Coercion and consent in Nazi Germany

Proceedings of the British Academy

Volumn 151, Issue , 2007, Pages 53-81

  Evans, Richard J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67449123796     PISSN: 00681202     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197264249.003.0002     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (72)

1. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Consequences of National Socialism (New York, 1970)
2. Tim Mason, 'Intention and Explanation: A Current Controversy about the Interpretation of National Socialism', in Gerhard Hirschfeld and Lothar Kettenacker (eds.), The 'Führer State': Myth and Reality (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 23-40
3. Useful historiographical surveys include Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 4th edn. (London, 2000)
4. and John Hiden and John Farquharson, Explaining Hitler's Germany. Historians and the Third Reich, 2nd edn. (London, 1989)
5. classic studies include Franz Neumann, Behemoth. The Structure and Practice of National Socialism 1933-1944, 2nd edn. (New York, 1944)
6. Martin Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers: Grundlegung und Entwicklung seiner inneren Verfassung (Munich, 1969)
7. Martin Broszat, et al. (eds.), Bayern in der NS-Zeit, 6 vols. (Munich, 1977-83)
8. Jeremy Noakes, 'The Oldenburg Crucifix Struggle of November 1936: A Case Study of Opposition in the Third Reich', in Peter D. Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State (London, 1983), pp. 210-33
9. Tim Mason, Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the 'National Community' (Providence, RI, 1993, first published in German in 1977)
10. For the Sopade reports, a major source for social historians, see Klaus Behnken (ed.), Deutschland-Berichte der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (Sopade) 1934-1940, 7 vols. (Frankfurt am Main, 1980)
11. For a sample of this work, see Klaus-Michael Malimann and Gerhard Paul, 'Omniscient, Omnipotent, Omnipresent? Gestapo, Society and Resistance', in David F. Crew (ed.), Nazism and German Society 1933-1945 (London, 1994), pp. 166-96
12. Reinhard Mann, Protest und Kontrolle im Dritten Reich: Nationalsozialistische Herrschaft im Alltag einer rheinischen Grossstadt (Frankfurt am Main, 1987)
13. more generally, Robert Gellately, 'Die Gestapo und die deutsche Gesellschaft: Zur Entstehung einer selbstüberwachenden Gesellschaft', in Detlef Schmiechen-Ackermann (ed.), Anpassung, Verweigerung, Widerstand: Soziale Milieus, Politische Kultur und der Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus in Deutschland im regionalen Vergleich (Berlin, 1997), pp. 109-21
14. Eric A. Johnson and Karl-Heinz Reuband, What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder, and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany: An Oral History (Cambridge, Mass., 2005), pp. 329-33 and jacket flap text
15. Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler. Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2001), pp. 14-16
16. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, IV: Vom Beginn des ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der beiden deutschen Staaten 1914-1949 (Munich, 2003), pp. 614, 652. Here, as elsewhere, translations are mine unless otherwise noted
17. Götz Aly, Hitler's Beneficiaries. Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State (translated by Jefferson Chase, New York, 2007), p. 28
18. Wehler, Gesellschaftsgeschichte, IV, pp. 675-6 (the section is entitled 'Die Konsensbasis von Führerdiktatur und Bevölkerung')
19. Bill Niven, Facing the Nazi Past: United Germany and the legacy of the Third Reich (London, 2002), provides a balanced assessment
20. Robert Gellately, 'Social Outsiders and the Consolidation of Hitler's Dictatorship, 1933-1939' in Neil Gregor (ed.), Nazism, War and Genocide. Essays in Honour of Jeremy Noakes (Exeter, 2005), pp. 56-74, at p. 58
21. and Gellately, Backing Hiller, p. 257
22. Frank Bajohr, 'Die Zustimmungsdiktatur: Grundzüge nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft in Hamburg', in Hamburg im 'Dritten Reich'. Herausgegeben von der Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte in Hamburg (Göttingen, 2005), pp. 69-131
23. Gellately, 'Social Outsiders', p. 58
24. For these arguments, see Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (London, 2003), pp. 451-6, with further references
25. also Norbert Frei, '"Machtergreifung": Anmerkungen zu einem historischen Begriff', Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 31 (1983), 136-45
26. and Bracher, The German Dictatorship, pp. 246-50
27. November 1932 election results summarised in Evans, The Coming, p. 299
28. and analysed authoritatively in Jürgen W. Falter, Hitlers Wähler (Munich 1991), esp. pp. 34-8
29. for a good regional study, see Richard Bessel, Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism; The Storm Troopers in Eastern Germany 1933-1934 (London, 1984)
30. Numerous documented examples of violence against Social Democrats and others (including, especially, Jews) were provided in the Brown Book of the Hitler Terror and the Burning of the Reichstag, ed. World Committee for the Victims of German Fascism, President [Albert] Einstein (London, 1933)
31. Dick Geary, 'Working-class Identities in the Third Reich', in Gregor (ed.), Nazism, pp. 42-55
32. Rüdiger Hachtmann, 'Bürgertum, Revolution, Diktatur - zum vierten Band von Hans-Ulrich Wehlers "Gesellschaftsgeschichte"', Sozial.Geschichte, 19 (2004), 60-87, at 80
33. Geoff Eley, 'Hitler's Silent Majority? Conformity and Resistance under the Third Reich', Michigan Quarterly Review, 42 (2003), 389-125 and 555-9
34. also Martin Broszat, 'The Concentration Camps 1933-1945', in Helmut Krausnick et al., Anatomy of the SS State (London, 1968), pp. 397-496, 409-11
35. more generally Günther Lewy, The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany (New York, 1964), pp. 45-79
36. The best account of the enforced dissolution of the non-Nazi political parties and the accompanying violence is still the heavily documented collection edited by Erich Matthias and Rudolf Morsey, Das Ende der Parteien 1933: Darstellungen und Dokumente (Düsseldorf, 1960), in which Friedrich Freiherr Hiller von Gaertingen's account of the Nationalists (the DNVP), on pages 541-642, is particularly valuable
37. Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (London, 2005), pp. 31-6, with further references
38. For a well-documented narrative, see Heinz Höhne, Mordsache Röhm: Hitlers Durchbruch zur Alleinherrschaft 1933-1934 (Reinbek, 1984)
39. Richard Bessel, 'The Nazi Capture of Power', Journal of Contemporary History, 39 (2004), 169-88, at 182 (my italics)
40. Hachtmann, 'Bürgertum', 80
41. Aly, Hitler's Beneficiaries, p. 29
42. Johnson and Reuband, What We Knew, p. 354
43. Ernst Fraenkel, The Dual State: Law and Justice in National Socialism (New York, 1941)
44. Ulrich Herbert, Karin Orth and Christoph Dieckmann, 'Die nationalsozialistischen Konzantrationslager. Geschichte, Erinnerung, Forschung', in Herbert, Orth and Dieckmann (eds.), Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, 2 vols. (Frankfurt am Main, 2002), I, 17-42, at 26
45. Evans, The Third Reich in Power, pp. 67-75
46. Richard J. Evans, Rituals of Retribution. Capital Punishment in Germany 1600-1987 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 620-45
47. Nikolaus Wachsmann, Hitler's Prisons. Legal Terror in Nazi Germany (New Haven, 2004), esp. pp. 165-83
48. Gerhard Fieberg (ed.), Im Namen des deutschen Volkes: Justiz und Nationalsozialismus (Cologne, 1989), p. 68
49. For the early camps, see Jane Caplan, 'Political Detention and the Origin of the Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany, 1933-1935/6', in Gregor (ed.), Nazism, pp. 22-41
50. William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1922-1945, 2nd edn. (New York, 1984), pp. 218-32
51. Detlef Schmiechen-Ackermann, 'Der "Blockwart". Die unteren Parteifunktionäre im nationalsocialistischen Terror- und Überwachungsapparat', Vierteljahrshefle für Zeitgeschichte, 48 (2000), 575-602
52. Dieter Nelles, 'Organisation des Terrors im Nationalsozialismus', Sozialwissenschaftliche Literatur-Rundschau, 25 (2002), 5-28
53. Otmar Jung, Plebiszit und Diktatur Die Volksabstimmungen der Nationalsozialisten. Die Fälle 'Austritt aus dem Völkerbund' (1933), 'Staatsoberhaupt' (1934) und 'Anschluss Österreichs' (1938) (Tübingen, 1995)
54. Theodor Eschenburg, 'Streiflichter zur Geschichte der Wahlen im Dritten Reich', Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 3 (1955), 311-18
55. Claire Hall, 'The Gestapo Spy Network 1933-1945' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Hull, forthcoming)
56. Bernward Dörner, 'NS-Herrschaft und Denunziation. Anmerkungen zu Defiziten in der Denunziationsforschung', Historical Social Research, 26 (2001), 55-69
57. Werner Röhr, 'Über die Initiative zur terroristischen Gewalt der Gestapo - Fragen und Einwände zu Gerhard Paul', in Werner Röhr and Brigitte Beierkamp (eds.), Terror, Herrschaft und Alltag im Nationalsozialismus: Probleme der Sozialgeschichte des deutschen Faschismus (Münster, 1995), pp. 211-24
58. Gerhard Hetzer, 'Die Industriestadt Augsburg. Eine Sozialgeschichte der Arbeiteropposition', in Broszat et al., (eds.), Bayern, IV, 1-234
59. Gisela Diewald-Kerkmann, Politische Denunziation im NS-Regime oder die kleine Macht der 'Volksgenossen' (Bonn, 1995)
60. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power, pp. 218-32
61. Ian Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich: Bavaria, 1933-1945 (Oxford, 1983)
62. Goebbels's speech of 15 March 1933 in David Welch (ed.), The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda, 2nd edn. (London, 2002), pp. 173-4
63. on the effects of propaganda more generally, see the judicious assessment by Ian Kershaw, 'How Effective was Nazi Propaganda?', in David Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations (London, 1983), pp. 180-203
64. Hetzer, 'Die Industriestadt Augsburg', pp. 146-50
65. Schmiechen-Ackermann, 'Der "Blockwart"'
66. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich, p. 383
67. Thus the arguments in Omer Bartov, The Eastern Front 1941-1945: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare (London, 1985)
68. and Omer Bartov, Hitler's Army (Oxford, 1991), dating these processes from the invasion of the Soviet Union onwards
69. Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich at War (London, 2008), ch. 1, for details
70. Peter Longerich, 'Davon haben wir nichts gewusst!'. Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung 1933-1945 (Berlin, 2006), pp. 313-29
71. Gregor, 'Nazism', p. 20
72. Bessel, 'The Nazi Capture of Power', 183