Quantitative ultrasound and bone health

Salud Publica de Mexico

Volumn 51, Issue SUPPL.1, 2009, Pages

  Knapp, Karen M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bone density; Fracture; Osteoporosis; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

AGE; BONE; BONE DENSITY; CALCANEUS; DENSITOMETRY; ECHOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FRACTURE; HUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

AGE FACTORS; BONE AND BONES; BONE DENSITY; CALCANEUS; DENSITOMETRY; FEMALE; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; OSTEOPOROSIS;

EID: 67649103887     PISSN: 00363634     EISSN: 16067916     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/s0036-36342009000700005     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Langton C M, Palmer S B, Porter R W. The measurement of broadband ultrasonic attenuation in cancellous bone. London: MEP Ltd 1984;13:89-91.
2. Blake G M, Wahner H W, Fogelman I. The evaluation of osteoporosis: dual x-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound in clinical practice. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 1999.
3. Glüer C-C, Wu C Y, Jergas M, Goldstein S A, Genant H K. The quantitative ultrasound parameters reflect bone structure. Calcif Tissue Int 1994;55:46-5.
4. Joly J, Westhovens R, Borghs H, Peeters H, Tirry J, Nijs J, et al. Reference curve and diagnostic sensitivity for a new ultrasound device for the phalanges, the DBMsonic 1200, in Belgian women. Osteoporos Int 1999;9:284-9.
5. Pluskiewicz W, Drozdzowska B. Ultrasound measurements of proximal phalanges in Polish early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 1998;8:578-83.
6. Orgee JM, Foster H, McCloskey EV, Khan S, Coombes G, Kanis JA. A precise method for the assessment of tibial ultrasound velocity. Osteoporos Int 1996;6:1-7.
7. Tromp AM, Smit JH, Deeg DJ, Lips P. Quantitative ultrasound measurements of the tibia and calcaneus in comparison with DXA measurements at various skeletal sites. Osteoporos Int 1999;9:230
8. Lehmann R, Wapniarz M, Kvasnicka HM, Klein K, Allolio B. Velocity of ultrasound at the patella: influence of age, menopause and estrogen replacement therapy. Osteoporos Int 1993;3:308-13.
9. Heaney RP, Avioli LV, Chesnut CH 3rd, Lappe J, Recker RR, Brandenburger GH. Ultrasound velocity, through bone predicts incident vertebral deformity. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10:341-5.
10. Stegman MR, Heaney RP, Recker RR. Comparison of speed of sound ultrasound with single photon absorptiometry for determining fracture odds ratios. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:346-52.
11. Blake G M, Patel R, Fogelman I. Peripheral or axial bone density measurements. J Clin Densitom 1998;1:55-63.
12. Thompson P, Taylor J, Fisher A, Oliver R. Quantitative heel ultrasound in 3180 women between 45 and 75 years of age: compliance, normal ranges and relationship to fracture history. Osteoporos Int 1998;8:211-4.
13. Glüer C C, Vahlensieck M, Faulkner K G, Engelke K, Black D, Genant H K. Site-matched calcaneal measurements of broad-band ultrasound attenuation and single x-ray absorptiometry: do they measure different skeletal properties?. J Bone Miner Res 1992 7;9:1071-1079.
14. Mehta S S, Orham K O, Antich P P. Bone elasticity and ultrasound velocity are affected by subtle changes in the organic matrix. J Bone Miner Res 1998;13:114-121.
15. Njeh C F, Fuerst T, Diessel E, Genant H K. Is quantitative ultrasound dependent on bone structure? A reflection. Osteoporos Int 2001;12:1-15.
16. Wuster C, de Terlizzi F, Becker S, Cadossi M, Cadossi R, Muller R. Usefulness of quantitative ultrasound in evaluating structural and mechanical properties of bone: comparison of ultrasound, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography, and mechanical testing of human phalanges in vitro. Technol Health Care 2005;13:497-510.
17. Portero NR, Arlot ME, Roux JP, Duboeuf F, Chavassieux PM, Meunier PJ. Evaluation and development of automatic two-dimensional measurements of histomorphometric parameters reflecting trabecular bone connectivity: correlations with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasound in human calcaneum. Calcif Tissue Int 2005;77:195-204.
18. Cortet B, Boutry N, Dubois P, Legroux-Gerot I, Cotten A, Marchandise X. Does quantitative ultrasound of bone reflect more bone mineral density than bone microarchitecture?. Calcif Tissue Int 2004;74:60-7.
19. Turner C H, Eich M. Ultrasonic velocity as a predictor of strength in bovine cancellous bone. Calcif Tissue Int 1991;49:116-119.
20. Waud C E, Lew R and Baran D T. The relationship between ultrasound and densitometric measurements of bone mass at the calcaneus in women. Calcif Tissue Int 1992;51:415-418.
21. Antich P P. Ultrasound study of bone in-vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53:S157-S161.
22. Glüer C-C, Wu C Y, Genant H K. Broadband ultrasound attenuation signals depend on trabecular orientation: An in-vitro study. Osteoporos Int 1993;3:185-191.
23. Wu C, Glüer C, Lu Y, Fuerst T, Hans D, Genant H K. Ultrasound characterisation of bone demineralisation. Calcif Tissue Int 1998;62:133-139.
24. Chappard C, Laugier P, Fournier B, Roux C, Berger G. Assessment of the relationship between broadband ultrasound attenuation and bone mineral density at the calcaneus using BUA Imaging and DXA. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:316-322.
25. Laugier P, Droin P, Laval-Jeantet A M, Berger G. In-vitro assessment of the relationship between acoustic properties and bone mass density of the calcaneus by comparison of ultrasound parametric imaging and quantitative computed tomography. Bone 1997;20:157-165.
26. Sahota O, San P, Cawte S A, Pearson D, Hosking D J. A comparison of the longitudinal changes in quantitative ultrasound with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: The four-ar effects of hormone replacement therapy. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:52-58.
27. Ravaud P, Reny JL, Giraudeau B, Porcher R, Dougados M, Roux C. Individual smallest detectable difference in bone mineral density measurements. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14:1449-56.
28. Stewart A, Reid D M. Precision of quantitative ultrasound: comparison of three commercial scanners. Bone 2000;27:139-143.
29. Frost M L, Blake G M, Fogelman I. Contact quantitative ultrasound: An evaluation of precision, fracture discrimination, age-related bone loss and applicability of the WHO Criteria. Osteoporos Int 1999;10:441-449.
30. Frost M L, Blake G M, Fogelman I. Does quantitative ultrasound imaging enhance precision and discrimination?. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11:425-433.
31. Barkmann R, Kantorovich E, Singal C, Hans D, Genant H K, Heller M et al. A new method for quantitative ultrasound measurements at multiple skeletal sites. J Clin Densitom 2000;3:1:1-7.
32. Weiss M, Ben-Shlomo A, Hagag P, Rapoport M. Reference database for bone speed of sound measurements by a novel quantitative multi-site ultrasound device. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:688.
33. Knapp KM, Blake GM, Spector TD, Fogelman I. Multisite quantitative ultrasound: precision, age- and menopause-related changes, fracture discrimination, and T-score equivalence with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporos Int 2001;12:456-64.
34. Roux C, Fournier B, Laugier P, Chappard C, Kolta S, Dougados M et al. Broadband ultrasound attenuation imaging: a new imaging method in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:1112-8.
35. Pettinato AA, Loud KJ, Bristol SK, Feldman HA, Gordon CM. Effects of nutrition, puberty, and gender on bone ultrasound measurements in adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health 2006;39:828-34.
36. Vignolo M, Parodi A, Mascagni A, Torrisi C, De Terlizzi F, Aicardi G. Longitudinal assessment of bone quality by quantitative ultrasonography in children and adolescents. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006;32:1003-10.
37. Yang NP, Jen I, Chuang SY, Chen SH, Chou P. Screening for low bone mass with quantitative ultrasonography in a community without dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: population-based survey. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2006;7:24.
38. Faulkner K G, McClung M R, Coleman L J, Kingston-Sandahl E. Quantitative ultrasound of the heel: correlation with densitometric measurements at different skeletal sites. Osteoporos Int 1994;4:42-47.
39. He Y Q, Fan B, Hans D, Li J, Wu C Y, Njeh C F et al. Assessment of a new quantitative ultrasound calcaneus measurement: precision and discrimination of hip fractures in elderly women compared with dual X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:354-360.
40. Genant HK, Engelke K, Fuerst T, Glüer C-C, Grampp S, Harris ST et al. Noninvasive assessment of bone mineral and structure: state of the art. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:707-730.
41. Porter R W, Johnson K, McCutchan J D S. Wrist fracture, heel bone density and thoracic kyphosis: A case control study. Bone 1990;11:211-214.
42. Grampp S, Genant HK, Mathur A, Lang P, Jergas Ml, Takada M et al. Comparisons of noninvasive bone mineral measurements in assessing age-related loss, fracture discrimination and diagnostic classification. J Bone Miner Res 1997 12;5:697-711.
43. Ross P, Huang C, Davis J, Imose K, Yates J, Vogel J et al. Predicting vertebral deformity using bone densitometry at various skeletal sites and calcaneus ultrasound. Bone 1995;16:325-332.
44. Gnudi S, Ripamonti C, Malavolta N. Quantitative ultrasound and bone densitometry to evaluate the risk of nonspine fractures: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:518-23.
45. Gluer CC, Cummings SR, Bauer DC, Stone K, Pressman A, Mathur A et al. Osteoporosis: association of recent fractures with quantitative US findings. Radiology 1996;199:725-32.
46. Porter RW, Miller CG, Grainger D, Palmer SB. Prediction of hip fracture in elderly women: a prospective study. BMJ 1990;301:638-41.
47. Bauer DC, Gluer CC, Genant HK, Stone K. Quantitative ultrasound and vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:353-8.
48. Hans D, Dargent-Molina P, Schott AM, Sebert JL, Cormier C, Kotzki PO et al. Ultrasonographic heel measurements to predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet. 1996;24:511-4.
49. Bauer DC, Gluer CC, Cauley JA, Vogt TM, Ensrud KE, Genant HK et al. Broadband ultrasound attenuation predicts fractures strongly and independently of densitometry in older women. A prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:629-34.
50. Mele R, Masci G, Ventura V, de Aloysio D, Bicocchi M, Cadossi R. Three-year longitudinal study with quantitative ultrasound at the hand phalanx in a female population. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:550-7.
51. Pluijm SM, Graafmans WC, Bouter LM, Lips P. Ultrasound measurements for the prediction of osteoporotic fractures in elderly people. Osteoporos Int 1999;9:550-6.
52. Huopio J, Kroger H, Honkanen R, Jurvelin J, Saarikoski S, Alhava E. Calcaneal ultrasound predicts early postmenopausal fractures as well as axial BMD. A prospective study of 422 women. Osteoporos Int 2004;15:190-5.
53. Bauer DC, Ewing SK, Cauley JA, Ensrud KE, Cummings SR, Orwoll ES. Quantitative ultrasound predicts hip and non-spine fracture in men: the MrOS study. Osteoporos Int 2007;18:771-7.
54. Marin F, Gonzalez-Macias J, Diez-Perez A, Palma S, Delgado-Rodriguez M. Relationship between bone quantitative ultrasound and fractures: a meta-analysis. Bone Miner Res 2006;21:1126-35.
55. Meszaros S, Toth E, Ferencz V, Csupor E, Hosszu E, Horvath C. Calcaneous quantitative ultrasound measurements predicts vertebral fractures in idiopathic male osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine 2007;74:79-84.
56. Frediani B, Acciai C, Falsetti P, Baldi F, Filippou G, Siagkri C et al. Calcaneus ultrasonometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the evaluation of vertebral fracture risk. Calcif Tissue Int 2006;79:223-9.
57. Gluer MG, Minne HW, Gluer CC, Lazarescu AD, Pfeifer M, Perschel FH et al. Prospective identification of postmenopausal osteoporotic women at high vertebral fracture risk by radiography, bone densitometry, quantitative ultrasound, and laboratory findings: results from the PIOS study. J Clin Densitom 2005;8:386-95.
58. Maggi S, Noale M, Giannini S, Adami S, Defeo D, Isaia G et al. Quantitative heel ultrasound in a population-based study in Italy and its relationship with fracture history: the ESOPO study. Osteoporos Int 2006;17:237-44.
59. Clowes JA, Eastell R, Peel NF. The discriminative ability of peripheral and axial bone measurements to identify proximal femoral, vertebral, distal forearm and proximal humeral fractures: a case control study. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:1794-802.
60. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, de Terlizzi F. Ten-year probabilities of clinical vertebral fractures according to phalangeal quantitative ultrasonography. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:1065-70.
61. Gnudi S, Ripamonti C. Quantitative ultrasound at the phalanxes discriminates osteoporotic women with vertebral but not with hip fracture. Ultrasound Med Biol 2004;30:357-61.
62. Drozdzowska B, Pluskiewicz W, de Terlizzi F. The usefulness of quantitative ultrasound at the hand phalanges in the detection of the different types of nontraumatic fractures. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003;29:1545-50.
63. Guglielmi G, Njeh CF, de Terlizzi F, De Serio DA, Scillitani A, Cammisa M et al. Palangeal quantitative ultrasound, phalangeal morphometric variables, and vertebral fracture discrimination. Calcif Tissue Int 2003;72:469-77.
64. Hartl F, Tyndall A, Kraenzlin M, Bachmeier C, Guckel C, Senn U et al. Discriminatory ability of quantitative ultrasound parameters and bone mineral density in a population-based sample of postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures: results of the Basel Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:321-30.
65. Frost M L, Blake G M, Fogelman I. Quantitative ultrasound and bone mineral density are equally strongly associated with risk factors for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2001;2:406-416.
66. Stewart A, Felsenberg D, Eastell R, Roux C, Gluer CC, Reid DM. Relationship between risk factors and QUS in a European Population: The OPUS study. Bone. 2006;39:609-15.
67. Wittich A, Vega E, Casco C, Marini A, Forlano C, Segovia F et al. Ultrasound velocity of the tibia in patients on haemodialysis. J Clin Densitometry 1998;2:157-163.
68. Pluskiewicz W, Przedlacki J, Drozdzowska B, Wlodarczyk D, Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, Adamczyk P. Quantitative ultrasound in monitoring of skeletal status in adults with end-stage renal disease. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006;32:1521-7.
69. Robinson R J, Carr I, Iqbal S J, al-Azzawi F, Abrams K, Mayberry J F. Screening for osteoporosis in crohn's disease. A detailed evaluation of calcaneal ultrasound. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;2:137-40
70. Gomez A C, Schott A M, Hans D, Niepomniszcze H, Mautalen C A, Meunier P J. Hyperparathyroidism Influences ultrasound bone measurements on the os calcis. Osteoporos Int 1998;8:455-459.
71. Ingle B M, Thomas W E G, Eastell R. Differential effects on ultrasound properties of bone in primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteoporos Int 1998;8:S3:S56.
72. Ingle BM, Thomas WE, Eastell R. Differential effects of primary hyperparathyroidism on ultrasound properties of bone. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:572-8.
73. Chappard C, Roux C, Laugier P, Paillard M, Houillier P. Bone status in primary hyperparathyroidism assessed by regional bone mineral density from the whole body scan and QUS imaging at calcaneus. Joint Bone Spine 2006;73:86-94.
74. Cryer JR, Otter SJ, Bowen CJ. Use of quantitative ultrasound scans of the calcaneus to diagnose osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2007;97:108-14.
75. Blanckaert F, Cortet B, Coquerelle B, Flipo R M, Duquesnoy B, Matchandise X et al. Contribution of calcaneal ultrasonic assessment to the evaluation of postmenopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Rev Rhum 1997 64:305-313.
76. Jekovec-Vrhovsek M, Kocijancic A, Prezelj J. Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus in children and young adults with severe cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005;47:696-8.
77. Damilakis J, Galanakis E, Mamoulakis D, Sbyrakis S, Gourtsoyiannis N. Quantitative ultrasound measurements in children and adolescents with: type 1 diabetes. Calcif Tissue Int 2004;74:424-8.
78. Pfeil A, Bottcher J, Mentzel HJ, Lehmann G, Schafer ML, Kramer A et al. Multi-site quantitative ultrasound compared to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of body mass index and inflamed soft tissue on reproducibility. Rheumatol Int 2006;26:1084-90.
79. Bottcher J, Pfeil A, Mentzel H, Kramer A, Schafer ML, Lehmann G et al. Peripheral bone status in rheumatoid arthritis evaluated by digital X-ray radiogrammetry and compared with multisite quantitative ultrasound. Calcif Tissue Int 2006;78:25-34.
80. Schwartz DA, Connolley CD, Koyama T, Wise PE, Herline AJ. Calcaneal ultrasound bone densitometry is not a useful tool to screen patients with inflammatory bowel disease at high risk for metabolic bone disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:749-54.
81. Adami S, Giannini S, Giorgino R, Isaia G, Maggi S, Sinigaglia L et al. The effect of age, weight, and lifestyle factors on calcaneal quantitative ultrasound: the ESOPO study. Osteoporos Int 2003;14:198-207.
82. Adami S, Giannini S, Giorgino R, Isaia GC, Maggi S, Sinigaglia L et al. Effect of age, weight and lifestyle factors on calcaneal quantitative ultrasound in premenopausal women: the ESOPO study. Calcif Tissue Int 2004;74:317-21.
83. Babaroutsi E, Magkos F, Manios Y, Sidossis LS. Body mass index, calcium intake, and physical activity affect calcaneal ultrasound in healthy Greek males in an age-dependent and parameter-specific manner. J Bone Miner Metab 2005;23:157-66.
84. Yung PS, Lai YM, Tung PY, Tsui HT, Wong CK, Hung VW et al. Effects of weight bearing and non-weight bearing exercises on bone properties using calcaneal quantitative ultrasound. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:547-51.
85. Oral A, Tarakci D, Disci R. Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound measurements in young male and female professional dancers. J Strength Cond Res 2006;20:572-8.
86. Blanchet C, Giguere Y, Prud'homme D, Turcot-Lemay L, Dumont M, Leduc G et al. Leisure physical activity is associated with quantitative ultrasound measurements independently of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 2003;73:339-49.
87. Barr R J, Stewart A, McDonagh B, Torgerson D J, Reid D. Effect of smoking and alcohol on quantitative ultrasound parameters in the elderly. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16:S277.
88. Bernaards CM, Twisk JW, Snel J, van Mechelen W, Lips P, Kemper HC. Smoking and quantitative ultrasound parameters in the calcaneus in 36-year-old men and women. Osteoporos Int 2004;15:735-41.
89. Anonymous. WHO Study Group. Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Geneva 1994.
90. Leib ES, Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Hamdy C. Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom 2004;7:1-6.
91. Gudmundsdottir SL, Indridason OS, Franzson L, Sigurdsson G. Age-related decline in bone mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasound in a population-based sample of both sexes: identification of useful ultrasound thresholds for osteoporosis screening. J Clin Densitom 2005;8:80-6.
92. Zochling J, Nguyen TV, March LM, Sambrook PN. Quantitative ultrasound measurements of bone: measurement error, discordance, and their effects on longitudinal studies. Osteoporos Int 2004;15:619-24
93. Rothenberg RJ, Boyd JL, Holcomb JP. Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus as a screening tool to detect osteoporosis: different reference ranges for caucasian women, african american women, and caucasian men. J Clin Densitom 2004;7:101-10.
94. Knapp KM, Blake GM, Spector TD, Fogelman I. Can the WHO definition of osteoporosis be applied to multi-site axial transmission quantitative Ultrasound?. Osteoporos Int 2004;15:367-74.
95. Lopez-Rodriguez F, Mezquita-Raya P, de Dios Luna J, Escobar-Jimenez F, Munoz-Torres M. Performance of quantitative ultrasound in the discrimination of prevalent osteoporotic fractures in a bone metabolic unit. Bone 2003;32:571-8.
96. Hans D, Hartl F, Krieg MA. Device-specific weighted T-score for two quantitative ultrasounds: operational propositions for the management of osteoporosis for 65 years and older women in Switzerland. Osteoporos Int 2003;14:251-8.
97. Damilakis J, Perisinakis K, Gourtsoyiannis N. Imaging ultrasonometry of the calcaneus: optimum T-score thresholds for the identification of osteoporotic subjects. Calcif Tissue Int 2001;68:219-24.
98. Jorgensen HL, Warming L, Bjarnason NH, Andersen PB, Hassager C. How does quantitative ultrasound compare to dual X-ray absorptiometry at various skeletal sites in relation to the WHO diagnosis categories?. Clin Physiol 2001;21:51-9.
99. Frost ML, Blake GM, Fogelman I. Can the WHO criteria for diagnosing osteoporosis be applied to calcaneal quantitative ultrasound?. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:321-30.
100. Glüer C-C. Quantitative Ultrasound Techniques for the Assessment of Osteoporosis: Expert Agreement on Current Status. J Bone Miner Res 1997;8:1280-1288.
101. Anonymous. National Osteoporosis Society. The Use of Quantitative Ultrasound in the Management of Osteoporosis in Primary or Secondary Care. NOS (UK) 1998.
102. Knapp KM, Blake GM, Spector TD, Fogelman I. Differential effects of hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density and axial transmission ultrasound measurements in cortical bone. Osteoporos Int 2003;14:289-94.
103. Weiss M, Ben Shlomo A, Hagag P, Rapoport M, Ish-Shalom S. Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on speed of sound at multiple skeletal sites. Maturitas 2000;35:237-43.
104. Lehmann R, Wapniarz M, Kvasnicka H M, Klein K, Allolio B. Velocity of ultrasound at the patella: influence of age, menopause and estrogen replacement therapy. Osteoporos Int 1993;3:308-313.
105. Rosenthall L, Caminis J, Tenehouse. Calcaneal ultrasonometry: response to treatment in comparison with dual x-ray absorptiometry measurements of the lumbar spine and femur. Calcif Tissue Int 1999;64:200-204.
106. Balikian P, Burbank K, Houde, J, Crane G, Nairus J, Ahmadi S et al. Bone mineral density and broadband ultrasound attenuation with estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women. J Clin Densitometry 1998;1:19-26.
107. Gonnelli S, Cepollaro C, Montagnani A, Bruni D, Caffarelli C, Breschi M et al. Alendronate treatment in men with primary osteoporosis: a three-year longitudinal study. Calcif Tissue Int 2003;73:133-9.
108. Gonnelli S, Cepollaro C, Montagnani A, Martini S, Gennari L, Mangeri M et al. Heel ultrasonography in monitoring alendronate therapy: a four-year longitudinal study. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:415-21.
109. Frost ML, Blake GM, Fogelman. Changes in QUS and BMD measurements with antiresorptive therapy: a two-year longitudinal study. Calcif Tissue Int 2001;69:138-46.
110. Weiss M, Koren-Michowitz M, Segal E, Ish-Shalom S. Monitoring response to osteoporosis therapy with alendronate by a multisite ultrasound device: a prospective study. J Clin Densitom 2003;6:219-24.