Top-down solutions: Looking up from East Africa's rangelands

Environment

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 34-45

  Mwangi, Esther ^a   Ostrom, Elinor ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649497123     PISSN: 00139157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/ENVT.51.1.34-45     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. G. Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons," Science 162, no. 3859 (1968): 1243-48.
2. See review in E. Mwangi, Socioeconomic Change and Land Use in Africa: The Transformation of Property Rights in Maasailand (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), chapter 1.
3. M. Niamir-Fuller, ed., Managing Mobility in African Rangelands: The Legitimization of Transhumance (London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1999);
4. and D. M. Williams, Beyond Great Walls: Environment, Identity, and Development on the Chinese Grasslands of Inner Mongolia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002).
5. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987);
6. and E. Ostrom, "The Challenge of Common-Pool Resources," Environment 50, no. 4 (2008): 8-20.
7. See I. Theesfeld, "Constraints on Collective Action in a Transitional Economy: The Case of Bulgaria's Irrigation Sector," World Development 32, no. 2 (2004): 251-71.
8. R. J. Scholes and B. H. Walker, An African Savanna: Synthesis of the Nylsvley Study (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993);
9. and J. Anderson et al., "Chance, Change and Choice in African Drylands: A New Perspective on Policy Priorities," paper presented at the Workshop on Development Assistance in the African Drylands, Durban, South Africa, August 2003, http:// www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf-files/ research/ livelihood/Dryland.pdf.
10. Government of Kenya, International Livestock Research Institute, World Bank, World Resources Institute, and Rockefeller Foundation, Geographic Dimensions of Well-Being in Kenya: Where Are the Poor? Volume 1 (Nairobi, Kenya, 2003).
11. See also the discussion of poverty traps in C. B. Barrett, "Poverty Traps and Resource Dynamics in Smallholder Agrarian Systems," in A. Ruijs and R. Dellink, eds., Economics of Poverty, Environment, and Natural Resource Use (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2008): 17-40.
12. Republic of Kenya, "Kajiado District Atlas" (Kajiado, Kenya: Ministry of Reclamation and Development of Arid, Semi-Arid Areas and Wastelands, 1990).
13. For background information on the concept of a social-ecological system, see J. M. Anderies, M. Janssen, and E. Ostrom, "A Framework to Analyze the Robustness of Social-Ecological Systems from an Institutional Perspective," Ecology and Society 9, article 18 (2004), http:// www.ecologyandsociety. org/vol9/iss1/art18 (accessed 1 December 2008);
14. and E. Ostrom, "A Diagnostic Approach for Going Beyond Panaceas," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 39 (2007): 15181-87.
15. C. Eliot, The East Africa Protectorate (London: Frank Cass and Co., 1905).
16. L. M. Talbot, "Ecological Consequences of Rangeland Development in East Africa," in M. T. Farvar and J. P. Milton, eds., The Careless Technology: Ecology and International Development (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 1972), 694-711.
17. A. Jacobs, "The Pastoral Maasai and Tropical Rural Development," in R. H. Bates and M. Lofchie, eds., Agricultural Development in Africa: Issues of Public Policy (New York: Praeger, 1980), 275-300.
18. J. G. Galaty, "Maasai Expansion and the New East African Pastoralism," in T. Spear and R. Waller, eds., Being Maasai: Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa (London: James Currey, 1993), 61-86;
19. and I. N. Kimambo, "The East African Coast and Hinterland, 1845-80," in J. F. A. Adayi, ed., General History of Africa, VI: Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), 234-69.
20. N. Kipuri, "Maasai Women in Transition: Class and Gender in the Transformation of a Pastoral Society," PhD dissertation, Temple University, 1989;
21. and R. W. Lewis, A Plan for the Development of Maasailand (Kabete, Kenya: Department of Veterinary Services, 1965).
22. Lewis, ibid.
23. M. Kituyi, Becoming Kenyans: Socio-Economic Transformation of the Pastoral Maasai (Nairobi, Kenya: African Center for Technology Studies Press, 1990).
24. Untitled and undated citation, "Section VII: The Masai Extra Provincial District," retrieved from Box File A, Library of the Catholic Church, Kajiado, Kenya.
25. The notion of Maasai irrationality has since been forcefully refuted. I. Livingstone, "Economic Irrationality among the Pastoral People in East Africa: Myth or Reality?" Discussion Paper No. 25 (Nairobi, Kenya: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 1977).
26. M. J. Herskovits, "The Cattle Complex in East Africa," American Anthropologist 28, no. 3 (1926): 230-72.
27. D. J. Campbell, "Land as Ours, Land as Mine: Economic, Political and Ecological Marginalization in Kajiado District," in Spear and Waller, note 13, pages 258-72.
28. Kenya Colony and Protectorate, Report of the Kenya Land Commission, September 1933 (Kenya: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1934).
29. L. E. Fallon, Maasai Range Resources, Kajiado District (Nairobi, Kenya: United States Agency for International Development Mission to East Africa, 1962).
30. Ibid.
31. H. Jahnke, A Historical View of Range Development in Kenya (Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Center for Africa, 1978).
32. Government of Kenya, East Africa Royal Commission Report, 1953-1955 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1966).
33. The Dow Commission's views were consistent with the later views of G. Hardin, note 1, and the major policy analyses that followed in Hardin's footsteps.
34. Kenya Colony and Protectorate, A Plan to Intensify the Development of African Agriculture in Kenya (Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer, 1955).
35. H. Jahnke, H. Ruthenberg, and H. Thimm, Range Development in Kenya: The Kenya Livestock Development Project and Its Impact on Rural Development (Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Consultation, 1972).
36. Republic of Kenya, Report of the Mission on Land Consolidation and Registration in Kenya, 1965-1966 (Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer, 1966).
37. Republic of Kenya, Group (Land) Representatives Act, Chapter 287 of the Laws of Kenya (Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer, 1968).
38. P. N. Hopcraft, "Economic Institutions and Pastoral Resource Management: Consideration for a Development Strategy," in G. Galaty, D. Aronson, and P. C. Salzman, eds., The Future of Pastoral Peoples: Proceedings of a Conference Held in Nairobi, Kenya, 4-8 August 1980 (Nairobi, Kenya: Institute of Development Studies, 1980);
39. S. E. Migot-Adholla and P. D. Little, "Evolution of Policy toward the Development of Pastoral Areas in Kenya," in ibid.; J. M. Halderman, "Problems of Pastoral Development in Eastern Africa," Agricultural Administration 18, no. 4 (1985): 199-216;
40. Kipuri, note 14;
41. J. G. Galaty, "The Land Is Yours: Social and Economic Factors in the Privatization, Subdivision and Sale of Maasai Ranches," Nomadic Peoples 30 (1992): 26-40;
42. and R. K. Davis, "The Kajiado Group Ranches: A Perspective," unpublished report (Boulder, CO: Institute of Behavioral Science, 2000).
43. For a broad literature exploring the drivers of the subdivision process and the ecological implications of such division, see Mwangi, note 2.
44. Jahnke, Ruthenberg, and Thimm, note 28.
45. Talbot, note 11.
46. For example, these grasses include Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon aucheri, Digitaria macroblephara, Cynodon dactylon, and Chloris roxburghiana.
47. For example, these grasses include Eragrostis spectabilis, Sporobolus heterolepis, Aristida purpurea, Pennisetum meziaum, and P. stromineum), T. J. Njoka, "Ecological and Socio-Cultural Trends of Kaputiei Group Ranches in Kenya," PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1979.
48. P. N. Macharia and W. N. Ekaya, "The Impact of Rangeland Condition and Trend to the Grazing Resources of a Semi-Arid Environment in Kenya," Journal of Human Ecology 17, no. 2 (2005): 143-47.
49. M. M. E. M. Rutten, Selling Wealth to Buy Poverty: The Process of the Individualization of Landownership among the Maasai Pastoralists of Kajiado District, Kenya, 1890-1900, Nijmegen Studies in Development and Cultural Change, Volume 10 (Saarbrücken, Germany: Breitenbach Publications, 1992).
50. R. B. Boone et al., "Quantifying Declines in Livestock Due to Land Subdivision," Rangeland Ecology and Management 58, no. 5 (2005): 523-32.
51. E. Mwangi, "Subdividing the Commons: Distributional Conflict in the Transition from Collective to Individual Property Rights in Kenya's Maasailand," World Development 35, no. 5 (2007): 815-34.
52. S. Burnsilver and E. Mwangi, "Beyond Group Ranch Subdivision: Collective Action for Livestock Mobility, Ecological Viability and Livelihoods," paper presented at the Policy Research Conference on Pasto-ralism and Poverty Reduction in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 June 2006;
53. and C. K. Lesorogol, "Land Privatization and Pastoralist Well-Being in Kenya," Development and Change 39, no. 2 (2008): 309-22.
54. Mwangi, note 2, chapter 7.
55. R. Reid et al., "Fragmentation of a Peri-Urban Savanna, Athi-Kaputiei Plains, Kenya," in K. A. Galvin, R. S. Reid, R. H. Behnke, and N. T. Hobbs, eds., Fragmentation in Semi-Arid and Arid Landscapes: Consequences for Human and Natural Systems (New York: Springer, 2007), 195-224.
56. Mwangi, note 40.
57. G. Miller, Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).