Cervical spinal cord injury without bony injury: A multicenter retrospective study of emergency and critical care centers in Japan

Journal of Trauma - Injury, Infection and Critical Care

Volumn 65, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 373-379

  Kato, Hiroshi ^a   Kimura, Akio ^b   Sasaki, Ryo ^b   Kaneko, Naoyuki ^c   Takeda, Munekazu ^d   Hagiwara, Akiyoshi ^d   Ogura, Shinji ^e   Mizoguchi, Takashi ^e   Matsuoka, Tetsuya ^f   Ono, Hidehumi ^f   Matsuura, Kenji ^g   Matsushima, Kazuhide ^g   Kushimoto, Shigeki ^h   Fuse, Akira ^h   Nakatani, Toshio ⁱ   Iwase, Masaaki ⁱ   Fudoji, Junmei ^f   Kasai, Takeshi ^f  

^a NATIONAL HOSPITAL ORGANIZATION DISASTER MEDICAL CENTER   (Japan)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR GLOBAL HEALTH AND MEDICINE   (Japan)

^c TOKYO WOMEN'S MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d Tokyo Women's Medical University   (Japan)

^e GIFU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^f Department of Surgery ^*

^g Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital   (Japan)

^h NIPPON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Japan)

ⁱ KANSAI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cervical cord injury; Cervical radiographic findings; Mechanism of injury; No bony injury

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLUNT TRAUMA; BONE INJURY; CERVICAL SPINAL CORD INJURY; CERVICAL SPINE RADIOGRAPHY; CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS; EMERGENCY CARE; FALLING; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; GROUPS BY AGE; HEAD INJURY; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INJURY SCALE; INTENSIVE CARE; JAPAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSSIFICATION; POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; VERTEBRAL CANAL STENOSIS; AGE DISTRIBUTION; CERVICAL SPINE; CLINICAL TRIAL; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPONDYLOSIS; STATISTICS;

ACCIDENTAL FALLS; ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMANS; INJURY SEVERITY SCORE; JAPAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL OSTEOPHYTOSIS; SPINAL STENOSIS;

EID: 67649202519     PISSN: 00225282     EISSN: 15298809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31817db11d     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Reid DC, Henderson R, Saboe L, Miller JD. Etiology and clinical course of missed spine fractures. J Trauma. 1987;27:980 -986.
2. Davis JW, Phreaner DL, Hoyt DB, Mackersie RC. The etiology of missed cervical spine injuries. J Trauma. 1993;34:342-346.
3. Levi AD, Hurlbert RJ, Anderson P, et al. Neurologic deterioration secondary to unrecognized spinal instability following trauma a multicenter study. Spine. 2006;31:451- 458.
4. Patel RV, DeLong W Jr, Vresilovic EJ. Evaluation and treatment of spinal injuries in the patient with polytrauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;422:43-54.
5. Bicknell JM, Fielder K. Unrecognized incomplete cervical spinal cord injury: review of nine new and 28 previously reported cases. Am J Emerg Med. 1992;10:336 -343.
6. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Todd KH, Zucker MI. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343:94 -99.
7. Holmes JF, Akkinepalli R. Computed tomography versus plain radiography to screen for cervical spine injury: a meta-analysis. J Trauma. 2005;58:902-905.
8. Antevil JL, Sise MJ, Sack DI, Kidder B, Hopper A, Brown CV. Spiral computed tomography for the initial evaluation of spine trauma: a new standard of care? J Trauma. 2006;61:382-387.
9. Mathen R, Inaba K, Munera F, et al. Prospective evaluation of multislice computed tomography versus plain radiographic cervical spine clearance in trauma patients. J Trauma. 2007;62:1427-1431.
10. Ghanta MK, Smith LM, Polin RS, Marr AB, Spires WV. An analysis of eastern association for the surgery of trauma practice guidelines for cervical spine evaluation in a series of patients with multiple imaging techniques. Am Surg. 2002;68:563-567; discussion 567-568.
11. Stassen NA, Williams VA, Gestring ML, Cheng JD, Bankey PE. Magnetic resonance imaging in combination with helical computed tomography provides a safe and efficient method of cervical spine clearance in the obtunded trauma patient. J Trauma. 2006;60:171-177.
12. Sarani B, Waring S, Sonnad S, Schwab CW. Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of the cervical spine of injured patients. J Trauma. 2007;63:637- 640.
13. Jackson AB, Dijkers M, Devivo MJ, Poczatek RB. A demographic profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries: change and stability over 30 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:1740 -1748.
14. Pickett GE, Campos-Benitez M, Keller JL, Duggal N. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada. Spine. 2006;31:799-805.
15. O'Connor PJ. Trends in spinal cord injury. Accid Anal Prev. 2006; 38:71-77.
16. Wyndaele M, Wyndaele JJ. Incidence, prevalence and epidemiology of spinal cord injury: what learns a worldwide literature survey? Spinal Cord. 2006;44:523-529.
17. Spinal cord injury information network. Spinal cord injury: facts and figures at a glance. June, 2006. Available at: www.spinalcord.uab.edu. Accessed December 13, 2007.
18. Shingu H, Ohama M, Ikata T, Katoh S, Akatsu T. A nationwide epidemiological survey of spinal cord injuries in Japan from January 1990 to December 1992. Paraplegia. 1995;33:183-188.
19. Shingu H. Epidemiology of spinal cord injury in Japan from 1990 to 1992 [in Japanese]. J Jpn Med Soc Paraplegia. 1995;8:26 -27.
20. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Population Projections for Japan: 2006-2055 (With Long-Range Population Projections: 2056-2105). Tokyo, PA: Health and Welfare Statistics Association; 2006 [in Japanese].
21. Ehara S, Shimamura T. Cervical spine injury in the elderly: imaging features. Skeletal Radiol. 2000;30:1-7.
22. Kato H, Kimura A, Sasaki R, et al. Cervical spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in Japan: a retrospective multicenter study [in Japanese]. J Jpn Assoc Surg Trauma. 2006; 20:333-340.
23. Matsumoto T. Assessment of severity and urgency. In: Japan Prehospital Trauma Evaluation and Care Association, ed. Guidelines of Japan Prehospital Trauma Evaluation and Care. Tokyo, The Planet: 2004:186-191 [in Japanese].
24. Regenbogen VS, Rogers LF, Atlas SW, Kim KS. Cervical spinal cord injuries in patients with cervical spondylosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986;146:277-284.
25. Weingarden SI, Graham PM. Falls resulting in spinal cord injury: patterns and outcomes in an older population. Paraplegia. 1989; 27:423- 427.
26. Davis SJ, Teresi LM, Bradley WG Jr, Ziemba MA, Bloze AE. Cervical spine hyperextension injuries: MRI findings. Radiology. 1991;180:245-251.
27. Maynard FM, Reynolds GG, Fountain S, Wilmot C, Hamilton R. Neurological prognosis after traumatic quadriplegia. Three-year experience of California regional spinal cord injury care system. J Neurosurg. 1979;50:611- 616.
28. Demetriades D, Charalambides K, Chahwan S, et al. Nonskeletal cervical spine injuries: epidemiology and diagnostic pitfalls. J Trauma. 2000;48:724 -727.
29. Hendey GW, Wolfson AB, Mower WR, Hoffman JR; National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality: results of the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study in blunt cervical trauma. J Trauma. 2002;53:1- 4.
30. Izawa K. Comparative roentgenographical study on the incidence of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and other degenerative changes of the cervical spine among Japanese, Koreans, Americans and Germans [in Japanese]. J Jpn Orthop Assoc. 1980;54:461-474.
31. Tator CH. Spinal cord syndromes with physiological and anatomic correlations. In: Menezes AH, Sonntag VKH, eds. Principles of Spinal Surgery. New York, PA: McGraw-Hill; 1996:785-799.
32. Hardy AG. Cervical spinal cord injury without bony injury. Paraplegia. 1977;14:296 -305.
33. Roth EJ, Lovell L, Heinemann AW, Lee MY, Yarkony GM. The older adult with a spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1992;30:520 -526.
34. Epstein N, Epstein JA, Benjamin V, Ransohoff J. Traumatic myelopathy in patients with cervical spinal stenosis without fracture or dislocation: methods of diagnosis, management, and prognosis. Spine. 1980;5:489-496.
35. Koyanagi I, Iwasaki Y, Hida K, Akino M, Imamura H, Abe H. Acute cervical cord injury without fracture or dislocation of the spinal column. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(1 Suppl):15-20.
36. Hagen EM, Aarli JA, Gronning M. The clinical significance of spinal cord injuries in patients older than 60 years of age. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;112:42- 47.
37. Hayashi K, Yone K, Ito H, Yanase M, Sakou T. MRI findings in patients with a cervical spinal cord injury who do not show radiographic evidence of a fracture or dislocation. Paraplegia. 1995;33:212-215.
38. Epstein NE. The surgical management of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 43 North Americans. Spine. 1994;19:664- 672.
39. Kothari P, Freeman B, Grevitt M, Kerslake R. Injury to the spinal cord without radiological abnormality (SCIWORA) in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82:1034 -1037.
40. Bernhardt M, Wong WB, Panjabi MM, et al. Mechanisms of injury in the cervical spine: basic concepts, biomechanical modeling, experimental evidence, and clinical applications. In: The Cervical Spine Research Society Editorial Committee, eds. The Cervical Spine, 4th ed, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005:79 -101.
41. Tator CH. Spine-spinal cord relationships in spinal cord trauma. Clin Neurosurg. 1983;30:479-494.
42. Te4wari MK, Gifti DS, Singh P, et al. Diagnosis and prognostication of adult spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality using magnetic resonance imaging: analysis of 40 patients. Surg Neurol. 2005;63:204 -209.
43. Gupta SK, Rajeev K, Khosla VK, et al. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in adults. Spinal Cord. 1999;37:726 -729.
44. Shimada K, Tokioka T. Sequential MRI studies in patients with cervical cord injury but without bony injury. Paraplegia. 1995; 33:573-578.