ACE (I/D) polymorphism and response to treatment in coronary artery disease: A comprehensive database and meta-analysis involving study quality evaluation

BMC Medical Genetics

Volumn 10, Issue , 2009, Pages

  Kitsios, Georgios ^a,b   Zintzaras, Elias ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

^b TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DNA POLYMORPHISM; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GENE DELETION; GENE INSERTION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HEART REHABILITATION; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HUMAN; INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; QUALITY CONTROL; RESTENOSIS; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; EVALUATION; GENETIC DATABASE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETICS; INDEL MUTATION; META ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR;

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DATABASES, GENETIC; INDEL MUTATION; PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 67649200567     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712350     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-50     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Arnett DK Baird AE Barkley RA Basson CT Boerwinkle E Ganesh SK Herrington DM Hong Y Jaquish C McDermott DA O'Donnell CJ American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group Relevance of genetics and genomics for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, the Stroke Council, and the Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group Circulation 2007, 115:2878-2901 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.183679 17515457
2. Zintzaras E Kitsios G Identification of chromosomal regions linked to premature myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis of whole-genome searches J Hum Genet 2006, 51:1015-1021 10.1007/s10038-006-0053-x 17024316
3. Damani SB Topol EJ Future use of genomics in coronary artery disease J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:1933-1940 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.062 17996556
4. Unal B Critchley JA Capewell S Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000 Circulation 2004, 109:1101-1107 10.1161/01.CIR.0000118498.35499.B2 14993137
5. Johnson JA Cavallari LH Cardiovascular pharmacogenomics Exp Physiol 2005, 90:283-289 10.1113/expphysiol.2004.028506 15778411
6. Zintzaras E Raman G Kitsios G Lau J Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphic variant as a marker of coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis Arch Intern Med 2008, 168:1077-1089 10.1001/archinte.168.10.1077 18504336
7. Bonnici F Keavney B Collins R Danesh J Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion or deletion polymorphism and coronary restenosis: meta-analysis of 16 studies BMJ 2002, 325:517-520 121331 12217990 10.1136/bmj.325.7363.517
8. Agema WR Jukema JW Zwinderman AH Wall van der EE A meta-analysis of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary revascularization: Evidence for publication bias Am Heart J 2002, 144:760-768 12422143
9. Danser AH Schalekamp MA Bax WA Brink van den AM Saxena PR Riegger GA Schunkert H Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the human heart. Effect of the deletion/insertion polymorphism Circulation 1995, 92:1387-1388 7664416
10. Anderson JL Adams CD Antman EM Bridges CR Califf RM Casey DE Jr Chavey WE 2nd Fesmire FM Hochman JS Levin TN Lincoff AM Peterson ED Theroux P Wenger NK Wright RS Smith SC Jr Jacobs AK Adams CD Anderson JL Antman EM Halperin JL Hunt SA Krumholz HM Kushner FG Lytle BW Nishimura R Ornato JP Page RL Riegel B American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction); American College of Emergency Physicians; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Thoracic Surgeons; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; Society for Academic Emergency Medicine ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): Developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons: endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Circulation 2007, 116:e148-e304 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.737312 17679616
11. Antman EM Hand M Armstrong PW Bates ER Green LA Halasyamani LK Hochman JS Krumholz HM Lamas GA Mullany CJ Pearle DL Sloan MA Smith SC Jr 2004 Writing Committee Members Anbe DT Kushner FG Ornato JP Jacobs AK Adams CD Anderson JL Buller CE Creager MA Ettinger SM Halperin JL Hunt SA Lytle BW Nishimura R Page RL Riegel B Tarkington LG Yancy CW 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/ AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee Circulation 2008, 117:296-329 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188209 18071078
12. Fraker TD Jr Fihn SD Gibbons RJ Abrams J Chatterjee K Daley J Deedwania PC Douglas JS Ferguson TB Jr Fihn SD Fraker TD Jr Gardin JM O'Rourke RA Williams SV Smith SC Jr Jacobs AK Adams CD Anderson JL Buller CE Creager MA Ettinger SM Halperin JL Hunt SA Krumholz HM Kushner FG Lytle BW Nishimura R Page RL Riegel B Tarkington LG Yancy CW American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association; American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina Circulation 2007, 116:2762-2772 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187930 17998462
13. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts Graham I Atar D Borch-Johnsen K Boysen G Burell G Cifkova R Dallongeville J De Backer G Ebrahim S Gjelsvik B Herrmann-Lingen C Hoes A Humphries S Knapton M Perk J Priori SG Pyorala K Reiner Z Ruilope L Sans-Menendez S Scholte op Reimer W Weissberg P Wood D Yarnell J Zamorano JL Other experts who contributed to parts of the guidelines: Walma E Fitzgerald T Cooney MT Dudina A European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) Vahanian A Camm J De Caterina R Dean V Dickstein K Funck-Brentano C Filippatos G Hellemans I Kristensen SD McGregor K Sechtem U Silber S Tendera M Widimsky P Zamorano JL Hellemans I Altiner A Bonora E Durrington PN Fagard R Giampaoli S Hemingway H Hakansson J Kjeldsen SE Larsen ML Mancia G Manolis AJ Orth-Gomer K Pedersen T Rayner M Ryden L Sammut M Schneiderman N Stalenhoef AF Tokgözoglu L Wiklund O Zampelas A European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Executive summary Eur Heart J 2007, 28:2375-2414 10.1093/ eurheartj/ehm316 17726041
14. Zintzaras E Lau J Synthesis of genetic association studies for pertinent gene-disease associations requires appropriate methodological and statistical approaches J Clin Epidemiol 2008, 61:634-645 10.1016/ j.jclinepi.2007.12.011 18538260
15. Sterne JA Egger M Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis J Clin Epidemiol 2001, 54:1046-1055 10.1016/ S0895-4356(01)00377-8 11576817
16. Shanmugam V Sell KW Saha BK Mistyping ACE heterozygotes PCR Methods Appl 1993, 3:120-121 8268786
17. Volzke H Hertwig S Rettig R Motz W The angiotensinogen gene 235T variant is associated with an increased risk of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Clin Sci (Lond) 2000, 99:19-25 10887054
18. Yoshida M Iwai N Ohmichi N Izumi M Nakamura Y Kinoshita M D allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is a risk factor for secondary cardiac events after myocardial infarction Int J Cardiol 1999, 70:119-125 10.1016/S0167-5273(99)00064-9 10454299
19. Kasi JC Zhang Y Calvino R Vazquez-Rodriguez JM Castro-Beiras A Jeffery S Carter N Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and restenosis after coronary angioplasty in unstable angina pectoris Am J Cardiol 1996, 77:875-877 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89187-4 8623745
20. Kamitani A Rakugi H Higaki J Ohishi M Shi SJ Takami S Nakata Y Higashino Y Fujii K Mikami H Enhanced predictability of myocardial infarction in Japanese by combined genotype analysis Hypertension 1995, 25:950-953 7737732
21. Samani NJ O'Toole L Martin D Rai H Fletcher S Lodwick D Thompson JR Morice AH Channer K Woods KL Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and risk of and prognosis after myocardial infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 28:338-344 10.1016/ 0735-1097(96)00139-8 8800107
22. van Bockxmeer FM Mamotte CD Gibbons FA Burke V Taylor RR Angiotensin-converting enzyme and apolipoprotein E genotypes and restenosis after coronary angioplasty Circulation 1995, 92:2066-2071 7554183
23. Tsukada K Ishimitsu T Tsuchiya N Horinaka S Matsuoka H Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and cardiovascular endocrine system in coronary angiography patients Jpn Heart J 1997, 38:799 -810 9486933
24. Beohar N Damaraju S Prather A Yu QT Raizner A Kleiman NS Roberts R Marian AJ Angiotensin-I converting enzyme genotype DD is a risk factor for coronary artery disease J Investig Med 1995, 43:275-280 7614074
25. Zee RY Fernandez-Ortiz A Macaya C Pintor E Lindpaintner K Fernandez-Cruz A Ace D/I polymorphism and incidence of post-PTCA restenosis: A prospective, angiography-based evaluation Hypertension 2001, 37:851-855 11244007
26. Ohishi M Fujii K Minamino T Higaki J Kamitani A Rakugi H Zhao Y Mikami H Miki T Ogihara T A potent genetic risk factor for restenosis Nat Genet 1993, 5:324-325 10.1038/ng1293-324 8298638
27. Hertwig S Volzke H Robinson DM Motz W Rettig R Angiotensinogen M235T gene polymorphism and recurrent restenosis after repeated percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography Clin Sci (Lond) 2002, 103:101-106 12095411
28. Mulder HJ van Geel PP Schalij MJ van Gilst WH Zwinderman AH Bruschke AV DD ACE gene polymorphism is associated with increased coronary artery endothelial dysfunction: The PREFACE trial Heart 2003, 89:557-558 1767618 12695469 10.1136/heart.89.5.557
29. Wijpkema JS van Haelst PL Monraats PS Bruinenberg M Zwinderman AH Zijlstra F Steege van der G de Winter RJ Doevendans PA Waltenberger J Jukema JW Tio RA Restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with the angiotensin-II type-1 receptor 1166A/C polymorphism but not with polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin-II receptor, angiotensinogen or heme oxygenase-1 Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006, 16:331-337 10.1097/ 01.fpc.0000205001.07054.fa 16609364
30. Amant C Bauters C Bodart JC Lablanche JM Grollier G Danchin N Hamon M Richard F Helbecque N McFadden EP Amouyel P Bertrand ME D allele of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme is a major risk factor for restenosis after coronary stenting Circulation 1997, 96:56-60 9236417
31. Gomma AH Elrayess MA Knight CJ Hawe E Fox KM Humphries SE The endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Glu298Asp and -786T>C) gene polymorphisms are associated with coronary in-stent restenosis Eur Heart J 2002, 23:1955-1962 10.1053/euhj.2002.3400 12473258
32. Ryu SK Cho EY Park HY Im EK Jang YS Shin GJ Shim WH Cho SY Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) gene polymorphism as a risk factor of coronary in-stent restenosis Yonsei Med J 2002, 43:461-472 12205735
33. Ribichini F Ferrero V Matullo G Feola M Vado A Camilla T Guarrera S Carturan S Vassanelli C Uslenghi E Piazza A Association study of the I/D polymorphism and plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as risk factors for stent restenosis Clin Sci (Lond) 2004, 107:381-389 15101817
34. Taniguchi I Yamazaki T Wagatsuma K Kurusu T Shimazu Y Takikawa K Yoshikawa M Kageyama S Mochizuki S The DD genotype of angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and coronary stent restenosis in Japanese patients Jpn Circ J 2001, 65:897-900 10.1253/jcj.65.897 11665795
35. Koch W Kastrati A Mehilli J Bottiger C von BN Schomig A Insertion/ deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is not associated with restenosis after coronary stent placement Circulation 2000, 102:197-202 10889131
36. Gurlek A Gulec S Karabulut H Bokesoy I Tutar E Pamir G Alpman A Toydemir R Aras O Oral D Relation between the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene and restenosis after coronary stenting J Cardiovasc Risk 2000, 7:403-407 11155292
37. Hamon M Amant C Bauters C Richard F Helbecque N Passard F McFadden EP Lablanche JM Bertrand ME Amouyel P Dual determination of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-II type 1 receptor genotypes as predictors of restenosis after coronary angioplasty Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:79-81 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00852-7 9462611
38. Hamon M Amant C Bauters C Lablanche JM Bertrand M Amouyel P ACE polymorphism, a genetic predictor of occlusion after coronary angioplasty Am J Cardiol 1996, 78:679-681 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00395-5 8831406
39. Gross CM Perrot A Geier C Posch MG Hassfeld S Kramer J Schmidt S Derer W Dietz R Ozcelik C Recurrent in-stent restenosis is not associated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme D/I, angiotensinogen Thr174Met and Met235Thr, and the angiotensin-II receptor 1 A1166C polymorphism J Invasive Cardiol 2007, 19:261-264 17541127
40. Hamon M Fradin S Denizet A Filippi-Codaccioni E Grollier G Morello R Prospective evaluation of the effect of an angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphism on the long term risk of major adverse cardiac events after percutaneous coronary intervention Heart 2003, 89:321-325 1767595 12591842 10.1136/heart.89.3.321
41. Prisco D Fatini C Battaglini B Gensini F Fedi S Falai M Chioccioli M Gori AM Margheri M Gensini GF Angiotensin converting enzyme DD genotype affects the changes of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction patients Int J Clin Lab Res 2000, 30:179-185 10.1007/s005990070004 11289708
42. Ribichini F Wijns W Ferrero V Matullo G Camilla T Feola M Guarrera S Vado A Piazza A Uslenghi E Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on restenosis after coronary stenting Am J Cardiol 2003, 91:154-158 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)03101-6 12521626
43. Guneri S Baris N Aytekin D Akdeniz B Pekel N Bozdemir V The relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism, coronary artery disease, and stent restenosis: The role of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in stent restenosis in patients with diabetes mellitus Int Heart J 2005, 46:889-897 10.1536/ihj.46.889 16272779
44. Okamura A Ohishi M Rakugi H Katsuya T Yanagitani Y Takiuchi S Taniyama Y Moriguchi K Ito H Higashino Y Fujii K Higaki J Ogihara T Pharmacogenetic analysis of the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Angiology 1999, 50:811-822 10.1177/000331979905001005 10535720
45. Okumura K Sone T Kondo J Tsuboi H Mukawa H Tsuzuki M Imai H Kamiya H Mabuchi Y Matsui H Hayakawa T Quinapril prevents restenosis after coronary stenting in patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme D allele Circ J 2002, 66:311-316 10.1253/circj.66.311 11954942
46. Ferrari M Mudra H Grip L Voudris V Schachinger V de Jaegere P Rieber J Hausmann D Rothman M Koschyk DH Figulla HR OPTICUS ACE Substudy Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism does not influence the restenosis rate after coronary stent implantation Cardiology 2002, 97:29-36 10.1159/000047416 11893827
47. Koch W Mehilli J von BN Bottiger C Schomig A Kastrati A Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and restenosis after coronary artery stenting in patients with the DD genotype of the ACE gene J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41:1957-1961 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00406-6 12798565
48. Meurice T Bauters C Hermant X Codron V VanBelle E Mc Fadden EP Lablanche J Bertrand ME Amouyel P Effect of ACE inhibitors on angiographic restenosis after coronary stenting (PARIS): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet 2001, 357:1321-1324 10.1016/ S0140-6736(00)04518-9 11343737
49. Jorgensen E Kelbaek H Helqvist S Jensen GV Saunamaki K Kastrup J Havndrup O Bundgaard H Kyst Madsen J Christiansen M Andersen PS Reiber JH Predictors of coronary in-stent restenosis: Importance of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:1434-1439 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01580-7 11691520
50. Toyofyuku M Imazu M Sumii K Yamamoto H Hayashi Y Hiyama K Kohno N Influence of angiotensinogen M253T gene polymorphism and an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention Atherosclerosis 2002, 160:339-344 10.1016/ S0021-9150(01)00592-5 11849656
51. Haberbosch W Bohle RM Franke FE Danilov S henc-Gelas F Braun-Dullaeus R Hölschermann H Waas W Tillmanns H Gardemann A The expression of angiotensin-I converting enzyme in human atherosclerotic plaques is not related to the deletion/insertion polymorphism but to the risk of restenosis after coronary interventions Atherosclerosis 1997, 130:203-213 10.1016/S0021-9150(96)06058-3 9126666
52. Canosi U Angelica Merlini P Bernardi F Repetto A Bramucci E Ferrario M Angoli L Gnecchi M Ferraresi P Marchetti G Tavazzi L Ardissino D Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and risk of restenosis after directional coronary atherectomy followed by stent implantation Thromb Haemost 2004, 91:795-800 15045142
53. Dayi SU Tartan Z Terzi S Kasikcioglu H Uyarel H Orhan G Alper AT Ciloglu F Cam N Influence of angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism on long-term total graft occlusion after coronary artery bypass surgery Heart Surg Forum 2005, 8:E373-E377 10.1532/HSF98.20051113 16146835
54. Ortlepp JR Janssens U Bleckmann F Lauscher J Merkelbach-Bruse S Hanrath P Hoffmann R A chymase gene variant is associated with atherosclerosis in venous coronary artery bypass grafts Coron Artery Dis 2001, 12:493-497 10.1097/00019501-200109000-00008 11696688
55. Volzke H Engel J Kleine V Schwahn C Dahm JB Eckel L Rettig R Angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and cardiac mortality and morbidity after coronary artery bypass graft surgery Chest 2002, 122:31-36 10.1378/chest.122.1.31 12114335
56. Voors AA van Geel PP Oosterga M Buikema H van Veldhuisen DJ van Gilst WH Vascular effects of quinapril completely depend on ACE insertion/ deletion polymorphism J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2004, 5:130-134 10.3317/jraas.2004.029 15526248
57. Arnett DK Davis BR Ford CE Boerwinkle E Leiendecker-Foster C Miller MB Black H Eckfeldt JH Pharmacogenetic association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk in relation to antihypertensive treatment: The Genetics of Hypertension-Associated Treatment (GenHAT) study Circulation 2005, 111:3374-3383 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.504639 15967849
58. Harrap SB Tzourio C Cambien F Poirier O Raoux S Chalmers J Chapman N Colman S Leguennec S MacMahon S Neal B Ohkubo T Woodward M PROGRESS Collaborative Group The ACE gene I/D polymorphism is not associated with the blood pressure and cardiovascular benefits of ACE inhibition Hypertension 2003, 42:297-303 10.1161/01.HYP.0000088322.85804.96 12925557
59. Marciante KD Bis JC Rieder MJ Reiner AP Lumley T Monks SA Kooperberg C Carlson C Heckbert SR Psaty BM Renin-angiotensin system haplotypes and the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients Am J Epidemiol 2007, 166:19-27 10.1093/aje/ kwm059 17522061
60. Pinto YM van Gilst WH Kingma JH Schunkert H Deletion-type allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with progressive ventricular dilation after anterior myocardial infarction. Captopril and Thrombolysis Study Investigators J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:1622-1626 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00090-Q 7759715
61. Zee RY Solomon SD Ajani UA Pfeffer MA Lindpaintner K A prospective evaluation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme D/I polymorphism and left ventricular remodeling in the 'Healing and Early Afterload Reducing Therapy' study Clin Genet 2002, 61:21-25 10.1034/ j.1399-0004.2002.610104.x 11903350
62. Kennon S Barakat K Hitman GA Price CP Mills PG Ranjadayalan K Cooper J Clark H Timmis AD Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition is associated with reduced troponin release in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:724-728 10.1016/ S0735-1097(01)01426-7 11527624
63. Prasad A Narayanan S Husain S Padder F Waclawiw M Epstein N Quyyumi AA Insertion-deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene modulates reversibility of endothelial dysfunction with ACE inhibition Circulation 2000, 102:35-41 10880412
64. Trevelyan J Needham EW Morris A Mattu RK Comparison of the effect of enalapril and losartan in conjunction with surgical coronary revascularisation versus revascularisation alone on systemic endothelial function Heart 2005, 91:1053-1057 1769026 16020596 10.1136/ hrt.2004.036897
65. Pedersen OD Gram J Jeunemaitre X Billaud E Jespersen J Does long-term angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition affect the concentration of tissue-type plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the blood of patients with a previous myocardial infarction Coron Artery Dis 1997, 8:283-291 10.1097/00019501-199705000-00005 9285181
66. Jeron A Hengstenberg C Engel S Lowel H Riegger GA Schunkert H Holmer S The D-allele of the ACE polymorphism is related to increased QT dispersion in 609 patients after myocardial infarction Eur Heart J 2001, 22:663-668 10.1053/euhj.2000.2297 11286523
67. Steeds RP Fletcher J Parry H Chowdhary S Channer KS West J Townend JN The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism and heart rate variability following acute myocardial infarction Clin Auton Res 2002, 12:66-71 10.1007/s102860200022 12102452
68. Zee Maitland-van der AH Boerwinkle E Arnett DK Davis BR Leiendecker-Foster C Miller MB Klungel OH Ford CE Eckfeldt JH Absence of an interaction between the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion-deletion polymorphism and pravastatin on cardiovascular disease in high-risk hypertensive patients: The Genetics of Hypertension-Associated Treatment (GenHAT) study Am Heart J 2007, 153:54-58 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.10.019 17174637
69. Zee Maitland-van der AH Stricker BH Klungel OH Kastelein JJ Hofman A Witteman JC Leufkens HG Duijn CM Boer AdA Effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors is modified by the ACE insertion deletion polymorphism Atherosclerosis 2004, 175:377-379 10.1016/ j.atherosclerosis.2004.01.042 15262195
70. Bray PF Cannon CP Goldschmidt-Clermont P Moye LA Pfeffer MA Sacks FM Braunwald E The platelet Pl(A2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) D allele polymorphisms and the risk of recurrent events after acute myocardial infarction Am J Cardiol 2001, 88:347-352 10.1016/ S0002-9149(01)01677-0 11545752
71. Marian AJ Safavi F Ferlic L Dunn JK Gotto AM Ballantyne CM Interactions between angiotensin-I converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and response of plasma lipids and coronary atherosclerosis to treatment with fluvastatin: The lipoprotein and coronary atherosclerosis study J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35:89-95 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00535-5 10636265
72. Talmud PJ Watts GF McBride S Mandalia S Brunt JN Coltart DJ Lewis B Humphries SE Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the course of angiographically defined coronary artery disease Atherosclerosis 1995, 114:133-135 10.1016/0021-9150(94)05467-W 7605372
73. Defoor J Vanhees L Martens K Matthijs G Van VA Zielinska D Schepers D Vlietinck R Fagard R The CAREGENE study: ACE gene I/D polymorphism and effect of physical training on aerobic power in coronary artery disease Heart 2006, 92:527-528 1860896 16085717 10.1136/hrt.2004.054312
74. Iwanaga Y Nishi I Ono K Takagi S Tsutsumi Y Ozaki M Noguchi T Takaki H Iwai N Nonogi H Goto Y Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype is not associated with exercise capacity or the training effect of cardiac rehabilitation in patients after acute myocardial infarction Circ J 2005, 69:1315-1319 10.1253/circj.69.1315 16247204
75. Kastrati A Mehilli J Pache J Kaiser C Valgimigli M Kelbaek H Menichelli M Sabaté M Suttorp MJ Baumgart D Seyfarth M Pfisterer ME Schömig A Analysis of 14 trials comparing sirolimus-eluting stents with bare-metal stents N Engl J Med 2007, 356:1030-1039 10.1056/ NEJMoa067484 17296823
76. Betriu A Masotti M Serra A Alonso J Fernandez-Aviles F Gimeno F Colman T Zueco J Delcan JL García E Calabuig J Randomized comparison of coronary stent implantation and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of de novo coronary artery lesions (START): A four-year follow-up J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 34:1498-1506 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00366-6 10551699
77. Keavney B Outcome following percutaneous coronary intervention: Not, so far, in our genes Heart 2003, 89:247-248 1767596 12591817 10.1136/ heart.89.3.247
78. Welt FG Rogers C Inflammation and restenosis in the stent era Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002, 22:1769-1776 10.1161/ 01.ATV.0000037100.44766.5B 12426203
79. McKenzie CA Abecasis GR Keavney B Forrester T Ratcliffe PJ Julier C Connell JM Bennett F McFarlane-Anderson N Lathrop GM Cardon LR Trans-ethnic fine mapping of a quantitative trait locus for circulating angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) Hum Mol Genet 2001, 10:1077-1084 10.1093/hmg/10.10.1077 11331618
80. Dhawan J Bray CL Are Asian coronary arteries smaller than Caucasian? A study on angiographic coronary artery size estimation during life Int J Cardiol 1995, 49:267-269 10.1016/0167-5273(95)02315-N 7649673
81. Balk EM Bonis PA Moskowitz H Schmid CH Ioannidis JP Wang C Lau J Correlation of quality measures with estimates of treatment effect in meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials JAMA 2002, 287:2973-2982 10.1001/jama.287.22.2973 12052127
82. Bavry AA Bhatt DL Appropriate use of drug-eluting stents: Balancing the reduction in restenosis with the concern of late thrombosis Lancet 2008, 371:2134-2143 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60922-8 18572082
83. Zhu X Bouzekri N Southam L Cooper RS Adeyemo A McKenzie CA Luke A Chen G Elston RC Ward R Linkage and association analysis of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-gene polymorphisms with ACE concentration and blood pressure Am J Hum Genet 2001, 68:1139-1148 1226095 11283791 10.1086/320104
84. Cordell HJ Epistasis: What it means, what it doesn't mean, and statistical methods to detect it in humans Hum Mol Genet 2002, 11:2463-2468 10.1093/hmg/11.20.2463 12351582
85. SEARCH Collaborative Group Link E Parish S Armitage J Bowman L Heath S Matsuda F Gut I Lathrop M Collins R SLCO1B1 variants and statin-induced myopathy - a genomewide study N Engl J Med 2008, 359:789-799 10.1056/ NEJMoa0801936 18650507
86. Veenstra DL Higashi MK Phillips KA Assessing the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics AAPS PharmSci 2000, 2:E29 10.1208/ps020329 11741245
87. Zee Maitland-van der AH Klungel OH Stricker BH Veenstra DL Kastelein JJ Hofman A Witteman JC Leufkens HG van Duijn CM de Boer A Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of testing for angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype before starting beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor therapy in men Pharmacogenetics 2004, 14:53-60 10.1097/ 00008571-200401000-00006 15128051