Measuring outcomes in a longitudinal birth cohort

Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology

Volumn 23, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2009, Pages 185-200

  Golding, Jean ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Behaviour; Childhood; Cognition; Educational attainment; Growth; Morbidity; Outcome of pregnancy; Parental outcomes

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; BIRTH; BIRTH WEIGHT; BODY MASS; COGNITION; COHORT ANALYSIS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FETUS GROWTH; GESTATION PERIOD; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MORBIDITY; NEWBORN DEATH; PLACENTA; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; STILLBIRTH;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION DISORDERS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; PARENTS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 67449119392     PISSN: 02695022     EISSN: 13653016     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2009.01016.x     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Golding J, Jones R, Bruné M-N, Pronczuk J. Why carry out a longitudinal birth survey? Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 1 14.
2. Golding J. The importance of a genetic component in longitudinal birth cohorts. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 174 184.
3. Golding J, Jones R, Preece A, Bruné M-N, Pronczuk J. Choice of environmental components for a longitudinal birth cohort study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 134 153.
4. Golding J. Britain's national cohort studies. In : Progress in Child Health, vol. 1. Editor : Macfarlane JA. New York : Churchill Livingstone, 1984 pp. 178 186.
5. New Delhi Study. http://www.sneha-india.org/new-delhi.htm [last accessed 15 October 2008 1991 133 : 185 201.
6. Golding J. Who should be studied and when in a longitudinal birth cohort? Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 15 22.
7. Golding J, Steer C. How many subjects are needed in a longitudinal birth cohort study? Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 31 38.
8. Doyle A, Golding J. The costing and funding of longitudinal birth cohort studies. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 86 92.
9. Mesman I, Roseboom TJ, Bonsel GJ, Gemke RJBJ, van der Wal MF, Vrijkotte TG. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index explains infant's weight and BMI at 14 months: results from a multi-ethnic birth cohort study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2009 Epub ahead of print. DOI 10.1136/adc.2008.137737
10. Nohr EA, Bech BH, Davies MJ, Frydenberg M, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. Prepregnancy obesity and fetal death: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 2006 61 : 7 8. (Pubitemid 43052269)
11. Basso O, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD, Olsen J. Height and risk of severe pre-eclampsia. A study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology 2004 33 : 858 863. (Pubitemid 39263870)
12. Nguyen RHN, Wilcox AJ, Skjaerven R, Baird DD. Men's body mass index and infertility. Human Reproduction 2007 22 : 2488 2493. (Pubitemid 47289065)
13. Basso O, Olsen J. Subfecundity and neonatal mortality: longitudinal study within the Danish national birth cohort. British Medical Journal 2005 330 : 393 394. (Pubitemid 40288824)
14. Zhu JL, Basso O, Obel C, Bille C, Olsen J. Infertility, infertility treatment, and congenital malformations: Danish National Birth Cohort. British Medical Journal 2006 333 : 679. (Pubitemid 44521009)
15. Baker JL, Michaelsen KF, Rasmussen KM, Sørensen TI. Maternal prepregnant body mass index, duration of breastfeeding and timing of complementary food introduction are associated with infant weight gain. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004 80 : 1579 1588. (Pubitemid 41103857)
16. Bulik CM, von Holle A, Hamer R, Berg CK, Torgersen L, Magnus P, et al. Patterns of remission, continuation and incidence of broadly defined eating disorders during early pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Psychological Medicine 2007 37 : 1109 1118. (Pubitemid 47209114)
17. Benhadi N, Wiersinga W, Reitsma J, Vrijkotte T, Bonsel G. High maternal TSH levels in pregnancy are associated with increased risk for miscarriage, fetal or neonatal death. European Journal of Endocrinology. Epub ahead of print. DOI 10.1530/EJE-08-0953
18. Juhl M, Andersen PK, Olsen J, Andersen A-MN. Psychosocial and physical work environment, and risk of pelvic pain in pregnancy. A study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2005 59 : 580 585. (Pubitemid 40904785)
19. Wesnes SL, Hunskaar S, Bo K, Rortveit G. The effect of urinary incontinence status during pregnancy and delivery mode on incontinence postpartum. A cohort study. BJOG 2009 116 : 700 707.
20. Ystrom E, Niegel S, Klepp K-I, Vollrath ME. The impact of maternal negative affectivity and general self-efficacy on breastfeeding: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Journal of Pediatrics 2008 152 : 68 72. (Pubitemid 350265926)
21. Vollebregt KC, Van der Wal MF, Wolf H, Vrijkotte TGM, Boer K, Bonsel GJ. Is psychosocial stress in first ongoing pregnancies associated with pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension? BJOG 2008 115 : 607 615.
22. Silva LM, Steegers EA, Burdorf A, Jaddoe VW, Arends LR, Hofman A, et al. No midpregnancy fall in diastolic blood pressure in women with a low educational level: the Generation R Study. Hypertension 2008 52 : 645 651.
23. Magnus P, Trogstad L, Owe KM, Olsen SF, Nystad W. Recreational physical activity and the risk of preeclampsia: a prospective cohort of Norwegian women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2008 169 : 952 957.
24. Silva LM, Coolman M, Steegers EAP, Jaddoe VWV, Moll HA, Hofman A, et al. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for preeclampsia: the Generation R Study. Journal of Hypertension 2008 26 : 1200 1208.
25. Klemmensen AK, Olsen SF, Osterdal ML, Tabor A. Validity of preeclampsia-related diagnoses recorded in a national hospital registry and in a postpartum interview of the women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2007 166 : 117 124. (Pubitemid 47227297)
26. O'Connor TG, Heron J, Golding J, Glover V, ALSPAC Study Team. Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: a test of a programming hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 2003 44 : 1025 1036. (Pubitemid 37254145)
27. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardner JM, Lozoff B, Wasserman GA, Pollitt E, et al. Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet 2007 369 : 145 157. (Pubitemid 46073134)
28. Ortega AN, Goodwin RD, McQuaid EL, Canino G. Parental mental health, childhood psychiatric disorders and asthma attacks in island Puerto Rican youth. Ambulatory Pediatrics 2004 4 : 308 315. (Pubitemid 39136589)
29. Ramchandani P, Stein A, Evans J, O'Connor T, ALSPAC Study Team. Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study. Lancet 2005 365 : 2201 2205. (Pubitemid 40853913)
30. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987 150 : 782 786. (Pubitemid 17082036)
31. Cox JL, Chapman G, Murray D, Jones P. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in non-postnatal women. Journal of Affective Disorders 1996 39 : 185 189. (Pubitemid 26291784)
32. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y):('Self-Evaluation Questionnaire'). Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983.
33. Barker DJP, Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Osmond C. Fetal origins of adult disease: strength of effects and biological basis. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002 31 : 1235 1239. (Pubitemid 36204489)
34. Friedlander Y, Paltiel O, Deutsch L, Knaanie A, Massalha S, Tiram E, et al. Birthweight and relationship with infant, child and adult mortality in the Jerusalem perinatal study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2003 17 : 398 406. (Pubitemid 37328572)
35. Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, Ruan WJ, Troendle JF. Birthweight and gestational age effects on motor and social development. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2002 16 : 33 46. (Pubitemid 34113314)
36. Wiles NJ, Peters TJ, Heron J, Gunnell D, Emond A, Lewis G. Fetal growth and childhood behavioral problems: results from the ALSPAC cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006 163 : 829 837.
37. Jaddoe VW, Verburg BO, de Ridder MA, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Moll HA, et al. Maternal smoking and fetal growth characteristics in different periods of pregnancy: the generation R study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2007 165 : 1207 1215. (Pubitemid 47233716)
38. Jaddoe VWV, Troe E-JWM, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Moll HA, Steegers EAP, et al. Active and passive maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight and preterm birth: the Generation R Study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2008 22 : 162 171.
39. Jaddoe V, Bakker R, Hofman A, Mackenbach J, Moll H, Steegers E, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight and preterm birth. The Generation R Study. Annals of Epidemiology 2007 17 : 834 840. (Pubitemid 47393631)
40. Zhu JL, Hjollund NH, Olsen J. Shift work, duration of pregnancy, and birth weight: The National Birth Cohort in Denmark. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004 191 : 285 291. (Pubitemid 39077990)
41. Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Tarone RE, Olsen J. Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives 2007 115 : 1677 1682.
42. van Eijsden M, Hornstra G, van der Wal MF, Vrijkotte TGM, Bonsel GJ. Maternal n-3, n-6, and trans fatty acid profile early in pregnancy and term birth weight: a prospective cohort study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008 87 : 887 895.
43. Hornstra G, van Eijsden M, Dirix C, Bonsel GJ. Trans fatty acids and birth outcomes: some first results of the MEFAB and ABCD cohorts. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2006 7 : 21 23. (Pubitemid 43831746)
44. Halldorsson THL, Meltzer HM, Thorsdottir I, Knudsen V, Olsen SF. Is high consumption of fatty fish during pregnancy a risk factor for fetal growth retardation? A study of 44 824 Danish pregnant women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2007 166 : 687 696. (Pubitemid 47347898)
45. Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI, Willett WC, Knudsen VK, Gillman MW, Mikkelsen TB, et al. Milk consumption during pregnancy is associated with increased infant size at birth: prospective cohort study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007 86 : 1104 1110. (Pubitemid 47538314)
46. Longnecker MP, Klebanoff MA, Zhou H, Brock JW. Association between maternal serum concentration of the DDT metabolite DDE and pre-term and small-for-gestational age babies at birth. Lancet 2001 358 : 110 114. (Pubitemid 32709849)
47. Eriksson J, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, Osmond C, Barker D. Fetal and childhood growth and hypertension in adult life. Hypertension 2000 36 : 790 794.
48. Salafia CM, Maas E, Thorp JM, Eucker B, Pezzullo JC, Savitz DA. Measures of placental growth in relation to birth weight and gestational age. American Journal of Epidemiology 2005 162 : 991 998. (Pubitemid 41619470)
49. Salafia CM, Zhang J, Charles AK, Bresnahan M, Shrout P, Sun W, et al. Placental characteristics and birthweight. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2008 22 : 229 239.
50. Blair E, Stanley F. Aetiological pathways to spastic cerebral palsy. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 1993 7 : 302 317. (Pubitemid 23223725)
51. Brosens I, Renaer M. Pathogenesis of placental infarcts in pre-eclampsia. BJOG 1972 79 : 794 799.
52. Baqui AH, Black RE, Arifeen SE, Hill K, Mitra SN, al Sabir A. Causes of childhood deaths in Bangladesh: results of a nationwide verbal autopsy study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1998 76 : 161 171. (Pubitemid 28305229)
53. Edmond KM, Quigley MA, Zandoh C, Danso S, Hurt C, Agyei SO, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of verbal autopsies in ascertaining the causes of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in rural Ghana. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2008 22 : 417 429.
54. Wigglesworth JS. Monitoring perinatal mortality: a pathophysiological approach. Lancet 1980 2 : 684 687. (Pubitemid 10048662)
55. Golding J. Epidemiology of fetal and neonatal death. In : Fetal and Neonatal Pathology, 4th edn. Editors : Keeling JW, Khong TY. New York : Springer-Verlag, 2007.
56. Otake M, Fujikoshi Y, Schull WJ, Izumi S. A longitudinal study of growth and development of stature among prenatally exposed atomic bomb survivors. Radiation Research 1993 134 : 94 101. (Pubitemid 23157430)
57. Otake M, Sachiyo F, Yasunori F, Schull WJ. Evidence of radiation-induced reduction of height and body weight from repeated measurements of adults exposed in childhood to the atomic bombs. Radiation Research 1994 140 : 112 122. (Pubitemid 24325172)
58. Lawson DW, Mace R. Sibling configuration and childhood growth in contemporary British families. International Journal of Epidemiology 2008 37 : 1408 1421.
59. Ong KK, Emmett P, Northstone K, Golding J, Rogers I, Ness AR, et al. Infancy weight gain predicts childhood body fat and age at menarche in girls. Journal of Clinical and Endocrinology Metabolism 2009 94 : 1527 1532.
60. Emond AM, Blair PS, Emmett PM, Drewett RF. Weight faltering in infancy and IQ levels at 8 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Pediatrics 2007 120 : e1051 e1058. (Pubitemid 47549552)
61. Taitz LS, King JM. Growth patterns in child abuse. Acta Pædiatrica 1988 77 : 62 72. (Pubitemid 18231398)
62. Johnson L, van Jaarsveld CH, Emmett PM, Rogers IS, Ness AR, Hattersley AT, et al. Dietary energy density affects fat mass in early adolescence and is not modified by FTO variants. PLoS ONE 2009 4 : e4594.
63. Mitchell JA, Mattocks C, Ness AR, Leary SD, Pate RR, Dowda M, et al. Sedentary behavior and obesity in a large cohort of children. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). Epub ahead of print. DOI:10.1038/oby.2009.42
64. Ness AR, Leary SD, Mattocks C, Blair SN, Reilly JJ, Wells J, et al. Objectively measured physical activity and fat mass in a large cohort of children. PLoS Med 2007 4 : e97. (Pubitemid 46495315)
65. Goran MI, Ball GDC, Cruz ML. Obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 : 1417 1427.
66. Golding J. Preparation, piloting and validation for a longitudinal birth cohort study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 201 212.
67. Gunnell D, Okasha M, Davey Smith G, Oliver SE, Sandhu J, Holly JMP. Height, leg length and cancer risk: a systematic review. Epidemiologic Reviews 2001 23 : 313 342. (Pubitemid 34074115)
68. McCarthy HD, Ellis SM, Cole TJ. Central overweight and obesity in British youth aged 11-16 years: cross sectional surveys of waist circumference. British Medical Journal 2003 326 : 624. (Pubitemid 36363569)
69. Mueller WH, Wear ML, Hanis CL, Emerson JB, Barton SA, Hewett-Emmett D, et al. Which measure of body fat distribution is best for epidemiologic research? American Journal of Epidemiology 1991 133 : 858 869.
70. Sherriff A, Wright CM, Reilly JJ, McColl J, Ness A, Emmett P. Age- and sex-standardised lean and fat indices derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis for ages 7-11 years: functional associations with cardio-respiratory fitness and grip strength. British Journal of Nutrition. Epub ahead of print. DOI:10.1017/S0007114508135814
71. Hoekstra E, McFarland JW, Shaw C, Salama P. Reducing measles mortality, reducing child mortality. Lancet 2006 368 : 1050 1052. (Pubitemid 44402664)
72. Wardlaw T, Salama P, Johansson EW, Mason E. Pneumonia: the leading killer of children. Lancet 2006 368 : 1048 1050. (Pubitemid 44402663)
73. Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE. WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 2005 365 : 1147 1152.
74. Perrin JM, Bloom SR, Gortmaker SL. The increase of childhood chronic conditions in the United States. JAMA 2007 297 : 2755 2759. (Pubitemid 47001102)
75. Mackenbach JP, van den Bos J, Joung IMA, van de Mheen H, Stronks K. The determinants of excellent health: different from the determinants of ill-health? International Journal of Epidemiology 1994 23 : 1273 1281.
76. Golding J, Jones R. Sources of data for a longitudinal birth cohort. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 51 62.
77. Manesh AO, Sheldon TA, Pickett KE, Carr-Hill R. Accuracy of child morbidity data in demographic and health surveys. International Journal of Epidemiology 2008 37 : 194 200.
78. Koger SM, Schettler T, Weiss B. Environmental toxicants and developmental disabilities: a challenge for psychologists. American Psychologist 2005 60 : 243 255. (Pubitemid 40506221)
79. Hetzel BS. The Story of Iodine Deficiency: An International Challenge in Nutrition. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1989 pp. 84 101.
80. Brown AS, Hooton J, Schaefer CA, Zhang H, Petkova E, Babulas V, et al. Elevated maternal interleukin-8 levels and the risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004 161 : 889 895. (Pubitemid 38625343)
81. Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, Steer C, Emmett P, Rogers I, Williams C, et al. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Lancet 2007 369 : 578 585. (Pubitemid 46241443)
82. Petterson SM, Albers AB. Effects of poverty and maternal depression on early child development. Child Development 2001 72 : 1794 1813. (Pubitemid 33602789)
83. Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Taylor A, Williams B, Newcombe R, Craig IW, et al. MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children's mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry 2006 11 : 903 913. (Pubitemid 44470213)
84. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Witton J, Murray RM. Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004 184 : 110 117. (Pubitemid 38186851)
85. Schuckit MA. Low level of response to alcohol as a predictor of future alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994 151 : 184 187. (Pubitemid 24053096)
86. Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1997 38 : 581 586. (Pubitemid 27341892)
87. Achenbach TM. Manual for the Child Behavior Check List/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT : University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, 1991.
88. Goodman R, Scott S. Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Check List: is small beautiful? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1999 27 : 17 24. (Pubitemid 29144689)
89. Mathiesen KS, Tambs K. The EAS Temperament Questionnaire - factor structure, age trends, reliability and stability in a Norwegian sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1999 40 : 431 439. (Pubitemid 29108110)
90. Harter S. Self-Perception Profile for Children. Denver, CO : University of Denver, 1985.
91. Nowicki S, Duke MP. A preschool and primary internal-external control scale. Developmental Psychology 1974 10 : 874 881.
92. Golombok S, Rust J. The Pre-School Activities Inventory: a standardized assessment of gender role in children. Psychological Assessment 1993 5 : 131 136.
93. The DAWBA Inventory. http://www.dawba.com [last accessed 17 April 2009 JL, Longnecker MP, Rowland AS, Golding J, ALSPAC Study Team. Fish intake during pregnancy and early cognitive development of offspring. Epidemiology 2004 15 : 394 402. (Pubitemid 40416926)
94. Black MM, Matula K. Essentials of Bayley Scales of Infant Development II Assessment. New York, Wiley, 2000.
95. Weschler WISC tests - probably the best short overview is on the Wikipedia encyclopedia, which also gives details of the languages into which the test has been translated.
96. Psychological Corporation. Weschler Objective Language Dimension Test (WOLD). London : Harcourt Brace, 1996.
97. Gathercole SE, Willis CS, Baddeley AD, Emslie H. The Children's Test of Nonword Repetition: a test of phonological working memory. Memory 1994 2 : 103 127.
98. Henderson SE, Sugden DA. Movement Assessment Battery for Children Manual. Sidcup : The Psychological Corporation, 1992.
99. Manley T, Robertson IH, Anderson VA, Nimmo Smith I. TEA-ch. Test of Everyday Attention in Children. Bury St Edmonds : Thames Valley Test Company, 1999.
100. Rosner J, Simon DP. The Auditory Analysis Test: an initial report. Journal of Learning Disabilities 1971 4 : 40 48.
101. Rust J, Golombok S, Trickey G. WORD. Weschler Objective Reading Dimensions Manual. Sidcup : The Psychological Corporation, 1993.
102. Williams C, Birch EE, Emmett PM, Northstone K, ALSPAC Study Team. Stereoacuity at 3.5 years of age in children born full-term is associated with prenatal and postnatal dietary factors: a report from a population based cohort study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001 73 : 316 322. (Pubitemid 32109862)
103. Emmett P. Assessing diet in longitudinal birth cohort studies. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 154 173.
104. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH. Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1976 51 : 170 179.
105. Jones R. The importance of biological samples in longitudinal birth cohort studies. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2009 23 (Suppl. 1 93 102.
106. Kline J, Stein Z, Susser M. Criteria for teratogenesis: specifity of association. Chapter 2. In : Conception to Birth: Epidemiology of Prenatal Development. Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, vol. 14. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1989 pp. 18 30.
107. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. British Medical Journal 1994 309 : 901 911. (Pubitemid 2140439)
108. Oti M, Huynen MA, Brunner HG. Phenome connections. Trends in Genetics 2008 24 : 103 106.
109. Jones R, Pembrey M, Golding J, Herrick D. The search for genotype/phenotype associations and the phenome scan. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2005 19 : 264 275. (Pubitemid 40897334)