J.1
Buck Yearns, W.2
-
171
-
-
79958529146
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Proceedings of First Confederate Congress
-
"Proceedings of First Confederate Congress," 153, 160-61 (first, second, and fourth quotations)
-
-
-
-
172
-
-
33846297704
-
-
Ash, When the Yankees Came, 48, believes deserters strengthened guerrilla bands in all parts of the South
-
When the Yankees Came
, pp. 48
-
-
Ash1
-
173
-
-
84923489964
-
-
December
-
Andrew Brown, "The First Mississippi Partisan Rangers, C.S.A.," Civil War History, 1 (December 1955), 375
-
(1955)
The First Mississippi Partisan Rangers, C.S.A., Civil War History
, vol.1
, pp. 375
-
-
Brown, A.1
-
174
-
-
79958612575
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Sullivan to Randolph
-
August 17, reel 72, frame 313-14, all in RG 109, M-437
-
John O. Sullivan to Randolph, August 17, 1862, reel 72, frame 313-14, all in RG 109, M-437
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(1862)
-
-
John, O.1
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175
-
-
84894703161
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-
Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. XIII, 835 (fourth quotation)
-
Official Records
, vol.13
, pp. 835
-
-
-
179
-
-
84894738150
-
-
A Texan urged his brother to resign from McNeill's Rangers, in part, because of the low reputation of partisan bands. See Edward B. Williams, ed., Rebel Brothers: The Civil War Letters of the Truehearts (College Station, Tex., 1995), 131-32
-
(1995)
Rebel Brothers: The Civil War Letters of the Truehearts
, pp. 131-132
-
-
-
180
-
-
79958482492
-
-
Cooling, Fort Donelson's Legacy, 65, calls the failed Partisan Ranger Act "one of the Confederacy's missed opportunities."
-
Cooling, Fort Donelson's Legacy
, pp. 65
-
-
-
182
-
-
77249104880
-
Liberty Men and Loyalists
-
Grimsley, 112, proposes four categories of Confederate guerrillas, three of which correspond roughly to the groups identified in this essay
-
and Crow, "Liberty Men and Loyalists," 125-78. Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, 112, proposes four categories of Confederate guerrillas, three of which correspond roughly to the groups identified in this essay
-
Hard Hand of War
, pp. 125-178
-
-
Crow1
-
183
-
-
34548282647
-
-
New York, reprint, Lincoln, Nebr, and London
-
Ella Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War (New York, 1928; reprint, Lincoln, Nebr., and London, 1998), 62-76
-
(1928)
Desertion during the Civil War
, pp. 62-76
-
-
Lonn, E.1
-
184
-
-
79958673271
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Citizens of Lee County, Virginia] to Jefferson Davis
-
October 22, 53, frames
-
P. Hagan et al. [Citizens of Lee County, Virginia] to Jefferson Davis, October 22, 1862, RG 109, M-437, reel 53, frames 897-900
-
(1862)
M-437, reel
, pp. 897-900
-
-
Hagan, P.1
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186
-
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79958588315
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Missouri, 1861-1865, Military Affairs, 41 (February)
-
Don R. Bowen, "Quantrill, James, Younger, et al.: Leadership in a Guerrilla Movement, Missouri, 1861-1865," Military Affairs, 41 (February 1977), 42-48
-
(1977)
Leadership in a Guerrilla Movement
, pp. 42-48
-
-
Bowen1
Quantrill, J.Y.2
-
188
-
-
5644232993
-
Political Banditry and the Colombian
-
and Gonzalo G. Sánchez and Donny Meertens, "Political Banditry and the Colombian Violencia," 151-70
-
Violencia
, pp. 151-170
-
-
Sánchez, G.G.1
Meertens, D.2
-
193
-
-
24944514125
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Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War
-
October
-
Daniel E. Sutherland, "Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War," Journal of Military History, 56 (October 1992), 567-86
-
(1992)
Journal of Military History
, vol.56
, pp. 567-586
-
-
Sutherland, D.E.1
-
194
-
-
67649547317
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Exterminating Savages: The Union Army and Mountain Guerrillas in Southern West Virginia
-
Noe and Wilson, eds
-
Kenneth W. Noe, "Exterminating Savages: The Union Army and Mountain Guerrillas in Southern West Virginia, 1861-1862," in Noe and Wilson, eds., Civil War in Appalachia, 104-30
-
(1861)
Civil War in Appalachia
, pp. 104-130
-
-
Noe, K.W.1
-
195
-
-
79958599199
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-
Adjutant General's Office, Washington, D.C, esp. 77-78
-
Adjutant General's Office, General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force, 1863 (Washington, D.C., 1864), 64-87, esp. 77-78
-
(1864)
General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force, 1863
, pp. 64-87
-
-
-
196
-
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84927084482
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Lincoln, Lieber and the Laws of War: The Origins and Limits of the Principle of Military Necessity
-
April
-
Burris M. Carnahan, "Lincoln, Lieber and the Laws of War: The Origins and Limits of the Principle of Military Necessity," American Journal of International Law, 92 (April 1998), 213-31
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(1998)
American Journal of International Law
, vol.92
, pp. 213-231
-
-
Carnahan, B.M.1
-
204
-
-
79958596931
-
-
Mechanicsburg, Pa
-
Michael G. Mahon, The Shenandoah Valley, 1861-1865: The Destruction of the Granary of the Confederacy (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1999), 110-12, 114-17, 126-27
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(1999)
The Shenandoah Valley, 1861-1865: The Destruction of the Granary of the Confederacy
-
-
Mahon, M.G.1
-
206
-
-
79958665392
-
-
"Proceedings of First Confederate Congress," 191, 253; "Proceedings of First Confederate Congress: Second Session in Part," Southern Historical Society Papers, 46 (new ser., 8) (January 1928), 4-8, 48, 184
-
Proceedings of First Confederate Congress
, vol.191
, pp. 253
-
-
-
207
-
-
79958662821
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Proceedings of the First Confederate Congress: Fourth Session, 7 December 1863-18 February 1864
-
28 ed, 50 new ser, 12, October, 401
-
Frank E. Vandiver, ed., "Proceedings of the First Confederate Congress: Fourth Session, 7 December 1863-18 February 1864," Southern Historical Society Papers, 50 (new ser., 12) (October 1953), 401, 427-28, 440, 450
-
(1953)
Southern Historical Society Papers
, vol.427
, Issue.440
, pp. 450
-
-
-
208
-
-
79958560143
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-
Ser. IV
-
Official Records, Ser. IV, Vol. III, 194
-
Official Records
, vol.3
, pp. 194
-
-
-
213
-
-
79958586810
-
-
Ser. I
-
Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. XLVII, Pt. III, 821-34
-
Official Records
, vol.47
, Issue.PART III
, pp. 821-834
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