Degradation of lead-based pigments by salt solutions

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 367-378

  Kotulanová, Eva ^a   Bezdička, Petr ^a   Hradil, David ^a   Hradilová, Janka ^b   Švarcová, Silvie ^a   Grygar, Tomáš ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY   (Czech Republic)

^b Akademie vytvarnych umeni v Praze   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Corrosion; Lead white; Massicot; Red lead; Salts; Wall paintings; X ray microdiffraction

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649258785     PISSN: 12962074     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2008.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. A. Arnold, K. Zehnder, Salt weathering on monuments, in: F. Zezza (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Bari, June 7-10, Grafo, Brescia, 1989, pp. 31-58.
2. López-Acevedo V., Viedma C., González V., and La Iglesia A. Salt crystallization in porous construction materials II. Mass transport and crystallization processes. J. Cryst. Growth. 182 (1997) 103-110
3. Williams R.B.G., and Robinson D.A. Weathering of sandstone by alunogen and alum salts. Q J Eng Geology. 31 (1998) 369-373
4. Alsaaran N., and Olyphant G.A. Model for simulating rock-water interactions in a weathering profile subjected to frequent alternations of wetting and drying. Catena. 32 (1998) 225-243
5. Dei L., Ahle A., Baglioni P., Dini D., and Ferroni E. Green degradation products of azurite in all paintings: identification and conservation treatment. Stud. Conserv. 43 (1998) 80-88
6. Gettens R.J., and Stout G.L. A monument of byzantine wall painting - the method of construction. Stud. Conserv. 3 (1958) 107-119
7. Naumova M.M., and Pisareva A.A. A note on the use of blue and green copper compounds in paintings. Stud. Conserv. 39 (1994) 277-283
8. Eastaugh N., Walsh V., Chaplin T., and Siddall R. Pigment compendium. A Dictionary of Historical Pigments (2004), Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
9. P. Topinka, Czech translation of C. Cennini: Il libro dell'arte, Vladimir Zikes, Praha 1946.
10. Smith G.D., Derbyshire A., and Clark R.J.H. In situ spectroscopic detection of lead sulphide on a blackened manuscript illumination by Raman microscopy. Stud. Conserv. 47 (2002) 250-256
11. Eremin K., Stenger J., and Green M.L. Raman spectroscopy of Japanese artists' materials: the tale of Genji by Tosa Mitsunobu. J. Raman. Spectrosc. 37 (2006) 1119-1124
12. Gettens R.J., Kühn H., and Chase W.T. Lead White. In: Roy A. (Ed). Artists' pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics 2 (1993), National Gallery of Art, Oxford University Press, Oxford 67-81
13. Petushkova J.P., and Lyalikova N.N. Microbiological degradation of lead-containing pigments in mural paintings. Stud. Conserv. 31 (1986) 65-69
14. Giovannoni S., Matteini M., and Moles A. Studies and developments concerning the problem of altered lead pigments in wall painting. Stud. Conserv. 35 (1990) 21-25
15. Aibeo C., Castellucci E.M., Matteini M., Sacchi B., Zoppi A., and Lofrumento C. A micro-Raman spectroscopy study of the formation of lead dioxide from lead white. In: Kroustallis S., Townsend J.H., Bruquetas E.C., Stijnman A., and San Andres Moya M. (Eds). Art Technology: Sources and Methods (2008), Archetype Publications, London
16. Fitzhugh E.W. Read Lead and Minium. In: Feller R.L. (Ed). Artists' Pigments, A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics 1 (1986), Cambridge University Press, Oxford 109-139
17. Aze S., Vallet J.-M., Detalle V., Grauby O., and Baronnet A. Chromatic alterations of red lead pigments in artwork: a review. Phase. Transit. 81 (2008) 145-154
18. Aze S., Vallet J.-M., Pomey M., Baronnet A., and Grauby O. Red lead darkening in wall paintings: natural ageing of experimental wall paintings versus artificial ageing tests. Eur. J. Miner. 19 (2007) 883-890
19. Aze S., Vallet J.-M., Baronnet A., and Grauby O. The fading of red lead pigment in wall paintings: tracking the physico-chemical transformations by means of complementary micro-analysis techniques. Eur. J. Miner. 18 (2006) 835-843
20. D. Saunders, M. Spring, C. Higgit, Colour change in red lead-containing paint films, in: Proceedings of ICOM, 13th Triennial Meeting, Rio de Janeiro, September 22-27, James & James, London, 2002, pp. 455-463.
21. F. Mairinger, M. Schreiner, Deterioration and preservation of Carolinginan and mediaeval mural paintings in the Müstair convent (Switzerland) - Part II: Materials and rendering of the Carolingian wall painting, in: N.S. Brommelle, P. Smith (Eds.), Case studies in the conservation of stone and wall paintings: preprints of the contributions to the Bologna Congress, September 21-26, IIC, London, 1986, 195-196.
22. P. Fodor, Wall paintings atKostoľany pod Tríbečom - Technology of painting, Monumentorum Tutela 2 (1967) 97-114 (in Slovak).
23. L. Šášky, Preromanesque church of St. George at Kostoľany pod Tríbečom, Monumentorum Tutela 2 (1967) 115-127 (in Slovak).
24. J. Maříková-Kubková, Wall paintings in the church of St. George at Kostoľany pod Tríbečom, Technologia Artis 2006 (2006) 85-92 (in Czech).
25. Rasmussen S.E., Grundvig S., and Friedrich W.L. Composition of pigments of Santorini frescoes: Rietveld method as an aid in qualitative phase analysis. Powder. Diffr. 19 (2004) 145-148
26. Simova V., Bezdicka P., Hradilova H., Hradil D., and Grygar T. X-ray powder microdiffraction for routine analysis of paintings. Powder. Diffr. 20 (2005) 224-229
27. Salvado N., Pradell T., Pantos E., Papiz M.Z., Molera J., Seco M., et al. Identification of copper-based green pigments in Jaume Huguet's Gothic altarpieces by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction. J. Synchrotron. Radiat. 9 (2002) 215-222
28. Hradil D., Grygar T., Hradilová J., Bezdička P., Grünwaldová V., Fogaš I., et al. Microanalytical identification of Pb-Sb-Sn yellow pigment in historical European paintings and its differentiation from lead tin and Naples yellows. J. Cult. Herit. 8 (2007) 377-386
29. Benedetti D., Alessandri I., Bergese P., Bontempi E., Colombi P., Garipoli D., et al. Laboratory microbeam analysis applied to cultural heritage studies. Microchim. Acta. 155 (2006) 101-104
30. D. Hradil, J. Hradilová, P. Bezdička, S. Švarcová, Provenance study of Gothic paintings from North-East Slovakia by hand-held XRF microscopy and X-ray microdiffraction. X-ray Spectrom (in print).
31. CSN EN 772-5, Český normalizační institut, Prague 2003 (in Czech). X-Ray Spectrom 2008;37:376-382.
32. Dooryhee E., Anne M., Bardies I., Hodeau J.-L., Martinetto P., Rondot S., et al. Non-destructive synchrotron X-ray diffraction mapping of Roman painting. Appl. Phys. A. 81 (2005) 663-667
33. Lytle D.A., and Schock M.R. Formation of Pb(IV) oxides in chlorinated water. J. AWWA. 97 (2005) 102-114
34. Perez-Rodriguez J.L., Maqueda C., Jimenez de Haro M.C., and Rodriguez-Rubio P. Effect of pollution on polychromed ceramic statues. Atmos. Environ. 32 (1998) 993-998