Chapter 14 Aphasia

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 88, Issue , 2008, Pages 287-309

  Alexander, Michael P ^a   Hillis, Argye E ^b  

^a BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APHASIA; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

APHASIA; HUMANS;

EID: 67649360511     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0072-9752(07)88014-6     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. AAN. Assessment: melodic intonation therapy. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 44 (1994) 566-568
2. Albert M.L., Bachman D., Morgan A., et al. Pharmacotherapy for aphasia. Neurology 38 (1988) 877-879
3. Albert M.L., Sparks R.W., and Helm N.A. Melodic intonation therapy for aphasia. Arch Neurol 29 (1973) 130-131
4. Alexander M.P. Transcortical motor aphasia: A disorder of language production. In: D'Esposito M. (Ed). Neurological Foundations of Cognitive Neuroscience (2003), Cambridge, Mass, The MIT Press 165-174
5. Alexander M.P., and Annett M. Crossed aphasia and related anomalies of cerebral organization: Case reports and a genetic hypothesis. Brain Lang 55 (1996) 213-239
6. Alexander M.P., Baker E., Naeser M.A., et al. Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical dimensions of ideomotor apraxia. Brain 115 (1992) 87-107
7. Alexander M.P., Fischer R.S., and Friedman R. Lesion localization in apractic agraphia. Arch Neurol 49 (1992) 246-251
8. Alexander M.P., Hiltbrunner B., and Fischer R.S. Distributed anatomy of transcortical sensory aphasia. Arch Neurol 46 (1989) 885-892
9. Alexander M.P., Naeser M.A., and Palumbo C. Correlations of subcortical CT lesion sites and aphasia profiles. Brain 110 (1987) 961-991
10. Alexander M.P., Naeser M.A., and Palumbo C. Broca's area aphasia. Neurology 40 (1990) 353-362
11. Annett M., and Alexander M.P. Atypical cerebral dominance: Predictions and tests of the right shift theory. Neuropsychologia 34 (1996) 1215-1227
12. Aten J.L., Caligiuri M.P., and Holland A.L. The efficacy of functional communication therapy for chronic aphasic patients. J Speech Hear Disord 47 (1982) 93-96
13. Auerbach S.H., Allard T., Naeser M., et al. Pure word deafness. Analysis of a case with bilateral lesions and a defect at the prephonemic level. Brain 105 (1982) 271-300
14. Basso A., Capitani E., and Vignolo L.A. Influence of rehabilitation on language skills in aphasic patients. A controlled study. Arch Neurol 36 (1979) 190-196
15. Basso A., Faglioni P., and Vignolo L.A. [Controlled study of language re-education in aphasia: Comparison between treated and untreated aphasics]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 131 (1975) 607-614
16. Basso A., Farabola M., Grassi M.P., et al. Aphasia in left-handers. Comparison of aphasia profiles and language recovery in non-right-handed and matched right-handed patients. Brain Lang 38 (1990) 233-252
17. Basso A., Lecours A.R., Moraschini S., et al. Anatomoclinical correlations of the aphasias as defined through computerized tomography: Exceptions. Brain Lang 26 (1985) 201-229
18. Belin P., Van Eeckhout P., Zilbovicius M., et al. Recovery from nonfluent aphasia after melodic intonation therapy: A PET study. Neurology 47 (1996) 1504-1511
19. Berndt R.S., and Caramazza A. How 'regular' is sentence comprehension in Broca's aphasia? It depends on how you select the patients. Brain Lang 67 (1999) 242-247
20. Berthier M.L. Poststroke aphasia: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Drugs Aging 22 (2005) 163-182
21. Berthier M.L., Hinojosa J., Martin Mdel C., et al. Open-label study of donepezil in chronic poststroke aphasia. Neurology 60 (2003) 1218-1219
22. Berthier M.L., Starkstein S.E., Leiguarda R., et al. Transcortical aphasia. Importance of the nonspeech dominant hemisphere in language repetition. Brain 114 (1991) 1409-1427
23. Bhogal S.K., Teasell R., and Speechley M. Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. Stroke 34 (2003) 987-993
24. Boatman D., Gordon B., Hart J., et al. Transcortical sensory aphasia: Revisited and revised. Brain 123 (2000) 1634-1642
25. Bogousslavsky J., Assal G., and Regli F. [Infarct in the area of the left anterior cerebral artery. II. Language disorders]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 143 (1987) 121-127
26. Bogousslavsky J., Regli F., and Assal G. The syndrome of unilateral tuberothalamic artery territory infarction. Stroke 17 (1986) 434-441
27. Bogousslavsky J., Regli F., and Assal G. Acute transcortical mixed aphasia. A carotid occlusion syndrome with pial and watershed infarcts. Brain 111 (1988) 631-641
28. Bruce C., and Howard D. Computer-generated phonemic cues: An effective aid for naming in aphasia. Br J Disord Commun 22 (1987) 191-201
29. Cappa S.F., Vignolo L.A., Papagno C., et al. Thalamic aphasia. Neurology 39 (1989) 874
30. Caramazza A., Berndt R.S., Basili A.G., et al. Syntactic processing deficits in aphasia. Cortex 17 (1981) 333-348
31. Caramazza A., Capitani E., Rey A., et al. Agrammatic Broca's aphasia is not associated with a single pattern of comprehension performance. Brain Lang 76 (2001) 158-184
32. Caramazza A., and Shelton J.R. Domain-specific knowledge systems in the brain: The animate-inanimate distinction. J Cogn Neurosci 10 (1998) 1-34
33. Catani M., Jones D.K., and ffytche D.H. Perisylvian language networks of the human brain. Ann Neurol 57 (2005) 8-16
34. Chapey R. Language Intervention Strategies in Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Communication Disorders. (2001), Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore
35. Chapman S.B., Culhane K.A., Levin H.S., et al. Narrative discourse after closed head injury in children and adolescents. Brain Lang 43 (1992) 42-65
36. Chapman S.B., Max J.E., Gamino J.F., et al. Discourse plasticity in children after stroke: Age at injury and lesion effects. Pediatr Neurol 29 (2003) 34-41
37. Chatterjee A., Yapundich R., Mennemeier M., et al. Thalamic thought disorder: On being 'a bit addled'. Cortex 33 (1997) 419-440
38. Cohen L., Lehericy S., Chochon F., et al. Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area. Brain 125 (2002) 1054-1069
39. Coslett H.B., Brashear H.R., and Heilman K.M. Pure word deafness after bilateral primary auditory cortex infarcts. Neurology 34 (1984) 347-352
40. Coslett H.B., Roeltgen D.P., Gonzalez Rothi L., et al. Transcortical sensory aphasia: Evidence for subtypes. Brain Lang 32 (1987) 362-378
41. Costello A.L., and Warrington E.K. Dynamic aphasia. The selective impairment of verbal planning. Cortex 25 (1989) 103-114
42. Crosson B. Subcortical mechanisms in language: Lexical-semantic mechanisms and the thalamus. Brain Cogn 40 (1999) 414-438
43. Crosson B., Sadek J.R., Maron L., et al. Relative shift in activity from medial to lateral frontal cortex during internally versus externally guided word generation. J Cogn Neurosci 13 (2001) 272-283
44. Crozier S., Sirigu A., Lehericy S., et al. Distinct prefrontal activations in processing sequence at the sentence and script level: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 37 (1999) 1469-1476
45. Cummings J.L., Benson F., Hill M.A., et al. Aphasia in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology 35 (1985) 394-397
46. D'Esposito M., and Alexander M.P. Subcortical aphasia: Distinct profiles following left putaminal hemorrhage. Neurology 45 (1995) 38-41
47. Damasio A.R., and Damasio H. The anatomic basis of pure alexia. Neurology 33 (1983) 1573-1583
48. Damasio A.R., McKee J., and Damasio H. Determinants of performance in color anomia. Brain Lang 7 (1979) 74-85
49. Damasio H., Grabowski T.J., Tranel D., et al. Neural correlates of naming actions and of naming spatial relations. Neuroimage 13 (2001) 1053-1064
50. Danly M., and Shapiro B. Speech prosody in Broca's aphasia. Brain Lang 16 (1982) 171-190
51. Demonet J.F., Chollet F., Ramsay S., et al. The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects. Brain 115 (1992) 1753-1768
52. DeRenzi E., and Lucchelli F. Ideational apraxia. Brain 111 (1988) 1173-1185
53. Doesborgh S.J., van de Sandt-Koenderman M.W., Dippel D.W., et al. Effects of semantic treatment on verbal communication and linguistic processing in aphasia after stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Stroke 35 (2004) 141-146
54. Dronkers N.F. A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation. Nature 384 (1996) 159-161
55. Dronkers N.F., Wilkins D.P., Van Valin Jr. R.D., et al. Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension. Cognition 92 (2004) 145-177
56. Enderby P.M., Wood V.A., Wade D.T., et al. Aphasia after stroke: A detailed study of recovery in the first three months. Int Rehabil Med 9 (1987) 162-165
57. Esmonde T., Giles E., Xuereb J., et al. Progressive supranuclear palsy presenting with dynamic aphasia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60 (1996) 403-410
58. Evans J.J., Heggs A.J., Antoun N., et al. Progressive prosopagnosia associated with selective right temporal atrophy: A new syndrome?. Brain 118 (1995) 1-13
59. Fischer R.S., Alexander M.P., Gabriel C., et al. Reversed lateralization of cognitive functions in right handers. Brain 114 (1991) 245-261
60. Freedman M., Alexander M.P., and Naeser M.A. Anatomic basis of transcortical motor aphasia. Neurology 34 (1984) 409-417
61. Friederici A.D., Ruschemeyer S.A., Hahne A., et al. The role of left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex in sentence comprehension: Localizing syntactic and semantic processes. Cereb Cortex 13 (2003) 170-177
62. Garrard P., Lambon Ralph M.A., Patterson K., et al. Semantic feature knowledge and picture naming in dementia of Alzheimer's type: A new approach. Brain Lang 93 (2005) 79-94
63. Garrard P., Maloney L.M., Hodges J.R., et al. The effects of very early Alzheimer's disease on the characteristics of writing by a renowned author. Brain 128 (2005) 250-260
64. Geschwind N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. II. Brain 88 (1965) 585-644
65. Geschwind N., and Fusillo M. Color-naming defects in association with alexia. Arch Neurol 15 (1966) 137-146
66. Giovanello K.S., Alexander M.P., and Verfaellie M. Differential impairment of person-specific knowledge in a patient with semantic dementia. Neurocase 9 (2003) 15-26
67. Godefroy O., Dubois C., Debachy B., et al. Vascular aphasias: Main characteristics of patients hospitalized in acute stroke units. Stroke 33 (2002) 702-705
68. Godefrey O., Rousseaux M., Leys D., et al. Frontal lobe dysfunction in unilateral lenticulostriate infarcts: Prominent role of cortical lesions. Arch Neurol 49 (1992) 1285-1289
69. Goodglass H. Understanding Aphasia. (1993), Academic Press, San Diego
70. Goodglass H., and Quadfasel F.A. Language laterality in left-handed aphasics. Brain 77 (1954) 521-548
71. Goodglass H., and Wingfield A. Selective preservation of a lexical category in aphasia: Dissociations in comprehension of body parts and geographical place names following focal brain lesion. Memory 1 (1993) 313-328
72. Gorno-Tempini M.L., Dronkers N.F., Rankin K.P., et al. Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Ann Neurol 55 (2004) 335-346
73. Gorno-Tempini M.L., and Price C.J. Identification of famous faces and buildings: A functional imaging study of semantically unique items. Brain 124 (2001) 2087-2097
74. Graff-Radford N.R., Damasio H., Yamada T., et al. Nonhaemorrhagic thalamic infarction. Clinical, neuropsychological and electrophysiological findings in four anatomical groups defined by computerized tomography. Brain 108 (1985) 485-516
75. Greener J., Enderby P., and Whurr R. Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2000) CD000425
76. Greener J., Enderby P., and Whurr R. Pharmacological treatment for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2001) CD000424
77. Hanlon R., Lux W., and Dromerick A. Global aphasia without hemiparesis: Language profiles and lesion distribution. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66 (1999) 365-369
78. Helm N. Helm Elicited Language Program for Syntax Stimulation. (1981), Pro-Ed, Austin, TX
79. Henson R.N., Burgess N., and Frith C.D. Recoding, storage, rehearsal, and grouping in verbal short-term memory: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 38 (2000) 426-440
80. Hickok G., Bellugi U., and Klima E.S. The neurobiology of sign language and its implications for the neural basis of language. Nature 381 (1996) 699-702
81. Hillis A.E. Handbook of Adult Language Disorders: Integrating Cognitive Neuropsychology, Neurology, and Rehabilitation. (2002), Psychology Press, Philadelphia
82. Hillis A.E. For a theory of rehabilitation: Progress in the decade of the brain. In: Halligan P., and Wade D. (Eds). Effectiveness of Rehabilitation of Cognitive Deficits (2005), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 271-280
83. Hillis A.E., Barker P., Beauchamp N., et al. Restoring blood pressure reperfused Wernicke's area and improved language. Neurology 56 (2001) 670-672
84. Hillis A.E., Barker P.B., Wityk R.J., et al. Variability in subcortical aphasia is due to variable sites of cortical hypoperfusion. Brain Lang 89 (2004) 524-530
85. Hillis A.E., and Heidler J. Mechanisms of early aphasia recovery: Evidence from MR perfusion imaging. Aphasiology 16 (2002) 885-896
86. Hillis A.E., Wityk R.J., Barker P.B., et al. Subcortical aphasia and neglect in acute stroke: The role of cortical hypoperfusion. Brain 125 (2002) 1094-1104
87. Hillis A.E., Wityk R.J., Barker P.B., et al. Neural regions essential for writing verbs. Nat Neurosci 6 (2003) 19-20
88. Hillis A.E., Wityk R.J., Tuffiash E., et al. Hypoperfusion of Wernicke's area predicts severity of semantic deficit in acute stroke. Ann Neurol 50 (2001) 561-566
89. Hillis A.E., Work M., Breese E.L., et al. Re-examining the brain regions crucial for orchestrating speech articulation. Brain 127 (2004) 1479-1487
90. Hodges J.R., Davies R.R., Xuereb J.H., et al. Clinicopathological correlates in frontotemporal dementia. Ann Neurol 56 (2004) 399-406
91. Hodges J.R., and Miller B. The neuropsychology of frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. Introduction to the special topic papers: Part II. Neurocase 7 (2001) 113-121
92. Holland A.L., Miller J., Reinmuth O.M., et al. Rapid recovery from aphasia: A detailed language analysis. Brain Lang 24 (1985) 156-173
93. Howes D., and Geschwind N. The brain and disorders of communication. Quantitative studies of aphasic language. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 42 (1964) 229-244
94. Huber W. The role of piracetam in the treatment of acute and chronic aphasia. Pharmacopsychiatry 32 (1999) 38-43
95. Kertesz A., and McCabe P. Recovery patterns and prognosis in aphasia. Brain 100 (1977) 1-18
96. Kertesz A., and Phipps J.B. Numerical taxonomy of aphasia. Brain Lang 4 (1977) 1-10
97. Kessler J., Thiel A., Karbe H., et al. Piracetam improves activated blood flow and facilitates rehabilitation of poststroke aphasic patients. Stroke 31 (2000) 2112-2116
98. Knepper L.E., Biller J., Tranel D., et al. Etiology of stroke in patients with Wernicke's aphasia. Stroke 20 (1989) 1730-1732
99. Kohn S.E., and Goodglass H. Picture-naming in aphasia. Brain Lang 24 (1985) 266-283
100. Kreisler A., Godefroy O., Delmaire C., et al. The anatomy of aphasia revisited. Neurology 54 (2000) 1117-1123
101. Lambon Ralph M.A., Graham K.S., Patterson K., et al. Is a picture worth a thousand words? Evidence from concept definitions by patients with semantic dementia. Brain Lang 70 (1999) 309-335
102. Leff A.P., Crewes H., Plant G.T., et al. The functional anatomy of single-word reading in patients with hemianopic and pure alexia. Brain 124 (2001) 510-521
103. Linebaugh C. Treatment of anomic aphasia. In: Perkins C. (Ed). Current Therapies for Communication Disorders: Language Handicaps in Adults (1983), Thieme-Stratton, New York
104. Luria A.R. The Working Brain. (1973), Basic Books, New York
105. MacLennan D.L., Nicholas L.E., Morley G.K., et al. The effects of bromocriptine on speech and language function in a man with transcortical motor aphasia. Clin Aphasiol 21 (1991) 145-155
106. MacSweeney M., Woll B., Campbell R., et al. Neural systems underlying British Sign Language and audio-visual English processing in native users. Brain 125 (2002) 1583-1593
107. Maeshima S., Sekiguchi E., Kakishita K., et al. Agraphia with abnormal writing stroke sequences due to cerebral infarction. Brain Inj 17 (2003) 339-345
108. Maeshima S., Toshiro H., Sekiguchi E., et al. Transcortical mixed aphasia due to cerebral infarction in left inferior frontal lobe and temporo-parietal lobe. Neuroradiology 44 (2002) 133-137
109. Maeshima S., Yamaga H., Masuo O., et al. [A case of agraphia due to cerebral infarction in the left parietal lobe]. No Shinkei Geka 26 (1998) 431-437
110. Marien P., Paghera B., De Deyn P.P., et al. Adult crossed aphasia in dextrals revisited. Cortex 40 (2004) 41-74
111. Masdeu J.C., Schoene W.C., and Funkenstein H.H. Aphasia following infarction of the left supplementary motor area. Neurology 28 (1978) 1220-1223
112. Mazzocchi F., and Vignolo L.A. Localisation of lesions in aphasia: Clinical-CT scan correlations in stroke patients. Cortex 15 (1979) 627-653
113. McClelland J.L., and Rumelhart D.E. Distributed memory and the representation of general and specific information. J Exp Psychol 114 (1985) 159-188
114. McFarling D., Rothi L.J., and Heilman K.M. Transcortical aphasia from ischaemic infarcts of the thalamus: A report of two cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45 (1982) 107-112
115. Mega M.S., and Alexander M.P. The core profile of subcortical aphasia. Neurology 44 (1994) 1824-1829
116. Menon V., and Desmond J.E. Left superior parietal cortex involvement in writing: Integrating fMRI with lesion evidence. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 12 (2001) 337-340
117. Mohr J.P., Pessin M., Finkelstein S., et al. Broca aphasia: Pathologic and clinical aspects. Neurology 28 (1978) 311-324
118. Muller R.A., Kleinhans N., and Courchesne E. Linguistic theory and neuroimaging evidence: An fMRI study of Broca's area in lexical semantics. Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 1199-1207
119. Muller U., and von Cramon D.Y. The therapeutic potential of bromocriptine in neuropsychological rehabilitation of patients with acquired brain damage. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 18 (1994) 1103-1120
120. Nadeau S. Impaired grammar with normal fluency and phonology. Brain 111 (1988) 1111-1137
121. Nadeau S., and Crosson B. Subcortical aphasia. Brain Lang 58 (1995) 355-402
122. Naeser M.A., Gaddie A., Palumbo C.L., et al. Late recovery of auditory comprehension in global aphasia. Improved recovery observed with subcortical temporal isthmus lesion vs Wernicke's cortical area lesion. Arch Neurol 47 (1990) 425-432
123. Naeser M.A., and Hayward R.W. Lesion localization in aphasia with cranial computed tomography and the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exam. Neurology 28 (1978) 545-551
124. Naeser M.A., and Helm-Estabrooks N. CT scan lesion localization and response to melodic intonation therapy with nonfluent aphasia cases. Cortex 21 (1985) 203-223
125. Naeser M.A., Martin P.I., Nicholas M., et al. Improved picture naming in chronic aphasia after TMS to part of right Broca's area: An open-protocol study. Brain Lang 93 (2005) 95-105
126. Nicholson K.G., Baum S., Kilgour A., et al. Impaired processing of prosodic and musical patterns after right hemisphere damage. Brain Cogn 52 (2003) 382-389
127. Nicolai A., and Lazzarino L.G. Language disturbances from paramedian thalamic infarcts: A CT method for lesion location. Rev Neurol (Paris) 61 (1991) 86-91
128. Novoa OP and Ardila A. Linguistic abilities in patients with prefrontal damage. Brain Lang 30: 206-225.
129. Palumbo C.L., Alexander M.P., and Naeser M. CT scan lesion sites associated with conduction aphasia. In: Kohn S.E. (Ed). Conduction Aphasia (1992), Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 51-75
130. Pashek G.V., and Holland A.L. Evolution of aphasia in the first year post-onset. Cortex 24 (1988) 411-423
131. Pell M.D. The temporal organization of affective and non-affective speech in patients with right-hemisphere infarcts. Cortex 35 (1999) 455-477
132. Pinker S. Rules of language. Science 253 (1991) 530-535
133. Rapcsak S.Z., Krupp L.B., Rubens A.B., et al. Mixed transcortical aphasia without anatomic isolation of the speech area. Stroke 21 (1990) 953-956
134. Reilly J.S., Bates E.A., and Marchman V.A. Narrative discourse in children with early focal brain injury. Brain Lang 61 (1998) 335-375
135. Riva D., and Giorgi C. The cerebellum contributes to higher functions during development. Evidence from a series of children surgically treated for posterior fossa tumours. Brain 123 (2000) 1051-1061
136. Robey R.R. A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes in the treatment of aphasia. J Speech Lang Hear Res 41 (1998) 172-187
137. Roeltgen D.P., and Heilman K.M. Apractic agraphia in a patient with normal praxis. Brain Lang 18 (1983) 35-46
138. Ross E.D., and Mesulam M.M. Dominant language functions of the right hemisphere? Prosody and emotional gesturing. Arch Neurol 36 (1979) 144-148
139. Rubens A.B. Transcortical motor aphasia. Studies in Neurolinguistics 1 (1976) 293-306
140. Sabe L., Leiguarda R., and Starkstein S. An open-labeled trial of bromocriptine in nonfluent aphasia. Neurology 42 (1992) 1637-1638
141. Sabe L., Salvarezza F., Cuerva A.G., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of brmocriptine in nonfluent aphasia. Neurology 45 (1995) 2272-2274
142. Schiff H.B., Alexander M.P., Naeser M.A., et al. Aphemia. Clinical-anatomic correlations. Arch Neurol 40 (1983) 720-727
143. Shindler A.G., Caplan L.R., and Hier D.B. Intrusions and perseverations. Brain Lang 23 (1984) 148-158
144. Silveri M.C., Leggio M.G., and Molinari M. The cerebellum contributes to linguistic production: A case of agrammatic speech following a right cerebellar lesion. Neurology 44 (1994) 2047-2050
145. Sinyor D., Jacques P., and Kaloupek D.B. Post stroke depression and lesion location. Brain 109 (1986) 537-546
146. Skyhøj-Olsen T., Bruhn P., and Öberg R.G. Cortical hypoperfusion as a possible cause of 'subcortical aphasia.'. Brain 106 (1986) 393-410
147. Starkstein S.E., Bryer J.B., Berthier M.L., et al. Depression after stroke: The importance of cerebral hemisphere asymmetries. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 3 (1991) 276-285
148. Tarkiainen A., Helenius P., Hansen P.C., et al. Dynamics of letter string perception in the human occipitotemporal cortex. Brain 122 (1999) 2119-2132
149. Vallar G., Perani D., Cappa S.F., et al. Recovery of aphasia and neglect after subcortical stroke: Neuropsychological and cerebral perfusion study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51 (1988) 1269-1276
150. Vandenberghe R., Price C., Wise R., et al. Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures. Nature 383 (1996) 254-256
151. Vignolo L.A., Boccardi E., and Caverni L. Unexpected CT-scan findings in global aphasia. Cortex 22 (1986) 55-69
152. von Cramon D.Y., Hebel N., and Schuri U. Verbal memory and learning in unilateral posterior cerebral infarction. A report on 30 cases. Brain 111 (1988) 1061-1077
153. Wade D.T., Langton Hewer R., David R.M., et al. Aphasia after stroke: Natural history and associated deficits. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49 (1986) 11-16
154. Walker-Batson D., Curtis S., Natarajan R., et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of amphetamine in the treatment of aphasia. Stroke 32 (2001) 2093-2098
155. Warburton E., Price C.J., Swinburn K., et al. Mechanisms of recovery from aphasia: Evidence from positron emission tomography studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66 (1999) 155-161
156. Warrington E.K., and Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments. Brain 107 (1984) 829-854
157. Weiller C., Isensee C., Rijntjes M., et al. Recovery from Wernicke's aphasia: A positron emission tomographic study. Ann Neurol 37 (1995) 723-732
158. Wertz R.T., Weiss D.G., Aten J., et al. Comparison of clinic, home, and deferred language treatment for aphasia: A Veteran's Administration cooperative study. Arch Neurol 43 (1986) 653-658
159. Wildgriber D., Kischka U., Ackermann H., et al. Dynamic pattern of brain activation during sequencing of word strings evaluated by fMRI. Cogn Brain Res 7 (1999) 285-294