Plasma cell leukemia: A highly aggressive monoclonal gammopathy with a very poor prognosis

International Journal of Hematology

Volumn 89, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 259-268

  Jimenez Zepeda, Victor H ^a   Dominguez Martinez, Virginia J ^b  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS MÉDICAS Y NUTRICIÓN SALVADOR ZUBIRÁN   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Bone marrow transplant and prognosis; Multiple myeloma; Plasma cell leukemia

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTEIN C; ALKYLATING AGENT; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BORTEZOMIB; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; LENALIDOMIDE; MELPHALAN; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PREDNISONE; PROTEIN P53; THALIDOMIDE; VINCRISTINE; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ACTIVATED PROTEIN C RESISTANCE; ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BLOOD TOXICITY; BONE DISEASE; CHROMOSOME 1; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG MEGADOSE; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; KARYOTYPE; MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMA CELL LEUKEMIA; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VOMITING; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PARAPROTEINEMIA; PATHOLOGY; PROTEIN TRANSPORT;

CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, PLASMA CELL; PARAPROTEINEMIAS; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53;

EID: 67649208583     PISSN: 09255710     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12185-009-0288-3     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. MA Dimopoulos A Palumbo KB Delasalle 1994 Primary plasma cell leukaemia Br J Haematol 88 754 759 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05114.x
2. International Myeloma Working Group. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:749-57. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04355.x. (Pubitemid 36718191)
3. ZJ Cai 1990 Primary plasma cell leukemia-a comprehensive analysis of 44 cases Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 12 314 317
4. RK Woodruff JS Malpas AM Paxton 1978 Plasma cell leukemia (PCL): a report on 15 patients Blood 52 839 845
5. MA Kosmo RP Gale 1987 Plasma cell leukemia Semin Hematol 24 202 208
6. MH Hasmoni FA Wahid CS Keng 2009 Primary plasma cell leukemia presented as progressive paraplegia: a case report South Med J 102 1 101 103
7. R Costello D Sainty R Bouabdallah 2001 Primary plasma cell leukaemia: a report of 18 cases Leuk Res 25 103 107 10.1016/S0145-2126(00)00102-8 (Pubitemid 32143702)
8. R Garcia-Sanz A Orfao M Gonzalez MD Tabernero J Blade MJ Moro 1999 Primary plasma cell leukemia: clinical, immunophenotypic, DNA ploidy, and cytogenetic characteristics Blood 93 1032 1037
9. RA Kyle JE Maldonado ED Bayrd 1974 Plasma cell leukemia. Report on 17 cases Arch Int Med 133 813 10.1001/archinte.133.5.813
10. Baim BJ. Blood cells: a practical guide. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1995.
11. M Colović G Janković N Suvajdzić N Milić V Dordević S Janković 2008 Thirty patients with primary plasma cell leukemia: a single center experience Med Oncol 25 2 154 160 10.1007/s12032-007- 9011-5
12. S Wohrer J Ackermann C Baldia 2004 Effective treatment of primary plasma cell leukaemia with thalidomide and dexamethasone-a case report Hematol J 5 4 361 363 10.1038/sj.thj.6200375 (Pubitemid 39214215)
13. D Jain T Singh L Akhila N Ghosh 2008 Primary plasma cell leukemia in a 30-year-old woman Indian J Pathol Microbiol 51 3 456 457
14. M Urashima G Teoh A Ogata 1997 Characterization of p16 (INK4A) expression in multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukaemia Clin Cancer Res 3 2173 2179
15. J Blade RA Kyle 1999 Nonsecretory myeloma, immunoglobulin D myeloma and plasma cell leukaemia Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 13 1229 1279 10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70125-8
16. M Bjorkholm E Osby 1995 Fludarabine and plasma cell leukemia Eur J Haematol 54 334 335
17. JF San Miguel R García-Sanz M González 1991 Immunophenotype heterogeneity of multiple myeloma: influence on the biology and clinical course of the disease Br J Haematol 77 185 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1991.tb07975.x
18. JF San Miguel M González A Gascón MJ Moro JM Hernández F Ortega R Jiménez L Guerras M Romero F Casanova MA Sanz J Sánchez JA Portero A Orfão 1991 Lymphoid subsets and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma Br J Haematol 80 305 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992. tb08137.x
19. M González JF San Miguel A Gascón MJ Moro JM Hernández F Ortega R Jiménez L Guerras M Romero F Casanova MA Sanz JA Portero A Orfão 1992 Increased expression of natural killer-associated and activated antigens in multiple myeloma Am J Hematol 39 84 10.1002/ajh.2830390203
20. R García-Sanz A Orfão M González MJ Moro JM Hernández A Bŕez D Borrego M Carnero E Casanova R Jimenez JA Portero JF San Miguel 1996 Analysis of natural killer-associated antigens in peripheral blood and bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients and prognostic implications Br J Haematol 93 81 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1996.4651006.x (Pubitemid 26130718)
21. A Orfão R García-Sanz MC López-Berges MB Vidriales M González MD Caballero JF San Miguel 1994 A new method for the analysis of plasma cell DNA content in multiple myeloma samples using a CD38/propidium iodide double staining technique Cytometry 17 332 10.1002/cyto.990170409 (Pubitemid 24372417)
22. M Ocqueteau A Orfão J Almeida J Bladé M González R García-Sanz MC Berges MJ Moro J Hernández L Escribano MD Caballero M Rozman JF San Miguel 1998 Immunophenotype of plasma cells from "monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance" (MGUS) patients Am J Pathol 152 1655
23. R Fonseca E Blood M Rue D Harrington MM Oken RA Kyle 2003 Clinical and biologic implications of recurrent genomic aberrations in myeloma Blood 101 4569 4575 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3017 (Pubitemid 36857829)
24. H Avet-Loiseau A Daviet C Brigaudeau E Callet-Bauchu C Terre M Lafage-Pochitaloff 2001 Cytogenetic, interphase, and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses in primary plasma cell leukemia: a study of 40 patients at diagnosis, on behalf of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome and the Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique Blood 97 822 825 10.1182/blood.V97.3.822 (Pubitemid 32113422)
25. RE Tiedemann N Gonzalez-Paz RA Kyle R Santana-Davila T Price-Troska SA Van Wier 2008 Genetic aberrations and survival in plasma cell leukemia Leukemia 22 1044 1052 10.1038/leu.2008.4 (Pubitemid 351689887)
26. H Chang S Sloan D Li B Patterson 2005 Genomic aberrations in plasma cell leukemia shown by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization Cancer Genet Cytogenet 156 150 153 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.05.004 (Pubitemid 40092353)
27. U Jehn 2002 Diagnostik und therapie der plasmazell-leukamie Tumordiagn Ther 23 135 136 10.1055/s-2002-33857
28. Taniwaki M, Nishida K, Ueda et al. Non random chromosomal rearrangements and their implications in clinical features and outcome in multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukaemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 1996;21:25-30. doi: 10.3109/ 10428199609067575.
29. J Blade RA Kyle 1999 Nonsecretory myeloma, immunoglobulin D myeloma and plasma cell leukaemia Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 13 1229 1279 10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70125-8
30. E Lloveras 2004 Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies in 60 patients with multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukaemia Cancer Genet Cytogenet 148 1 71 76 10.1016/S0165-4608(03)00233-4 (Pubitemid 38018883)
31. B Schultheis A Kramer A Willer U Hegenbart H Goldschmidt R Hehlmann 1999 Analysis of p73 and p53 gene deletions in multiple myeloma Leukemia 13 2099 2103 10.1038/sj/leu/2401609
32. MA Gertz MQ Lacy A Dispenzieri PR Greipp MR Litzow KJ Henderson 2005 Clinical implications of t(11;14)(q13;q32), t(4;14)(p16.3;q32), and -17p13 in myeloma patients treated with high-dose therapy Blood 106 2837 2840 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1411 (Pubitemid 41510761)
33. WJ Chng T Price-Troska N Gonzalez-Paz S Van Wier S Jacobus E Blood 2007 Clinical significance of TP53 mutation in myeloma Leukemia 21 582 584 10.1038/sj.leu.2404524 (Pubitemid 46306580)
34. FJ Stott S Bates MC James BB McConnell M Starborg S Brookes 1998 The alternative product from the human CDKN2A locus, p14(ARF), participates in a regulatory feedback loop with p53 and MDM2 EMBO J 17 5001 5014 10.1093/emboj/17.17.5001 (Pubitemid 28408466)
35. B Eymin S Gazzeri C Brambilla E Brambilla 2002 Mdm2 overexpression and p14(ARF) inactivation are two mutually exclusive events in primary human lung tumors Oncogene 21 2750 2761 10.1038/sj.onc.1205359 (Pubitemid 34478333)
36. M Esteller C Cordon-Cardo PG Corn SJ Meltzer KS Pohar DN Watkins 2001 p14ARF silencing by promoter hypermethylation mediates abnormal intracellular localization of MDM2 Cancer Res 61 2816 2821
37. F Magdinier AP Wolffe 2001 Selective association of the methyl-CpG binding protein MBD2 with the silent p14/p16 locus in human neoplasia Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 4990 4995 10.1073/pnas.101617298 (Pubitemid 32397070)
38. I Hanamura JP Stewart Y Huang F Zhan M Santra JR Sawyer 2006 Frequent gain of chromosome band 1q21 in plasma-cell dyscrasias detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization: incidence increases from MGUS to relapsed myeloma and is related to prognosis and disease progression following tandem stem-cell transplantation Blood 108 1724 1732 10.1182/blood-2006-03-009910 (Pubitemid 44316143)
39. R Fonseca SA Van Wier WJ Chng R Ketterling MQ Lacy A Dispenzieri 2006 Prognostic value of chromosome 1q21 gain by fluorescent in situ hybridization and increase CKS1B expression in myeloma Leukemia 20 2034 2040 10.1038/sj.leu.2404403 (Pubitemid 44614894)
40. H Chang X Qi Y Trieu W Xu JC Reader Y Ning 2006 Multiple myeloma patients with CKS1B gene amplification have a shorter progression-free survival post-autologous stem cell transplantation Br J Haematol 135 486 491 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06325.x (Pubitemid 44583412)
41. H Chang Y Ning X Qi J Yeung W Xu 2007 Chromosome 1p21 deletion is a novel prognostic marker in patients with multiple myeloma Br J Haematol 139 51 54 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06750.x (Pubitemid 47389925)
42. JD Shaughnessy Jr F Zhan BE Burington Y Huang S Colla I Hanamura 2007 A validated gene expression model of high-risk multiple myeloma is defined by deregulated expression of genes mapping to chromosome 1 Blood 109 2276 2284 10.1182/blood-2006-07-038430 (Pubitemid 46425864)
43. H Avet-Loiseau M Attal P Moreau C Charbonnel F Garban C Hulin 2007 Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome Blood 109 3489 3495 10.1182/blood-2006-08- 040410 (Pubitemid 46572539)
44. R Fonseca B Barlogie R Bataille C Bastard PL Bergsagel M Chesi 2004 Genetics and cytogenetics of multiple myeloma: a workshop report Cancer Res 64 1546 1558 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2876 (Pubitemid 38235629)
45. H Chang XY Qi S Samiee QL Yi C Chen S Trudel 2005 Genetic risk identifies multiple myeloma patients who do not benefit from autologous stem cell transplantation Bone Marrow Transplant 36 793 796 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705131 (Pubitemid 41613302)
46. H Chang X Qi J Yeung D Reece W Xu B Patterson 2009 Genetic aberrations including chromosome 1 abnormalities and clinical features of plasma cell leukemia Leuk Res 33 2 259 262 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.06.027
47. HG Ahuja A Foti M Bar-Eli MJ Cline 1990 The pattern of mutational involvement of RAS genes in human hematologic malignancies determined by DNA amplification and direct sequencing Blood 75 1684 1690
48. S Bezieau MC Devilder H Avet-Loiseau MP Mellerin D Puthier E Pennarun 2001 High incidence of N and K-Ras activating mutations in multiple myeloma and primary plasma cell leukemia at diagnosis Hum Mutat 18 212 224 10.1002/humu.1177 (Pubitemid 32807900)
49. MM Ortega RM Faria ES Shitara AM Assis DM Albuquerque JS Oliveira 2006 N-RAS and K-RAS gene mutations in Brazilian patients with multiple myeloma Leuk Lymphoma 47 285 289 10.1080/10428190500300969 (Pubitemid 43084568)
50. DC Liang LY Shih JF Fu HY Li HI Wang IJ Hung 2006 K-Ras mutations and N-Ras mutations in childhood acute leukemias with or without mixed-lineage leukemia gene rearrangements Cancer 106 950 956 10.1002/cncr.21687 (Pubitemid 43238464)
51. SR Hayman R Fonseca 2001 Plasma cell leukemia Curr Treat Options Oncol 2 3 205 216
52. M Zangari E Siegel B Barlogie E Anaissie F Saghafifar A Fassas 2002 Thrombogenic activity of doxorubicin in myeloma patients receiving thalidomide: implications for therapy Blood 100 1168 1171 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0335 (Pubitemid 34864267)
53. G Srkalovic MG Cameron L Rybicki SR Deitcher K Kattke-Marchant MA Hussein 2004 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma are associated with an increased incidence of venothromboembolic disease Cancer 101 558 566 10.1002/cncr.20405 (Pubitemid 38970607)
54. VH Jiménez VJ Domínguez E Reynoso 2006 Thalidomide plus dexamethasone for untreated newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients and deep vein thrombosis Blood 108 5093 ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts
55. M Zangari F Saghafifar E Anaissie 2002 Acquired activated protein C resistance in the absence of Factor V Leiden mutation is a common finding in multiple myeloma and is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic complications Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 13 187 192 10.1097/00001721-200204000- 00003 (Pubitemid 35001883)
56. VH Jiménez-Zepeda VJ Domínguez-Martínez 2006 Acquired activated protein C resistance and thrombosis in multiple myeloma patients Thromb J 4 11 10.1186/1477-9560-4-11 (Pubitemid 44390473)
57. MA Kosmo RP Gale 1988 Plasma cell leukemia with IgA paraproteinemia and hyperviscosity Am J Hematol 28 2 113 115 10.1002/ajh.2830280210 (Pubitemid 18190807)
58. RS Raj S Najeeb R Aruna 2003 Primary plasma cell leukaemia occurring in the young Indian J Cancer 40 3 116 117
59. MR Johnson D Del Carpio-Jayo P Lin S Giralt P Anderlini RE Champlin IF Khouri S Vadhan-Raj LJ Medeiros CE Bueso-Ramos 2006 Primary plasma cell leukemia: morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic features of 4 cases treated with chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation Ann Diagn Pathol 10 5 263 268 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2005.12.011 (Pubitemid 44345269)
60. RK Woodruff JS Malpas AM Paxton TA Lister 1978 Plasma cell leukemia (PCL): a report on 15 patients Blood 52 4 839 845
61. VH Jiménez-Zepeda VJ Domínguez 2006 Plasma cell leukemia: a rare condition Ann Hematol 85 4 263 267 10.1007/s00277-005-0054-4 (Pubitemid 43298673)
62. M Perez-Andres J Almeida M Martin-Ayuso 2005 Clonal plasma cells from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia show different expression profiles of molecules involved in the interaction with the immunological bone marrow microenvironment Leukemia 19 449 455 10.1038/sj.leu.2403647 (Pubitemid 40403324)
63. S Ataergin F Arpaci A Kaya T Cetin O Gunhan 2006 VAD combination chemotherapy followed by bortezomib may be an effective treatment in secondary plasma cell leukemia Am J Hematol 81 12 987 988 10.1002/ajh.20672 (Pubitemid 44864465)
64. S Jagannath 2007 Current standards for first-line therapy of multiple myeloma Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 7 Suppl 5 S207 S214 10.3816/CLM.2007.s.024
65. VH Jimenez-Zepeda VJ Domínguez-Martínez 2006 Vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone or thalidomide plus dexamethasone for newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma? Eur J Haematol 77 3 239 244 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00701.x (Pubitemid 44181387)
66. MA Dimopoulos E Kastritis 2006 Is there still place for VAD as primary treatment for patients with multiple myeloma who are candidates for high-dose therapy? Leuk Lymphoma 47 11 2271 2272 10.1080/10428190600908620 (Pubitemid 44768416)
67. P Musto MM Greco A Falcone M Carotenuto 1991 Treatment of plasma cell leukaemia and resistant/relapsed multiple myeloma with vincristine, mitoxantrone and dexamethasone (VMD protocol) Br J Haematol 79 655 656 10.1111/j.1365-2141. 1991.tb08101.x
68. J Vela-Ojeda MA García-Ruiz Esparza A Rosas-Cabral Y Padilla-González J García-Chávez F Tripp-Villanueva E Sánchez-Cortés M Ayala-Sánchez LD García-León L Montiel-Cervantes ME Rubio-Borja 2002 Intermediate doses of melphalan and dexamethasone are better than vincristine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone (VAD) and polychemotherapy for the treatment of primary plasma cell leukemia Ann Hematol 81 7 362 367 10.1007/s00277-002-0480-5 (Pubitemid 36067640)
69. E Terpos E Kastritis M Roussou D Heath D Christoulas N Anagnostopoulos E Eleftherakis-Papaiakovou K Tsionos P Croucher MA Dimopoulos 2008 The combination of bortezomib, melphalan, dexamethasone and intermittent thalidomide is an effective regimen for relapsed/refractory myeloma and is associated with improvement of abnormal bone metabolism and angiogenesis Leukemia 22 12 2292 10.1038/leu.2008.288
70. TC Morris PJ Kettle M Drake FC Jones DR Hull K Boyd A Morrison P Clarke P O'Reilly J Quinn 2008 Clarithromycin with low dose dexamethasone and thalidomide is effective therapy in relapsed/refractory myeloma Br J Haematol 143 3 349 354 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07360.x
71. W Pönisch M Rozanski H Goldschmidt FA Hoffmann T Boldt A Schwarzer U Ritter R Rohrberg E Schwalbe J Uhlig T Zehrfeld V Schirmer A Haas U Kreibich D Niederwieser East German Study Group of Haematology, Oncology (OSHO) 2008 Combined bendamustine, prednisolone and thalidomide for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma after autologous stem-cell transplantation or conventional chemotherapy: results of a Phase I clinical trial Br J Haematol 143 2 191 200 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07076.x
72. MT Cibeira L Rosiñol L Ramiro J Esteve M Torrebadell J Bladé 2006 Long-term results of thalidomide in refractory and relapsed multiple myeloma with emphasis on response duration Eur J Haematol 77 6 486 492 10.1111/j.0902-4441.2006.t01-1-EJH2783.x (Pubitemid 44690794)
73. RE Johnston SH Abdalla 2002 Thalidomide in low doses is effective for the treatment of resistant or relapsed multiple myeloma and for plasma cell leukaemia Leuk Lymphoma 43 2 351 354 10.1080/10428190290006143 (Pubitemid 34202115)
74. P Brück S Mousset A Bühme D Hoelzer J Atta 2007 Nonsecretory primary plasma cell leukemia with good response to thalidomide-based treatment Int J Hematol 86 1 66 68 10.1532/IJH97.E0617 (Pubitemid 47204492)
75. S Wöhrer J Ackermann C Baldia S Seidl M Raderer I Simonitsch J Drach 2004 Effective treatment of primary plasma cell leukemia with thalidomide and dexamethasone-a case report Hematol J 5 4 361 363 10.1038/sj.thj.6200375 (Pubitemid 39214215)
76. MT Petrucci V Martini A Levi C Gallucci G Palumbo P Del Bianco C Torromeo R Foà 2007 Thalidomide does not modify the prognosis of plasma cell leukemia patients: experience of a single center Leuk Lymphoma 48 1 180 182 10.1080/10428190601007570 (Pubitemid 46978639)
77. F Bauduer 2002 Efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of VAD-refractory plasma cell leukaemia appearing after autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma Br J Haematol 117 4 996 997 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03537-4.x (Pubitemid 34639270)
78. KC Anderson 2005 Lenalidomide and thalidomide: mechanisms of action-similarities and differences Semin Hematol 42 S3 S8 10.1053/j. seminhematol.2005.10.001 (Pubitemid 41774591)
79. MA Dimopoulos E Kastritis SV Rajkumar 2008 Treatment of plasma cell dyscrasias with lenalidomide Leukemia 22 7 1343 1353 10.1038/leu.2008.123
80. PG Richardson RL Schlossman E Weller T Hideshima C Mitsiades F Davies 2002 Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma Blood 100 3063 3067 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0996 (Pubitemid 35217050)
81. A List G Dewald J Bennett A Giagounidis A Raza E Feldman 2006 Lenalidomide in the myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion N Engl J Med 355 1456 1465 10.1056/NEJMoa061292 (Pubitemid 44511560)
82. M Dimopoulos A Spencer M Attal HM Prince JL Harousseau A Dmoszynska 2007 Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma N Engl J Med 357 2123 2132 10.1056/NEJMoa070594 (Pubitemid 350146107)
83. DM Weber C Chen R Niesvizky M Wang A Belch EA Stadtmauer 2007 Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America N Engl J Med 357 2133 2142 10.1056/NEJMoa070596 (Pubitemid 350146108)
84. DM Benson Jr MK Smith 2007 Effectiveness of lenalidomide (Revlimid) for the treatment of plasma cell leukemia Leuk Lymphoma 48 7 1423 1425 10.1080/10428190701361851 (Pubitemid 47079374)
85. I Breitkreutz KC Anderson 2008 Thalidomide in multiple myeloma-clinical trials and aspects of drug metabolism and toxicity Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 4 7 973 985 10.1517/17425255.4.7.973
86. P Richardson RI Schlossman E Weller T Hideshima C Mitsiades F Davies 2002 Immunomodulatory derivative of thalidomide CC5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma Blood 100 3063 3067 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0996 (Pubitemid 35217050)
87. G Muller R Chen SY Huang LG Corral LM Wong RT Patterson 1999 Amino-substituted thalidomide analogs: potent inhibitors of TNF-production Bioorg Med Chem Lett 9 1625 1630 10.1016/S0960-894X(99)00250-4 (Pubitemid 29274209)
88. N Mitsiades CS Mitsiades V Poulaki D Chauhan PG Richardson T Hideshima 2002 Apoptotic signaling induced by immunomodulatory thalidomide analogs in human multiple myeloma cells: therapeutic implications Blood 99 4525 4530 10.1182/blood.V99.12.4525 (Pubitemid 34627223)
89. W Bensinger 2008 Stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma in the era of novel drugs J Clin Oncol 26 480 492 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.6863 (Pubitemid 351171703)
90. SJ Kim J Kim Y Cho BK Seo BS Kim 2007 Combination chemotherapy with bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone may be effective for plasma cell leukemia Jpn J Clin Oncol 37 382 384 10.1093/jjco/hym037 (Pubitemid 47248958)
91. E Katodritou E Verrou V Gastari C Hadjiaggelidou E Terpos K Zervas 2008 Response of primary plasma cell leukemia to the combination of bortezomib and dexamethasone: do specific cytogenetic and immunophenotypic characteristics influence treatment outcome? Leuk Res 32 1153 1156 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.11.010
92. P Musto F Rossini F Gay V Pitini T Guglielmelli G D'Arena 2007 Efficacy and safety of bortezomib in patients with plasma cell leukemia Cancer 109 2285 2290 10.1002/cncr.22700 (Pubitemid 46801559)
93. P Bertheau E Turpin DS Rickman M Espie A de Reynies JP Feugeas 2007 Exquisite sensitivity of TP53 mutant and basal breast cancers to a dose-dense epirubicin-cyclophosphamide regimen PLoS Med 4 90 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040090 (Pubitemid 46495326)
94. HE Oakervee R Popat N Curry P Smith C Morris M Drake 2005 PAD combination therapy (PS-341/bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone) for previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma Br J Haematol 129 755 762 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05519.x (Pubitemid 40904525)
95. C Al-Nawakil J Tamburini V Bardet N Chapuis E Bourry C Roux S Park S Choquet F Dreyfus D Bouscary 2008 Bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone association is an effective option for plasma cell leukemia induction therapy Leuk Lymphoma 49 10 2012 2014 10.1080/10428190802290660
96. CB Reeder DE Reece R Fonseca PL Bergsagel J Hentz 2007 A phase II trial of myeloma induction therapy with cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (Cybor-D): improved response over historical lenalidomide- dexamethasone controls Blood 110 3601 10.1182/blood-2007-04-086827 ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (Pubitemid 350159627)
97. S Saccaro R Fonseca DM Veillon J Cotelingam ML Nordberg C Bredeson J Glass R Munker 2005 Primary plasma cell leukemia: report of 17 new cases treated with autologous or allogeneic stem-cell transplantation and review of the literature Am J Hematol 78 4 288 294 10.1002/ajh.20272 (Pubitemid 40471121)
98. A Nonami T Miyamoto M Kuroiwa Y Kunisaki K Kamezaki K Takenaka N Harada T Teshima M Harada K Nagafuji 2007 Successful treatment of primary plasma cell leukaemia by allogeneic stem cell transplantation from haploidentical sibling Jpn J Clin Oncol 37 12 969 972 10.1093/jjco/hym130 (Pubitemid 351176490)
99. M Mohty JM Boiron G Damaj AS Michallet JO Bay C Faucher 2004 Graft-versus-myeloma effect following antithymocyte globulin-based reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation Bone Marrow Transplant 34 77 84 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704531 (Pubitemid 39022961)
100. MQ Lacy A Dispenzieri MA Gertz PR Greipp KL Gollbach SR Hayman S Kumar JA Lust SV Rajkumar SJ Russell TE Witzig SR Zeldenrust D Dingli PL Bergsagel R Fonseca CB Reeder AK Stewart V Roy RJ Dalton AB Carr D Kademani EE Keller CF Viozzi RA Kyle 2006 Mayo clinic consensus statement for the use of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma Mayo Clin Proc 81 8 1047 1053 10.4065/81.8.1047
101. JR Berenson BE Hillner RA Kyle K Anderson A Lipton GC Yee JS Biermann American Society of Clinical Oncology Bisphosphonates Expert Panel 2002 American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines: the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma J Clin Oncol 20 17 3719 3736
102. CM Shipman 1998 Anti-tumour activity of bisphosphonates in human myeloma cells Leuk Lymphoma 32 129 138