Aliskiren: A novel renoprotective agent or simply an alternative to ACE inhibitors?

Kidney International

Volumn 76, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 23-31

  Wiggins, Kathryn J ^a   Kelly, Darren J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b ST VINCENT S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Aliskiren; Nephropathy; Proteinuria; Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Indexed keywords

ALISKIREN; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG STRUCTURE; ENZYME INHIBITION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW;

EID: 67449116317     PISSN: 00852538     EISSN: 15231755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.105     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. McDonald S, Excell L. Stock and flow. In: McDonald S, Excell L (eds). ANZDATA Report 2007, Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry Place of publication: Adelaide, Australia, 2007.
2. Foley RN, Collins AJ. End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18: 2644-2648.
3. Rutkowski B. Changing pattern of end-stage renal disease in central and eastern Europe. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15: 156-160.
4. Johnson ES, Thorp ML, Piatt RW et al. Predicting the risk of dialysis and transplant among patients with CKD: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 52: 653-660.
5. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 : 1296-1305.
6. Nath KA. Tubulointerstitial changes as a major determinant in the progression of renal damage. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 20: 1-17.
7. Okada H, Kalluri R. Cellular and molecular pathways that lead to progression and regression of renal fibrogenesis. Curr Mol Med 2005; 5: 467-474.
8. Zeisberg M, Strutz F, Muller GA. Renal fibrosis: an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001; 10: 315-320.
9. Kriz W, LeHir M. Pathways to nephron loss starting from glomerular diseases-insights from animal models. Kidney lnt 2005; 67: 404-419.
10. McDonald S, Chang S, Excell L New Patients Commencing Treatment In 2006. In: McDonald S, Excell L (eds). ANZDATA Registry Report 2007, Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry Place of publication: Adelaide, Australia, 2007.
11. Lameire N, Wauters JP, Teruel JL et al. An update on the reterral pattern of patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney lnt 2002: 27-34.
12. Fried LF. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) on progression of kidney disease. Kidney lnt 2008; 74: 571-576.
13. Fouque D, Aparicio M. Eleven reasons to control the protein intake of patients with chronic kidney disease. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3: 383-392.
14. Fouque D, Laville M, Boissel JP. Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 Art. No. CD001892.
15. KDOQI. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49: 512-5154.
16. Harris D, Thomas M, Johnson D et al. The CARI guidelines. Prevention of progression of kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2006; 11(Suppl 1): S2-S197.
17. Griffin KA, Bidanl AK. Progression of renal disease: renoprotective specificity of renin-angiotensin system blockade. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 1054-1065.
18. van den Meiracker AH, Man in 't Veld AJ, Admiraal PJ et al. Partial escape of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition during prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response? J Hypertens 1992; 10: 803-812.
19. van den Meiracker AH, Jan Danser AH. Aliskiren: the first direct renin inhibitor for hypertension. Curr Cardiol Rep 2007; 9: 470-476.
20. Uresin Y, Mehtar Bozkurt M, Sabirli S et al. Aliskiren, the future of reninangiotensin system blockade? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007; 5: 835-849.
21. Nguyen G, Delarue F, Burckle C et al. Pivotal role of the renin/prorenln receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 1417-1427.
22. Skeggs LT, Dorer FE, Kahn JR et al. The biochemistry of the reninangiotensin system and its role in hypertension. Am J Med 1976; 60: 737-748.
23. Dorer F, Ryan JW, Stewart JM. Hydrolysis of bradykinin and Its higher homologues by angiotensln-converting enzyme. Biochem J 1974; 141: 915-917.
24. Seino M, Abe K, Nushiro N et al. Role of endogenous bradykinins in the acute depressor etfect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril-assessed by a competitive antagonist of bradykinin. Clin Exp Hypertens A 1989; 11:35-43.
25. Sayeski PP, Ali MS, Semeniuk DJ et al. Angiotensin II signal transduction pathways. Regul Pept 1998; 78: 19-29.
26. Ruster C, Wolf G. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2985-2991.
27. Catt KJ, Mendelsohn FA, Millan MA et al. The role of angiotensin II receptors In vascular regulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1984; 6(Suppl 4): 5575-5586.
28. Hausdorff WP, Sekura RD, Aguilera G et al. Control of aldosterone production by angiotensin II is mediated by two guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins. Endocrinology 1987; 120: 1668-1678.
29. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN, Stahl RA. Angiotensin II stimulates expression of transforming growth factor beta receptor type II In cultured mouse proximal tubular cells. J MoI Med 1999; 77: 556-564.
30. Advani A, Kelly D, Cox A et al. The prorenin receptor is predominantly expressed in the distal nephron and co-localizes with the vacuolar H+-ATPase [abstract]. J Am SocNephrol 2008; 19: 66A.
31. Nguyen G, Delarue F, Berrou J et al. Specific receptor binding of renin on human mesangial cells in culture increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen. Kidney lnt 1996; 50: 1897-1903.
32. Huang Y, Wongamorntham S, Kasting J et al. Renin increases mesangial cell transforming growth factor-betal and matrix proteins through receptor-mediated, angiotensin II-lndependent mechanisms. Kidney lnt 2006; 69: 105-113.
33. Raizada V, Skipper B, Luo W et al. Intracardiac and intrarenal reninangiotensin systems: mechanisms of cardiovascular and renal etfects. J Investig Med 2007; 55: 341-359.
34. Davalos M, Frega NS, Saker B et al. Effect of exogenous and endogenous angiotensin II in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: F605-F610.
35. Blantz RC, Gabbai FB. Effect of angiotensin II on glomerular hemodynamics and ultrafiltration coetficient. Kidney lnt Suppl 1987; 20: S108-S111.
36. Mezzano SA, Ruiz-Ortega M, Egido J. Angiotensin II and renal fibrosis. Hypertension 2001; 38: 635-638.
37. Lewis EJ, Hunslcker LG, Bain RP et al. The etfect of anglotensinconverting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456-1462.
38. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al. Renoprotective etfect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851-860.
39. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J et al. The etfect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870-878.
40. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 861-869.
41. Bomback AS, Klemmer PJ. The Incidence and Implications of aldosterone breakthrough. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3: 486-492.
42. Tylicki L, Rutkowski P, Renke M et al. Triple pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in nondiabetic CKD: an openlabel crossover randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 52: 486-493.
43. Wood JM, Maibaum J, Rahuel J et al. Structure-based design of aliskiren, a novel orally etfective renin Inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308: 698-705.
44. Rahuel J, Rasetti V, Maibaum J et al. Structure-based drug design: the discovery of novel nonpeptide orally active inhibitors of human renin. Chem Biol 2000; 7: 493-504.
45. Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB et al. Aliskiren combined with losartan In type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2433-2446.
46. Azizi M, Menard J, Blssery A et al. Hormonal and hemodynamic etfects of aliskiren and valsartan and their combination in sodium-replete normotenslve individuals. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 947-955.
47. Azizi M, Menard J, Bissery A et al. Pharmacologic demonstration of the synergistic etfects of a combination of the renin inhibitor aliskiren and the ATI receptor antagonist valsartan on the angiotensin ll-renin feedback interruption. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 3126-3133.
48. Nussberger J, Wuerzner G, Jensen C et al. Angiotensin II suppression in humans by the orally active renin inhibitor Aliskiren (SPPI100): comparison with enalapril. Hypertension 2002; 39: E1-E8.
49. Nussberger J, Gradman AH, Schmieder RE et al. Plasma renin and the antihypertensive etfect of the orally active renin inhibitor aliskiren in clinical hypertension, lnt J Clin Pract 2007; 61: 1461-1468.
50. O'Brien E, Barton J, Nussberger J et al. Aliskiren reduces blood pressure and suppresses plasma renin activity in combination with a thiazide diuretic, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Hypertension 2007; 49: 276-284.
51. Villamil A, Chrysant SG, Calhoun D et al. Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihypertensive etficacy when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 217-226.
52. Uresin Y, Taylor AA, Kilo C et al. Efficacy and safety of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and ramipril alone or in combination in patients with diabetes and hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2007; 8: 190-198.
53. Seed A, Gardner R, McMurray J et al. Neurohumoral etfects of the new orally active renin Inhibitor, aliskiren, in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2007; 9: 1120-1127.
54. Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Aliskiren, the first renin inhibitor for treating hypertension: reactive renin secretion may limit its etfectiveness. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20: 587-597.
55. Menard J, Guyene TT, Peyrard S et al. Conformational changes in prorenln during renin inhibition in vitro and in vivo. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 529-534.
56. Batenburg WW, de Bruin RJ, van Gool JM et al. Aliskiren-binding increases the half life of renin and prorenin in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2008; 28: 1151-1157.
57. Fisher ND, Jan Danser AH, Nussberger J et al. Renal and hormonal responses to direct renin inhibition with aliskiren in healthy humans. Circulation 2008; 117: 3199-3205.
58. Hollenberg NK, Meggs LG, Williams GH et al. Sodium intake and renal responses to Captopril in normal man and in essential hypertension. Kidney lnt 1981; 20: 240-245.
59. Durvasula RV, Shankland SJ. Activation of a local renin angiotensin system in podocytes by glucose. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294: F830-F839.
60. Feldman DL, Jin L, Xuan H et al. Effects of aliskiren on blood pressure, albuminuria, and (pro)renin receptor expression in diabetic TG(mRen2)27 rats. Hypertension 2008; 52: 130-136.
61. Schefe JH, Neumann C, Goebel M et al. Prorenln engages the (pro)renin receptor like renin and both ligand activities are unopposed by aliskiren. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1787-1794.
62. Saris JJ, t Hoen PA, Garrelds IM et al. Prorenin induces intracellular signaling in cardlomyocytes independently of angiotensin II. Hypertension 2006; 48: 564-571.
63. Feldt S, Batenburg WW, Mazak I et al. Prorenln and renin-lnduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation in monocytes is not blocked by aliskiren or the handle-region peptide. Hypertension 2008; 51: 682-688.
64. Feldt S, Maschke U, Dechend R et al. The putative (pro)renln receptor blocker HRP fails to prevent (pro)renin signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 743-748.
65. Kelly DJ, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Allen TJ et al. A new model of diabetic nephropathy with progressive renal Impairment In the transgenic (mRen2)27 rat (TGR). Kidney lnt 1998; 54: 343-352.
66. Kelly DJ, Zhang Y, Moe G et al. Aliskiren, a novel renin inhibitor, is renoprotective in a model of advanced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 2398-2404.
67. Mann JF, Schmleder RE, McQueen M et al. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 547-553.