Child soldiers in the east of the democratic republic of the Congo

Refugee Survey Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 108-122

  Rakisits, Claude ^a  

^a WEBSTER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARMED FORCES; CHILD LABOR; INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT; POLITICAL INSTABILITY; WAR;

AFRICA; CENTRAL AFRICA; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONGO; KIVU; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 67649379093     PISSN: 10204067     EISSN: 1471695X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/rsq/hdn054     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. V. Achvarina and S. F. Reich, "No place to hide: Refugees, displaced persons, and the recruitment of child soldiers", International Security, Vol. 31, 2006, 1, 128.
2. J. Hart, "The politics of 'Child Soldiers'", Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. XIII, 2006, 1, 217.
3. Achvarina and Reich, "The politics of 'Child Soldiers'", op. cit. 131.
4. "The Paris Principles - Principles and Guidelines on Children associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups", February 2007, available in the documents section of this issue.
5. J. K. Stearns, "Congo's peace: Miracle or mirage?", Current History May 2007, p. 202.
6. "Excess" in this context means over and above normal number of expected natural deaths. International Rescue Committee, Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Ongoing Crisis, Jan. 2008.
7. Ibid.
8. In 2006, Congolese forces requested and received FDLR assistance in their fight against Nkunda's forces in Rutshuru. Human Rights Watch, "Renewed crisis in Kivu", October 2007, Vol. 19, No. 17 (A), 15.
9. Interview with MONUC official, Goma, March 2006, as cited in Amnesty International Report 2006, 14.
10. Human Rights Watch, "Renewed crisis in Kivu", op. cit., 10.
11. Ibid., 16.
12. Ibid., 18.
13. "Twenty-fourth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", 14 November 2007, S/2007/671, 4.
14. "DR Congo threatens war on rebels", BBC News, 23 Nov. 2007.
15. L. Polgreen, "Congo reaches a deal to end fighting in east", International Herald Tribune, 22 Jan. 2008.
16. S. McCrummen, "For Tutsis of Eastern Congo, protector, exploiter or both?", The Washington Post, 6 Aug. 2007.
17. J. Prendergast and C. Thomas-Jensen, "Averting the Nightmare Scenario in Eastern Congo", Enough, Strategy Paper No. 7, Sep. 2007, 6.
18. "Nkunda's rebel group spells out demands", AllAfrica.com, 16 Jan. 2008.
19. "Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers", Child Soldiers Global Report 2008.
20. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", S/2007/391, 28 Jun. 2007, 1.
21. Ibid., para. 57
22. Save the Children, "Rocketing Levels of Children Abducted by fighting groups in Democratic Republic of Congo", Press release, 24 Dec. 2007.
23. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict", A/62/609 - S/2007/757, 21 Dec. 2007, 10.
24. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", S/2007/391, 28 Jun. 2007, para. 17.
25. Human Rights Watch, "Renewed crisis in Kivu", op. cit., 52
26. Ibid., para. 18
27. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict", A/62/609 - S/2007/757, 21 Dec. 2007, 10-11.
28. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict", A/62/609 - S/2007/757, 21 Dec. 2007, 10.
29. Human Rights Watch, "Renewed crisis in Kivu", op. cit., 50
30. Ibid.
31. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict", A/62/609 - S/2007/757, 21 Dec. 2007, 3.
32. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", S/2007/391, 28 Jun. 2007, para. 23.
33. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict", A/62/609 - S/2007/757, 21 Dec. 2007, 3.
34. Ibid., 11.
35. Ibid., 3.
36. Ibid., para. 42.
37. UNICEF, "Child alert Democratic Republic of Congo: Martin Bell reports on children caught in war", Jul. 2006, 4.
38. Human Rights Watch, "Renewed crisis in Kivu", op. cit., 55.
39. Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers", Child Soldiers Global Report 2004.
40. "Former rebels and soldiers clash in Congo", Independent Online, Cape Town, 19 Feb. 2008.
41. Human Rights Watch, "Renewed crisis in Kivu", op. cit., 54.
42. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", S/2007/391, 28 Jun. 2007, para. 71.
43. "Twenty-fourth Report of the Secretary-General", op. cit., 10.
44. "Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", 13 Aug. 2007, 12.
45. "Twenty-fourth Report of the Secretary-General", op. cit., 9.
46. "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", S/2007/391, 28 Jun. 2007, para. 64.
47. It has been estimated that there are about 250,000 children living in the streets of the DRC. Dan Wooding, "Church-backed project will give hope to Congo Street Children", Journal Chrétien, 20 Jan. 2008.
48. "Twenty-fourth Report of the Secretary-General", op. cit., 9.
49. According to military experts, Rwandans make up at least a quarter of Nkunda's forces. Matthew Green, "Witnesses point to Rwanda role in Congo", Financial Times, 12 Nov 2008.
50. For a discussion of this scenario, see Prendergast and Thomas-Jensen, "Averting the nightmare scenario in Eastern Congo", op. cit.
51. Achvarina and Reich, "No place to hide - refugees, displaced persons, and the recruitment of child soldiers", op. cit., 138.
52. According to a recent Amnesty International report, members of armed groups and government security forces continue to rape and other sexual abuse against women and girls and there has been a resurgence in the recruitment of children into fighting groups, particularly in North Kivu. "North Kivu: No End to War on Women and Children", Sep. 2008, 8-15.
53. "Twenty-fourth Report of the Secretary-General",: "UN envoy says Congo rebels delaying peace talks", VOA News, 10 Dec 2008
54. David Milliband MP, "UN arguing for coherent international action in Congo" (Letter to the Editor), Financial Times, 16 Dec 2008. op. cit., 8.
55. D. Lyon, "Impossible task for UN in DR Congo", BBC News, 12 Nov. 2008
56. Foreign troops drawn into Congo", BBC News, 13 Nov. 2008
57. D. Brunnstrom, "Belgium says no prospects of EU force in Congo", International Herald Tribune, 2 Dec. 2008. UN envoy says Congo rebels delaying peace talks", VOA News, 10 Dec 2008
58. David Milliband MP, "UN arguing for coherent international action in Congo" (Letter to the Editor), Financial Times, 16 Dec 2008.