메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 254-260

Cryptococcal lung disease

Author keywords

Amphotericin B; Cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus neoformans; Fluconazole; Pneumonia

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; CRYPTOCOCCAL ANTIGEN; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; FUNGUS ANTIGEN; ITRACONAZOLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT;

EID: 67649238494     PISSN: 10705287     EISSN: 15316971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e328329268d     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (60)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 2542602231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: A randomised trial
    • Brouwer AE, Rajanuwong A, Chierakul W, et al. Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 363:1764-1767.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1764-1767
    • Brouwer, A.E.1    Rajanuwong, A.2    Chierakul, W.3
  • 2
    • 0026320039 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis
    • The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group
    • Saag MS, Powderly WG, Cloud GA, et al. Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:83-89.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 83-89
    • Saag, M.S.1    Powderly, W.G.2    Cloud, G.A.3
  • 3
    • 0038025895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group
    • van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:15-21.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.337 , pp. 15-21
    • Van Der Horst, C.M.1    Saag, M.S.2    Cloud, G.A.3
  • 4
    • 0029094291 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary cryptococcosis: Localized and disseminated infections in 27 patients with AIDS
    • Meyohas MC, Roux P, Bollens D, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: localized and disseminated infections in 27 patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:628-633.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 628-633
    • Meyohas, M.C.1    Roux, P.2    Bollens, D.3
  • 5
    • 0030017169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the efficacy of amphotericin B and fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: Retrospective analysis of 83 cases
    • French Cryptococcosis Study Group
    • Dromer F, Mathoulin S, Dupont B, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of amphotericin B and fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: retrospective analysis of 83 cases. French Cryptococcosis Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22 (Suppl 2):S154-S160.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Dromer, F.1    Mathoulin, S.2    Dupont, B.3
  • 6
    • 0035451420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy
    • Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Cloud GA, et al. Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:690-699.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 690-699
    • Pappas, P.G.1    Perfect, J.R.2    Cloud, G.A.3
  • 7
    • 0008162849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients without HIV infection
    • Aberg JA, Mundy LM, Powderly WG. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients without HIV infection. Chest 1999; 115:734-740.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.115 , pp. 734-740
    • Aberg, J.A.1    Mundy, L.M.2    Powderly, W.G.3
  • 9
    • 55549120560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism and specific risk areas for Cryptococcus gattii, Vancouver Island, Canada
    • Chambers C, MacDougall L, Li M, Galanis E. Tourism and specific risk areas for Cryptococcus gattii, Vancouver Island, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1781-1783.
    • (2008) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 1781-1783
    • Chambers, C.1    MacDougall, L.2    Li, M.3    Galanis, E.4
  • 10
    • 4544251213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcus neoformans infections at Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre (1997-2002): Epidemiology, microbiology and histopathology
    • Hoang LM, Maguire JA, Doyle P, et al. Cryptococcus neoformans infections at Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre (1997-2002): epidemiology, microbiology and histopathology. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:935-940.
    • (2004) J Med Microbiol , vol.53 , pp. 935-940
    • Hoang, L.M.1    Maguire, J.A.2    Doyle, P.3
  • 11
    • 33846084770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA
    • MacDougall L, Kidd SE, Galanis E, et al. Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:42-50.
    • (2007) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 42-50
    • MacDougall, L.1    Kidd, S.E.2    Galanis, E.3
  • 12
    • 0035344886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood
    • Goldman DL, Khine H, Abadi J, et al. Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood. Pediatrics 2001; 107:E66.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107
    • Goldman, D.L.1    Khine, H.2    Abadi, J.3
  • 13
    • 34247620670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcosis and idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia
    • Zonios DI, Falloon J, Huang CY, et al. Cryptococcosis and idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2007; 86:78-92.
    • (2007) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.86 , pp. 78-92
    • Zonios, D.I.1    Falloon, J.2    Huang, C.Y.3
  • 14
    • 33947710106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcal meningitis in a patient treated with infliximab
    • Munoz P, Giannella M, Valerio M, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis in a patient treated with infliximab. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 57:443-446.
    • (2007) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.57 , pp. 443-446
    • Munoz, P.1    Giannella, M.2    Valerio, M.3
  • 15
    • 33846989328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcosis in liver and kidney transplant recipients receiving antithymocyte globulin or alemtuzumab
    • Silveira FP, Husain S, Kwak EJ, et al. Cryptococcosis in liver and kidney transplant recipients receiving antithymocyte globulin or alemtuzumab. Transpl Infect Dis 2007; 9:22-27.
    • (2007) Transpl Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 22-27
    • Silveira, F.P.1    Husain, S.2    Kwak, E.J.3
  • 16
    • 0031216829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
    • Paton NI. Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1997; 26:694-700.
    • (1997) Ann Acad Med Singapore , vol.26 , pp. 694-700
    • Paton, N.I.1
  • 17
    • 0037443858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: An update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992-2000
    • Mirza SA, Phelan M, Rimland D, et al. The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: an update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992-2000. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:789-794.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 789-794
    • Mirza, S.A.1    Phelan, M.2    Rimland, D.3
  • 18
    • 33344475222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary cryptococcosis: Comparison of clinical and radiographic characteristics in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients
    • Chang WC, Tzao C, Hsu HH, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: comparison of clinical and radiographic characteristics in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Chest 2006; 129:333-340.
    • (2006) Chest , vol.129 , pp. 333-340
    • Chang, W.C.1    Tzao, C.2    Hsu, H.H.3
  • 19
    • 0032450164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory failure associated with cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS: Analysis of predictive factors
    • Visnegarwala F, Graviss EA, Lacke CE, et al. Acute respiratory failure associated with cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS: analysis of predictive factors. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27:1231-1237.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 1231-1237
    • Visnegarwala, F.1    Graviss, E.A.2    Lacke, C.E.3
  • 21
    • 0025337507 scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcal pulmonary infection in patients with AIDS: Radiographic appearance
    • Miller WT Jr, Edelman JM, Miller WT. Cryptococcal pulmonary infection in patients with AIDS: radiographic appearance. Radiology 1990; 175: 725-728.
    • (1990) Radiology , vol.175 , pp. 725-728
    • Miller Jr., W.T.1    Edelman, J.M.2    Miller, W.T.3
  • 22
    • 0025133127 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS
    • Chechani V, Kamholz SL. Pulmonary manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS. Chest 1990; 98:1060-1066.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.98 , pp. 1060-1066
    • Chechani, V.1    Kamholz, S.L.2
  • 23
    • 23444448802 scopus 로고
    • Clinical epidemiological study of 171 cases of cryptococcosis
    • Rozenbaum R, Goncalves AJ. Clinical epidemiological study of 171 cases of cryptococcosis. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:369-380.
    • (1994) Clin Infect Dis , vol.18 , pp. 369-380
    • Rozenbaum, R.1    Goncalves, A.J.2
  • 24
    • 54249083471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: Current state of the science
    • Singh N, Dromer F, Perfect JR, Lortholary O. Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: current state of the science. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1321-1327.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , pp. 1321-1327
    • Singh, N.1    Dromer, F.2    Perfect, J.R.3    Lortholary, O.4
  • 25
    • 0033021986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcosis: Population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons
    • Cryptococcal Active Surveillance Group
    • Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, et al. Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Cryptococcal Active Surveillance Group. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:449-454.
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.179 , pp. 449-454
    • Hajjeh, R.A.1    Conn, L.A.2    Stephens, D.S.3
  • 26
    • 0016211118 scopus 로고
    • Primary complex of Cryptococcus and pulmonary lymph nodes
    • Salyer WR, Salyer DC, Baker RD. Primary complex of Cryptococcus and pulmonary lymph nodes. J Infect Dis 1974; 130:74-77.
    • (1974) J Infect Dis , vol.130 , pp. 74-77
    • Salyer, W.R.1    Salyer, D.C.2    Baker, R.D.3
  • 27
    • 0017253256 scopus 로고
    • The primary pulmonary lymph node complex of crytptococcosis
    • Baker RD. The primary pulmonary lymph node complex of crytptococcosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1976; 65:83-92.
    • (1976) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.65 , pp. 83-92
    • Baker, R.D.1
  • 30
    • 0036260011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary cryptococcosis: CT and pathologic findings
    • Zinck SE, Leung AN, Frost M, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: CT and pathologic findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002; 26:330-334.
    • (2002) J Comput Assist Tomogr , vol.26 , pp. 330-334
    • Zinck, S.E.1    Leung, A.N.2    Frost, M.3
  • 33
    • 0034881055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory failure associated with pulmonary cryptococcosis in nonAIDS patients
    • Vilchez RA, Linden P, Lacomis J, et al. Acute respiratory failure associated with pulmonary cryptococcosis in nonAIDS patients. Chest 2001; 119:1865-1869.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 1865-1869
    • Vilchez, R.A.1    Linden, P.2    Lacomis, J.3
  • 34
    • 0019474157 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of pulmonary cryptococcosis: Clinical implications from a study of 41 patients with and without compromising host factors
    • Kerkering TM, Duma RJ, Shadomy S. The evolution of pulmonary cryptococcosis: clinical implications from a study of 41 patients with and without compromising host factors. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94:611-616.
    • (1981) Ann Intern Med , vol.94 , pp. 611-616
    • Kerkering, T.M.1    Duma, R.J.2    Shadomy, S.3
  • 35
    • 33847632572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis: The CryptoA/D study
    • Dromer F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Launay O, Lortholary O. Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis: the CryptoA/D study. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e21.
    • (2007) PLoS Med , vol.4
    • Dromer, F.1    Mathoulin-Pelissier, S.2    Launay, O.3    Lortholary, O.4
  • 36
    • 33750600112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term outcome of AIDS-associated cryptococcosis in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy
    • Lortholary O, Poizat G, Zeller V, et al. Long-term outcome of AIDS-associated cryptococcosis in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2006; 20:2183-2191.
    • (2006) AIDS , vol.20 , pp. 2183-2191
    • Lortholary, O.1    Poizat, G.2    Zeller, V.3
  • 37
    • 0033925332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of HIV infection on meningitis in Harare, Zimbabwe: A prospective study of 406 predominantly adult patients
    • Hakim JG, Gangaidzo IT, Heyderman RS, et al. Impact of HIV infection on meningitis in Harare, Zimbabwe: a prospective study of 406 predominantly adult patients. AIDS 2000; 14:1401-1407.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 1401-1407
    • Hakim, J.G.1    Gangaidzo, I.T.2    Heyderman, R.S.3
  • 38
    • 21844479866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome complicating HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France
    • Lortholary O, Fontanet A, Memain N, et al. Incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome complicating HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France. AIDS 2005; 19:1043-1049.
    • (2005) AIDS , vol.19 , pp. 1043-1049
    • Lortholary, O.1    Fontanet, A.2    Memain, N.3
  • 39
    • 15744394140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Shelburne SA 3rd, Darcourt J, White AC Jr, et al. The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1049-1052.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1049-1052
    • Shelburne III, S.A.1    Darcourt, J.2    White Jr., A.C.3
  • 40
    • 20444401226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients
    • Singh N, Lortholary O, Alexander BD, et al. An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1756-1761.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1756-1761
    • Singh, N.1    Lortholary, O.2    Alexander, B.D.3
  • 41
    • 0031867515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcosis in HIV negative patients: Findings on chest radiography
    • Roebuck DJ, Fisher DA, Currie BJ. Cryptococcosis in HIV negative patients: findings on chest radiography. Thorax 1998; 53:554-557.
    • (1998) Thorax , vol.53 , pp. 554-557
    • Roebuck, D.J.1    Fisher, D.A.2    Currie, B.J.3
  • 42
    • 27744435966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients: CT findings in 12 patients
    • Fox DL, Muller NL. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients: CT findings in 12 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185: 622-626.
    • (2005) AJR Am J Roentgenol , vol.185 , pp. 622-626
    • Fox, D.L.1    Muller, N.L.2
  • 43
    • 53549132503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients without HIV infection: Factors associated with disseminated disease
    • Baddley JW, Perfect JR, Oster RA, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients without HIV infection: factors associated with disseminated disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 27:937-943.
    • (2008) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 937-943
    • Baddley, J.W.1    Perfect, J.R.2    Oster, R.A.3
  • 44
    • 0021248939 scopus 로고
    • Thoracic cryptococcosis: Immunologic competence and radiologic appearance
    • Khoury MB, Godwin JD, Ravin CE, et al. Thoracic cryptococcosis: immunologic competence and radiologic appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984; 142:893-896.
    • (1984) AJR Am J Roentgenol , vol.142 , pp. 893-896
    • Khoury, M.B.1    Godwin, J.D.2    Ravin, C.E.3
  • 46
    • 0028288758 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary manifestations of cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS: CT features
    • Sider L, Westcott MA. Pulmonary manifestations of cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS: CT features. J Thorac Imaging 1994; 9:78-84.
    • (1994) J Thorac Imaging , vol.9 , pp. 78-84
    • Sider, L.1    Westcott, M.A.2
  • 48
    • 0025964014 scopus 로고
    • Manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Cameron ML, Bartlett JA, Gallis HA, Waskin HA. Manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13:64-67.
    • (1991) Rev Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 64-67
    • Cameron, M.L.1    Bartlett, J.A.2    Gallis, H.A.3    Waskin, H.A.4
  • 49
    • 0023902066 scopus 로고
    • Recovery from cryptococcemia and the adult respiratory distress syndrome in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Murray RJ, Becker P, Furth P, Criner GJ. Recovery from cryptococcemia and the adult respiratory distress syndrome in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest 1988; 93:1304-1306.
    • (1988) Chest , vol.93 , pp. 1304-1306
    • Murray, R.J.1    Becker, P.2    Furth, P.3    Criner, G.J.4
  • 50
    • 0029072394 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans
    • discussion 5-6
    • Speed B, Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:28-34; discussion 5-6.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 28-34
    • Speed, B.1    Dunt, D.2
  • 51
    • 34548622130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcus gattii fungemia: Report of a case with lung and brain lesions mimicking radiological features of malignancy
    • Oliveira Fde M, Severo CB, Guazzelli LS, Severo LC. Cryptococcus gattii fungemia: report of a case with lung and brain lesions mimicking radiological features of malignancy. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49:263-265.
    • (2007) Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo , vol.49 , pp. 263-265
    • Oliveira Fde, M.1    Severo, C.B.2    Guazzelli, L.S.3    Severo, L.C.4
  • 52
    • 0020059397 scopus 로고
    • Improved diagnostic medium for separation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes A and D) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C)
    • Kwon-Chung KJ, Polacheck I, Bennett JE. Improved diagnostic medium for separation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes A and D) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C). J Clin Microbiol 1982; 15:535-537.
    • (1982) J Clin Microbiol , vol.15 , pp. 535-537
    • Kwon-Chung, K.J.1    Polacheck, I.2    Bennett, J.E.3
  • 53
    • 0043282244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum cyrptococcal antigen: Diagnostic value in the diagnosis of AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis
    • Asawavichienjinda T, Sitthi-Amorn C, Tanyanont V. Serum cyrptococcal antigen: diagnostic value in the diagnosis of AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis. J Med Assoc Thai 1999; 82:65-71.
    • (1999) J Med Assoc Thai , vol.82 , pp. 65-71
    • Asawavichienjinda, T.1    Sitthi-Amorn, C.2    Tanyanont, V.3
  • 54
    • 39449095504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: Clinical relevance of serum cryptococcal antigen
    • Singh N, Alexander BD, Lortholary O, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: clinical relevance of serum cryptococcal antigen. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:e12-e18.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46
    • Singh, N.1    Alexander, B.D.2    Lortholary, O.3
  • 55
    • 0026786735 scopus 로고
    • Detection of cryptococcal antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A prospective study of diagnostic utility
    • Baughman RP, Rhodes JC, Dohn MN, et al. Detection of cryptococcal antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a prospective study of diagnostic utility. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:1226-1229.
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.145 , pp. 1226-1229
    • Baughman, R.P.1    Rhodes, J.C.2    Dohn, M.N.3
  • 56
    • 0031684907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of routine testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for cryptococcal antigen
    • Kralovic SM, Rhodes JC. Utility of routine testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for cryptococcal antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:3088-3089.
    • (1998) J Clin Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 3088-3089
    • Kralovic, S.M.1    Rhodes, J.C.2
  • 57
    • 0033801252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease
    • Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Saag MS, Graybill RJ, Larsen RA, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:710-718.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 710-718
    • Saag, M.S.1    Graybill, R.J.2    Larsen, R.A.3
  • 58
    • 27744601940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antifungal management practices and evolution of infection in organ transplant recipients with Cryptococcus neoformans infection
    • Singh N, Lortholary O, Alexander BD, et al. Antifungal management practices and evolution of infection in organ transplant recipients with Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Transplantation 2005; 80:1033-1039.
    • (2005) Transplantation , vol.80 , pp. 1033-1039
    • Singh, N.1    Lortholary, O.2    Alexander, B.D.3
  • 59
    • 0023749654 scopus 로고
    • Chemotherapy of the pulmonary mycoses. This Official Statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, November 1987
    • Chemotherapy of the pulmonary mycoses. This Official Statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, November 1987. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138:1078-1081.
    • (1988) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.138 , pp. 1078-1081
  • 60
    • 0015706633 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary cryptococcosis: Clinical forms and treatment. A Center for Disease Control cooperative mycoses study
    • Hammerman KJ, Powell KE, Christianson CS, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: clinical forms and treatment. A Center for Disease Control cooperative mycoses study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 108:1116-1123.
    • (1973) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.108 , pp. 1116-1123
    • Hammerman, K.J.1    Powell, K.E.2    Christianson, C.S.3
  • 61
    • 0028909648 scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcal disease of the CNS in immunocompetent hosts: Influence of cryptococcal variety on clinical manifestations and outcome
    • Mitchell DH, Sorrell TC, Allworth AM, et al. Cryptococcal disease of the CNS in immunocompetent hosts: influence of cryptococcal variety on clinical manifestations and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:611-616.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 611-616
    • Mitchell, D.H.1    Sorrell, T.C.2    Allworth, A.M.3
  • 62
    • 0033047485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis
    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group
    • Saag MS, Cloud GA, Graybill JR, et al. A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:291-296.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.28 , pp. 291-296
    • Saag, M.S.1    Cloud, G.A.2    Graybill, J.R.3
  • 63
    • 45749154585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations of posaconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
    • Torres-Rodriguez JM, Alvarado-Ramirez E, Murciano F, Sellart M. MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations of posaconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:205-206.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.62 , pp. 205-206
    • Torres-Rodriguez, J.M.1    Alvarado-Ramirez, E.2    Murciano, F.3    Sellart, M.4
  • 64
    • 4544318239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voriconazole proves effective in long-term treatment of a cerebral cryptococcoma in a chronic nephropathic HIV-negative patient, after fluconazole failure
    • Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Pavoni M, et al. Voriconazole proves effective in long-term treatment of a cerebral cryptococcoma in a chronic nephropathic HIV-negative patient, after fluconazole failure. Mycopathologia 2004; 158:165-171.
    • (2004) Mycopathologia , vol.158 , pp. 165-171
    • Sabbatani, S.1    Manfredi, R.2    Pavoni, M.3
  • 65
    • 0038556830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections
    • Perfect JR, Marr KA, Walsh TJ, et al. Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:1122-1131.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 1122-1131
    • Perfect, J.R.1    Marr, K.A.2    Walsh, T.J.3
  • 66
    • 56049125289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posaconazole as salvage therapy in patients with invasive fungal infections after solid organ transplant
    • Alexander BD, Perfect JR, Daly JS, et al. Posaconazole as salvage therapy in patients with invasive fungal infections after solid organ transplant. Transplantation 2008; 86:791-796.
    • (2008) Transplantation , vol.86 , pp. 791-796
    • Alexander, B.D.1    Perfect, J.R.2    Daly, J.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.