Lichen planus

International Journal of Dermatology

Volumn 48, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 682-694

  Lehman, Julia S ^a   Tollefson, Megha M ^a   Gibson, Lawrence E ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETAMETHASONE VALERATE; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CLOBETASOL; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; ETRETIN; FLUOCINONIDE; PIMECROLIMUS; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; RETINOID; TACROLIMUS; TRIAMCINOLONE;

BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID; BULLOUS SKIN DISEASE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ESOPHAGUS DISEASE; GENITAL SYSTEM DISEASE; HAIR DISEASE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; IMMUNOREGULATION; LICHEN PLANOPILARIS; LICHEN PLANUS; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MOUTH LESION; MUCOSAL DISEASE; NAIL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; ORAL MUCOSAL DISEASE; PUVA; REVIEW; SKIN BIOPSY; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN MANIFESTATION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; VULVOVAGINAL DISEASE;

HUMANS; LICHEN PLANUS; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; SKIN;

EID: 67649300286     PISSN: 00119059     EISSN: 13654632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04062.x     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Katta R. Lichen planus. Am Fam Physician 2000; 61: 3319-3324.
2. Bhattacharya A, Kaur I, Kumar B. Lichen planus: A clinical and epidemiological study. J Dermatol 2000; 27: 576-582.
3. Pittelkow MR, Daoud MS. Lichen planus. In: Wolff KGL, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, Vol. 1, 7th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008: 244-255.
4. Norris DA. Cytokine modulation of adhesion molecules in the regulation of immunologic cytotoxicity of epidermal targets. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95 (6 Suppl.): 111S-120S.
5. Bennion SD, Middleton MH, David-Bajar KM, et al. In three types of interface dermatitis, different patterns of expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) indicate different triggers of disease. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105 (1 Suppl.): 71S-79S.
6. Hussein M. Evaluation of angiogenesis in normal and lichen planus skin by CD34 protein immunohistochemistry: Preliminary findings. Cell Biol Int 2007; 31: 1292-1295.
7. Chen X, Liu Z, Yue Q, et al. The expression of TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 in lesions of lichen planus and its implication. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci 2007; 27: 739-741.
8. Rhodus NL, Cheng B, Ondrey F. Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio in tissue transudates from patients with oral lichen planus. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 19854: 1-5.
9. Sklavounou-Andrikopoulou A, Chrysomali E, Iakovou M, et al. Elevated serum levels of the apoptosis related molecules TNF-alpha, Fas/Apo-1 and Bcl-2 in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2004; 33: 386-390.
10. Wenzel J, Tuting T. An IFN-associated cytotoxic cellular immune response against viral, self-, or tumor antigens is a common pathogenetic feature in "interface dermatitis". J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128: 2392-402.
11. Daoud MS, Gibson LE, Daoud S, et al. Chronic hepatitis C and skin diseases: A review. Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70: 559-564.
12. Femiano F, Scully C. Functions of the cytokines in relation to oral lichen planus-hepatitis C. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2004; 10: E40-E44.
13. Sanchez-Perez J, De Castro M, Buezo GF, et al. Lichen planus and hepatitis C virus: Prevalence and clinical presentation of patients with lichen planus and hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134: 715-719.
14. Agrawal A, Shenoi SD. Lichen planus secondary to hepatitis B vaccination. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2004; 70: 234-235.
15. Akay BN, Arslan A, Cekirge S, et al. The first reported case of lichen planus following inactivated influenza vaccination. J Drugs Dermatol 2007; 6: 536-538.
16. Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N. Tattoos: Dermatological complications. Clin Dermatol 2007; 25: 375-382.
17. Thompson DF, Skaehill PA. Drug-induced lichen planus. Pharmacotherapy 1994; 14: 561-571.
18. Yiannias JA, el-Azhary RA, Hand JH, et al. Relevant contact sensitivities in patients with the diagnosis of oral lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 177-182.
19. Vazquez-Lopez F, Gomez-Diez S, Sanchez J, et al. Dermoscopy of active lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 1092.
20. Boyd AS, Neldner KN. Lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25: 593-619.
21. Happle R. Superimposed segmental manifestation of polygenic skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57: 690-699.
22. Ber Rahman SUI, Bari A, Mumtaz N. Unilateral blaschkoid lichen planus involving the entire half of the body, a unique presentation. Dermatol Online J 2007; 13.
23. Rajeev SVM, Mithilesh C. Unilateral multiple linear lichen planus along the lines of Blaschko: A report of two cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1999; 65: 225-226.
24. Kabbash C, Laude TA, Weinberg JM, et al. Lichen planus in the lines of Blaschko. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 541-545.
25. Shemer A, Weiss G, Trau H. Wolf's isotopic response: A case of zosteriform lichen planus on the site of healed herpes zoster. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001; 15: 445-447.
26. Mohrenschlager M, Engst R, Hein R, et al. Primary manifestations of a zosteriform lichen planus: Isotopic response following herpes zoster sine herpete? Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 1145-6.
27. Peretz E, Grunwald MH, Halevy S. Annular plaque on the face. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135: 1543-1548.
28. Pock L, Lelinkova L, Drlik L, et al. Lichen planus pigmentosus-inversus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001; 15: 452-454.
29. Morales-Callaghan A, Martinez G, Aragoneses H, et al. Annular atrophic lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52: 906-908.
30. Kashima A, Tajiri A, Yamashita A, et al. Two Japanese cases of lichen planus pigmentosus-inversus. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46: 740-742.
31. Kuramoto N, Kishimoto S, Shibagaki R, et al. PUVA-induced lichen planus pemphigoides. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 509-512.
32. Stoebner PE, Michot C, Ligeron C, et al. Simvastatin-induced lichen planus pemphigoides. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2003; 130: 187-190.
33. Zhu YI, Fitzpatrick JE, Kornfeld BW. Lichen planus pemphigoides associated with ramipril. Int J Dermatol 2006; 45: 1453-1455.
34. Maoz K, Brenner S. Lichen planus pemphigoides triggered by narrowband UVB, paracetamol, and ibuprofen, with autoantibodies to 130.kDa antigen. Skinmed: Dermatol Clinician 2008; 7: 33-36.
35. Yoon K. Lichen planus pemphigoides with circulating autoantibodies against 200 and 180.kDa epidermal antigens. Eur J Dermatol 2000; 10: 212-214.
36. Copeman PW, Schroeter AL, Kierland RR. An unusual variant of lupus erythematosus or lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1970; 83: 269-272.
37. Nagao K, Chen KR. A case of lupus erythematosus/lichen planus overlap syndrome. J Dermatol 2006; 33: 187-190.
38. Arisawa EA, Almeida JD, Carvalho YR, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of oral mucous autoimmune disease: A 27-year study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008; 13: E94-E97.
39. Altman J, Perry HO. The variations and course of lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1961; 84: 47-59.
40. van Tuyll van Serooskerken AM, van Marion AM, de Zwart-Storm E, et al. Lichen planus with bullous manifestation on the lip. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46 (Suppl. 3): 25-26.
41. Goldstein AT, Metz A. Vulvar lichen planus. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2005; 48: 818-823.
42. O'Connell TX, Nathan LS, Satmary WA. Non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva. Am Fam Physician 2008; 77: 321-326, 330.
43. Setterfield JF, Neill S, Shirlaw PJ, et al. The vulvovaginal gingival syndrome: A severe subgroup of lichen planus with characteristic clinical features and a novel association with the class II HLA DQB1*0201 allele. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55: 98-113.
44. Valdes F, Caparrini A, Calzada JM. [Lichen planus with esophageal involvement]. Actas Dermosifilogr 2007; 98: 361-364.
45. Harewood GC, Murray JA, Cameron AJ. Esophageal lichen planus: The Mayo Clinic experience. Dis Esophagus 1999; 12: 309-311.
46. Mehregan DA, Van Hale HM, Muller SA. Lichen planopilaris: Clinical and pathologic study of forty-five patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27: 935-942.
47. Cevasco NC, Bergfeld WF, Remzi BK, et al. A case-series of 29 patients with lichen planopilaris: The Cleveland Clinic Foundation experience on evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57: 47-53.
48. Srivastava M, Mikkilineni R, Konstadt J. Lassueur-Graham-Little-Piccardi syndrome. Dermatol Online J 2007; 13: 12.
49. Holzberg M. Common nail disorders. Dermatol Clin 2006; 24: 349-354.
50. Scott MJ Jr, Scott MJ. Sr. Ungual lichen planus. Lichen planus of the nail. Arch Dermatol 1979; 115: 1197-1199.
51. Balasubramaniam P, Ogboli M, Moss C. Lichen planus in children: Review of 26 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 33: 457-9.
52. Sigurgeirsson B, Lindelof B. Lichen planus and malignancy. An epidemiologic study of 2071 patients and a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127: 1684-1688.
53. Gonzalez-Moles MA, Scully C, Gil-Montoya JA. Oral lichen planus: controversies surrounding malignant transformation. Oral Dis 2008; 14: 229-243.
54. Eisen D. The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus. a study of 723 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 207-214.
55. Cooper SM, Wojnarowska F. Influence of treatment of erosive lichen planus of the vulva on its prognosis. Arch Dermatol 2006; 142: 289-294.
56. Derrick EK, Ridley CM, Kobza-Black A, et al. A clinical study of 23 cases of female anogenital carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143: 1217-1223.
57. Hoshi A, Usui Y, Terachi T. Penile carcinoma originating from lichen planus on glans penis. Urology 2008; 71: 816-817.
58. Mignogna MD, Lo Muzio L, Favia G, et al. Oral lichen planus and HCV infection: A clinical evaluation of 263 cases. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 575-578.
59. Gibson LE, Muller SA. Dermatologic disorders in patients with thymoma. Acta Derm Venereol 1987; 67: 351-356.
60. Hayashi A, Shiono H, Okumura M. Thymoma accompanied by lichen planus. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2008; 7: 347-348.
61. Lolis M, Levitt J. A case of oral lichen planus with Good syndrome. Dermatol Online J 2006; 12: 28.
62. Seneschal J, Orlandini V, Duffau P, et al. Oral erosive lichen planus and Good's syndrome: Just a coincidence or a direct link between the two diseases? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22: 506-507.
63. Moutasim KA, Poate TW, Setterfield JF, et al. A case of vulvovaginal gingival lichen planus in association with Good's syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 2008: E57-e60.
64. Aytekin S, Alp S. Laugier-Hunziker syndrome associated with actinic lichen planus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18: 221-242.
65. Graham-Brown RA, Sarkany I, Sherlock S. Lichen planus and primary biliary cirrhosis. Br J Dermatol 1982; 106: 699-703.
66. Tong DC, Ferguson MM. Concurrent oral lichen planus and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 356-358.
67. Manolache L, Seceleanu-Petrescu D, Benea V. Lichen planus patients and stressful events. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22: 437-441.
68. Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Varothai S, et al. Direct immunofluorescence study in patients with lichen planus. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46: 1237-1241.
69. Halevy S, Shai A. Lichenoid drug eruptions. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29: 249-255.
70. Bjornberg A, Hellgren L. Betamethasone-I7, 2I-dipropionate ointment: An effective topical preparation in lichen ruber planus. Curr Med Res Opin 1976; 4: 212-217.
71. Mendelson CG. Fluocinonide - A new topical corticosteroid. Clinical evaluation. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1971; 52: 63-65.
72. Oliver GF, Winkelmann RK. Treatment of lichen planus. Drugs 1993; 45: 56-65.
73. Volden G. Successful treatment of chronic skin diseases with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing. Acta Derm Venereol 1992; 72: 69-71.
74. Cribier B, Frances C, Chosidow O. Treatment of lichen planus. An evidence-based medicine analysis of efficacy. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134: 1521-1530.
75. Kelett JKER. Treatment of lichen planus with a short course of oral prednisolone. Br J Dermatol 1990; 123: 550-551.
76. Laurberg G, Geiger JM, Hjorth N, et al. Treatment of lichen planus with acitretin. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 65 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 434-437.
77. Handler HL. Isotretinoin for oral lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 10: 674.
78. Ott F, Bollag W, Geiger JM. Efficacy of oral low-dose tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid) in lichen planus. Dermatology 1996; 192: 334-336.
79. Woo TY. Systemic isotretinoin treatment of oral and cutaneous lichen planus. Cutis 1985; 35: 385-386, 390-381, 393.
80. Pavlotsky F, Nathansohn N, Kriger G, et al. Ultraviolet-B treatment for cutaneous lichen planus: Our experience with 50 patients. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2008; 24: 83-86.
81. Saricaoglu H, Karadogan SK, Baskan EB, et al. Narrowband UVB therapy in the treatment of lichen planus. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2003; 19: 265-267.
82. Taneja A, Taylor CR. Narrow-band UVB for lichen planus treatment. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41: 282-283.
83. Gonzalez E, Momtaz TK, Freedman S. Bilateral comparison of generalized lichen planus treated with psoralens and ultraviolet A. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 10: 958-961.
84. Kerscher M, Volkenandt M, Lehmann P, et al. PUVA-bath photochemotherapy of lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131: 1210-1211.
85. Helander I, Jansen CT, Meurman L. Long-term efficacy of PUVA treatment in lichen planus: Comparison of oral and external methoxsalen regimens. Photodermatology 1987; 4: 265-268.
86. Karvonen J, Hannuksela M. Long term results of topical trioxsalen PUVA in lichen planus and nodular prurigo. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1985; 120: 53-55.
87. Wackernagel A, Legat FJ, Hofer A, et al. Psoralen plus UVA vs. UVB-311.nm for the treatment of lichen planus. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2007; 23: 15-19.
88. Levy A, Stempler D, Yuzuk S, et al. Treatment of lichen planus with griseofulvin. Int J Dermatol 1986; 25: 405.
89. Sehgal VN, Abraham GJ, Malik GB. Griseofulvin therapy in lichen planus. A double-blind controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 1972; 87: 383-385.
90. Buyuk AY, Kavala M. Oral metronidazole treatment of lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43: 260-262.
91. Bohm M, Luger TA. Lichen planus responding to efalizumab. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56 (5 Suppl.): S92-S93.
92. Maender JL, Krishnan RS, Angel TA, et al. Complete resolution of generalized lichen planus after treatment with thalidomide. J Drugs Dermatol 2005; 4: 86-88.
93. Bauza A, Espana A, Gil P, et al. Successful treatment of lichen planus with sulfasalazine in 20 patients. Int J Dermatol 2005; 44: 158-162.
94. Nousari HC, Goyal S, Anhalt GJ. Successful treatment of resistant hypertrophic and bullous lichen planus with mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135: 1420-1421.
95. Verma KK, Sirka CS, Khaitan BK. Generalized severe lichen planus treated with azathioprine. Acta Derm Venereol 1999; 79: 493.
96. Higgins EM, Munro CS, Friedmann PS, et al. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1989; 125: 1436.
97. Ho VC, Gupta AK, Ellis CN, et al. Treatment of severe lichen planus with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22: 64-68.
98. Pigatto PD, Chiappino G, Bigardi A, et al. Cyclosporin A for treatment of severe lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1990; 122: 121-123.
99. Carbone M, Conrotto D, Carrozzo M, et al. Topical corticosteroids in association with miconazole and chlorhexidine in the long-term management of atrophic-erosive oral lichen planus: A placebo-controlled and comparative study between clobetasol and fluocinonide. Oral Dis 1999; 5: 44-49.
100. Lozada-Nur F, Miranda C, Maliksi R. Double-blind clinical trial of 0.05% clobetasol propionate (corrected from proprionate) ointment in orabase and 0.05% fluocinonide ointment in orabase in the treatment of patients with oral vesiculoerosive diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 77: 598-604.
101. Thongprasom K, Luengvisut P, Wongwatanakij A, et al. Clinical evaluation in treatment of oral lichen planus with topical fluocinolone acetonide: a 2-year follow-up. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32: 315-322.
102. Tyldesley WR, Harding SM. Betamethasone valerate aerosol in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1977; 96: 659-662.
103. Voute AB, Schulten EA, Langendijk PN, et al. Fluocinonide in an adhesive base for treatment of oral lichen planus. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993; 75: 181-185.
104. Ferguson MM. Treatment of erosive lichen planus of the oral mucosa with depot steroids. Lancet 1977; 2: 771-772.
105. Carbone M, Goss E, Carrozzo M, et al. Systemic and topical corticosteroid treatment of oral lichen planus: A comparative study with long-term follow-up. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32: 323-329.
106. Eisen D, Griffiths CE, Ellis CN, et al. Cyclosporin wash for oral lichen planus. Lancet 1990; 335: 535-536.
107. Harpenau LA, Plemons JM, Rees TD. Effectiveness of a low dose of cyclosporine in the management of patients with oral erosive lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995; 80: 161-167.
108. Lopez Lopez J, Rosello Llabres X. Cyclosporine A, an alternative to the oral lichen planus erosive treatment. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 1995; 38: 33-38.
109. Sieg P, Von Domarus H, Von Zitzewitz V, et al. Topical cyclosporin in oral lichen planus: A controlled, randomized, prospective trial. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132: 790-794.
110. Byrd JA, Davis MD, Bruce AJ, et al. Response of oral lichen planus to topical tacrolimus in 37 patients. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 1508-1512.
111. Hodgson TA, Sahni N, Kaliakatsou F, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus in the management of ulcerative/erosive oral lichen planus. Eur J Dermatol 2003; 13: 466-470.
112. Kaliakatsou F, Hodgson TA, Lewsey JD, et al. Management of recalcitrant ulcerative oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 35-41.
113. Lozada-Nur FI, Sroussi HY. Tacrolimus powder in Orabase 0.1% for the treatment of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: An open clinical trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006; 102: 744-749.
114. Olivier V, Lacour JP, Mousnier A, et al. Treatment of chronic erosive oral lichen planus with low concentrations of topical tacrolimus: An open prospective study. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 1335-1338.
115. Rozycki TW, Rogers RS 3rd, Pittelkow MR, et al. Topical tacrolimus in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus: A series of 13 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 27-34.
116. Corrocher G, Di Lorenzo G, Martinelli N, et al. Comparative effect of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and clobetasol 0.05% ointment in patients with oral lichen planus. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35: 244-249.
117. Radfar L, Wild RC, Suresh L. A comparative treatment study of topical tacrolimus and clobetasol in oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 105: 187-193.
118. Passeron T, Lacour JP, Fontas E, et al. Treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with 1% pimecrolimus cream: A double-blind, randomized, prospective trial with measurement of pimecrolimus levels in the blood. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 472-476.
119. Boisnic S, Licu D, Ben Slama L, et al. Topical retinaldehyde treatment in oral lichen planus and leukoplakia. Int J Tissue React 2002; 24: 123-130.
120. Buajeeb W, Kraivaphan P, Pobrurksa C. Efficacy of topical retinoic acid compared with topical fluocinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997; 83: 21-25.
121. Giustina TA, Stewart JC, Ellis CN, et al. Topical application of isotretinoin gel improves oral lichen planus. A double-blind study. Arch Dermatol 1986; 122: 534-536.
122. Hersle K, Mobacken H, Sloberg K, et al. Severe oral lichen planus: treatment with an aromatic retinoid (etretinate). Br J Dermatol 1982; 106: 77-80.
123. Petruzzi M, De Benedittis M, Grassi R, et al. Oral lichen planus: A preliminary clinical study on treatment with tazarotene. Oral Dis 2002; 8: 291-295.
124. Sloberg K, Hersle K, Mobacken H, et al. Severe oral lichen planus: remission and maintenance with vitamin A analogues. J Oral Pathol 1983; 12: 473-477.
125. Zegarelli DJ. Treatment of oral lichen planus with topical vitamin A acid. J Oral Med 1984; 39: 186-191.
126. Eisen D. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil) improves oral lichen planus: An open trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: 609-612.
127. Popovsky JL, Camisa C. New and emerging therapies for diseases of the oral cavity. Dermatol Clin 2000; 18: 113-125.
128. Silverman S Jr, Gorsky M, Lozada-Nur F, et al. A prospective study of findings and management in 214 patients with oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991; 72: 665-670.
129. Camisa C, Popovsky JL. Effective treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with thalidomide. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136: 1442-1443.
130. Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, et al. The efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 573-577.
131. Guyot AD, Farhi D, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, et al. Treatment of refractory erosive oral lichen planus with extracorporeal photochemotherapy: 12 cases. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156: 553-556.
132. Heffernan MP, Smith DI, Bentley D, et al. A single-center, open-label, prospective pilot study of subcutaneous efalizumab for oral erosive lichen planus. J Drugs Dermatol 2007; 6: 310-314.
133. Lundquist G, Forsgren H, Gajecki M, et al. Photochemotherapy of oral lichen planus. A controlled study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995; 79: 554-558.
134. Trehan M, Taylor CR. Low-dose excimer 308-nm laser for the treatment of oral lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 415-420.
135. Yarom N. Etanercept for the management of oral lichen planus. Am J Clin Dermatol 2007; 8: 121.
136. Cooper SM, Wojnarowska F. Influence of treatment of erosive lichen planus of the vulva on its prognosis. Arch Dermatol 2006; 142: 289-294.
137. Byrd JA, Davis MD, Rogers RS 3rd. Recalcitrant symptomatic vulvar lichen planus: Response to topical tacrolimus. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 715-720.
138. Lonsdale-Eccles AA, Velangi S. Topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of genital lichen planus: A prospective case series. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153: 390-394.
139. Chieregato C, Zini A, Barba A, et al. Lichen planopilaris: Report of 30 cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2003; 42: 342-345.
140. Boyd AS, King LE Jr. Thalidomide-induced remission of lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47: 967-968.
141. Mirmirani P, Willey A, Price VH. Short course of oral cyclosporine in lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49: 667-671.
142. Tursen U, Api H, Kaya T, et al. Treatment of lichen planopilaris with mycophenolate mofetil. Dermatol Online J 2004; 10: 24.
143. Abell E, Samman PD. Intradermal triamcinolone treatment of nail dystrophies. Br J Dermatol 1973; 89: 191-197.