Dating the Mapungubwe Hill gold

Journal of African Archaeology

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 99-105

  Woodborne, Stephan ^a   Pienaar, Marc ^a   Tiley Nel, Sian ^b  

^a DSI CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Indigenous gold; Mapungubwe; Radiocarbon dating; Southern Africa

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649210977     PISSN: 16121651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3213/1612-1651-10122     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Beck, H.C. 1937. The beads of the Mapungubwe District. In: Fouché, L. (ed.), Mapungubwe, Ancient Bantu Civilization on the Limpopo. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 104-113
2. Calabrese, J.A. 2000. Metals, ideology and power: the manufacture and control of materialised ideology in the area of the Limpopo-Shashe confluence, c. AD 900 to 1300. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 8, 100-111
3. Deevey, E.S., Gralenski, L.J. & Hoffren, V. 1959. Yale natural radiocarbon measurements IV. Radiocarbon 1 (1), 144-172
4. Fouché, L. (ed.) 1937. Mapungubwe, Ancient Bantu Civilization on the Limpopo: Reports on Excavations at Mapungubwe (Northern Transvaal) from February 1933 to June 1935. Cambridge University Press, London
5. Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P. 1962. The East African Coast: Selected Documents from the First to the Earlier Nineteenth Centuries. Clarendon Press, Oxford
6. Galloway, A. 1937. The skeletal remains of Mapungubwe. In: Fouché, L. (ed.), Mapungubwe, Ancient Bantu Civilization on the Limpopo. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 127-1124
7. Galloway, A. 1959. The Skeletal Remains of Bambandyanalo. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg
8. Huffman, T.N. 1986. Archaeological evidence and conventional explanations of Southern Bantu settlement patterns. Africa 56 (3), 280-298
9. Huffman, T.N. 1996. Archaeological evidence for climatic change during the last 2000 years in southern Africa. Quaternary International 33, 55-60
10. Huffman, T.N. 2000. Mapungubwe and the origins of the Zimbabwe Culture. In: Leslie, M. & Maggs, T. (eds.), African Naissance: The Limpopo Valley 1000 Years Ago. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 8, 14-29
11. Huffman, T. & Murimbika, M. 2003. Shona ethnography and Iron Age burials. Journal of African Archaeology 1 (2), 237-246
12. Meyer, A. 1998. The Archaeological Sites of Greefswald: Stratigraphy and Chronology of the Sites and a History of Investigations. University of Pretoria, Pretoria
13. Miller, D. 2001. Metal assemblages from the Greefswald areas: K2, Mapungubwe Southern Terrace, and Mapungubwe Hill. South African Archaeological Bulletin 56 (173/174), 83-103
14. Oddy, A. 1984. Gold in the southern African Iron Age: a technological investigation of the Mapungubwe and other finds. Gold Bulletin 17 (2), 70-78
15. Pearson, R. 1937. Gold from Mapungubwe. In: Fouché, L. (ed.), Mapungubwe, Ancient Bantu Civilization on the Limpopo. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 116-117
16. Reimer, P.J., Baillie, M.G.L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Bertrand, C.J.H., Blackwell, P.G., Back, C.E., Burr, G.S., Cutler, K.B., Damon, P.E., Edwards, R.L., Fairbanks, R.G., Freidrich, M., Guilderson, T.P., How, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Manning, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Reimer, R.W., Remmele, S., Southon, J.R., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F.W., van der Plicht, J. & Weyhenmeyer, C.E. 2004. IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 26-0 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46 (3), 1029-1058
17. South African Government Gazette 1997. No 30590 (10 October 1997)
18. South African Government Information 2007. http://www.info.gov.za/ aboutgovt/orders/mapungubwe.htm
19. Steyn, M. & Nienaber, W.C. 2000. Iron Age human skeletal remains from the Limpopo Valley and Soutpansberg area. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 8, 112-116
20. Steyn, M. 2007. The Mapungubwe gold burials revisited. South African Archaeological Bulletin 62 (186), 140-146
21. Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Barde, E., Beck, J.W., Burr, G.S., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., van der Plicht, J. & Spurk, M. 1998. INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP. Radiocarbon 40 (3), 1041-1083
22. Summers, R. 1969. Ancient Mining in Rhodesia and Adjacent Areas. Museum Memoir No. 3. National Museums of Rhodesia, Salisbury
23. 14C dates. Radiocarbon 35 (2), 317-322
24. th session 27COM8C.30.2003
25. Vogel, J.C. 1998. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age on Greefswald. In: Meyer, A., The Archaeological Sites of Greefswald: Stratigraphy and Chronology of the Sites and a History of Investigations. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, pp. 296-297
26. Vogel, J.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dating of the Iron Age sequence in the Limpopo Valley. In: Leslie, M. & Maggs, T. (eds.), African Naissance: The Limpopo Valley 1000 Years Ago. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 8, 51-57
27. Weber, M. 1937. Notes on some ancient gold ornaments. In: Fouché, L. (ed.), Mapungubwe, Ancient Bantu Civilization on the Limpopo. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 114-116