Is clear lake methylmercury distribution decoupled from bulk mercury loading?

Ecological Applications

Volumn 18, Issue 8 SUPPL., 2008, Pages

  Suchanek, Thomas H ^a,c   Eagles Smith, Collin A ^a,c   Harner, E James ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

California; Chironomids; Clear Lake; Fish; Invertebrates; Management; Mercury; Methylmercury; Sediments; Total maximum daily load (TMDL); USA; Water; Zooplankton

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CHIRONOMIDAE; INVERTEBRATA; PISCES;

FRESH WATER; MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY DERIVATIVE;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; ECOSYSTEM; INVERTEBRATE; METABOLISM; MINING; PLANKTON; SEDIMENT; TIME; UNITED STATES; WATER POLLUTANT;

ANIMALS; CALIFORNIA; ECOSYSTEM; FRESH WATER; GEOLOGIC SEDIMENTS; INVERTEBRATES; MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY COMPOUNDS; MINING; PLANKTON; TIME FACTORS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 67449101916     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/06-1649.1     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Ankley, G. T., D. M. Di Toro, D. J. Hansen, and W. J. Berry. 1996. Technical basis and proposal for deriving sediment quality criteria for metals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:2056-2066. (Pubitemid 26408954)
2. Ankley, G. T., N. A. Thomas, D. M. Di Toro, D. J. Hansen, J. D. Mahony, W. J. Berry, R. C. Swartz, and R. A. Hoke. 1994. Assessing potential bioavailability of metals in sediments: A proposed approach. Environmental Management 18:331-337. (Pubitemid 24104960)
3. Back, R. C., P. R. Gorski, L. B. Cleckner, and J. P. Hurley. 2003. Mercury content and speciation in the plankton and benthos of Lake Superior. Science of the Total Environment 304:349-354. (Pubitemid 36344103)
4. Back, R. C., and C. J. Watras. 1995. Mercury in zooplankton of northern Wisconsin lakes: Taxonomic and site-specific trends. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 80:931-938. (Pubitemid 26447423)
5. Becker, D. S., and G. N. Bigham. 1995. Distribution of mercury in the aquatic food web of Onondaga Lake, New York. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 80:563-571. (Pubitemid 26447411)
6. Benoit, J., C. Gilmour, A. Heyes, R. P. Mason, and C. Miller. 2003. Geochemical and biological controls over methylmercury production and degradation in aquatic ecosystems. Pages 262-297 in Y. Chai and O. C. Braids, editor. Biogeochemistry of environmentally important trace elements. Symposium Series 835. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., USA. (Pubitemid 135715780)
7. Benoit, J., C. C. Gilmour, and R. P. Mason. 2001. The influence of sulfide on solid-phase mercury bioavailability for methylation by pure cultures of Desulfobulbus propionicus (1pr3). Environmental Science and Technology 35:127-132. (Pubitemid 32048414)
8. Berry, W. J., D. J. Hansen, J. D. Mahony, D. L. Robson, D. M. Di Toro, B. P. Shipley, B. Rogers, J. M. Corbin, and W. S. Boothman. 1996. Predicting the toxicity of metal-spiked laboratory sediments using acid-volatile sulfide and interstitial water normalizations. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:2067-2079. (Pubitemid 26408955)
9. Bloom, N. S. 1989. Determination of picogram levels of methylmercury by aqueous phase ethylation, followed by cryogenic gas chromatography with cold vapour atomic fluorescence detection. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46:1131-1140.
10. Bloom, N. S., J. A. Colman, and L. Barber. 1997. Artifact formation of methyl mercury during aqueous distillation and alternative techniques for the extraction of methyl mercury from environmental samples. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 358:371-377. (Pubitemid 127714741)
11. Bloom, N. S., and E. A. Crecelius. 1983. Determination of mercury in seawater at subnanogram per liter levels. Marine Chemistry 14:49-60.
12. Bloom, N. S., E. Preus, J. Katon, and M. Hiltner. 2003. Selective extractions to assess the biogeochemically relevantfractionation of inorganic mercury in sediments and soils. Analytica Chimica Acta 479:233-248. (Pubitemid 36173928)
13. Bodaly, R. A., J. W. M. Rudd, R. J. P. Fudge, and C. A. Kelly. 1993. Mercury concentrations in fish related to size of remote Canadian Shield lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:980-987. (Pubitemid 24409118)
14. Bonzongo, J. C., K. J. Heim, J. J. Warwick, W. B. Lyons, P. J. Lechler, Y. Chen, and G. C. Miller. 1996. Mercury pathways in the Carson River-Lahontan Reservoir system, Nevada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:677-683. (Pubitemid 26129726)
15. Bowles, K. C., S. C. Apte, W. A. Maher, and D. R. Bluhdorn. 2003. Mercury cycling in Lake Gordon and Lake Pedder, Tasmania (Australia). II. Catchment processes. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 147:25-38. (Pubitemid 36927133)
16. Chamberlin, C. E., R. Chaney, B. Finney, M. Hood, P. Lehman, M. McKee, and R. Willis. 1990. Abatement and control study: Sulphur Bank Mine and Clear Lake. Environmental Resources Engineering Department, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, USA.
17. Compeau, G., and R. Bartha. 1985. Sulfate-reducing bacteria-principal methylators of mercury in anoxic estuarine sediment. Applied Environmental Microbiology 50:498-502. (Pubitemid 15018782)
18. Cooke, G. D., P. Lombardo, and C. Brant. 2001. Shallow and deep lakes: determining successful management options. Lakeline 21:42-46.
19. Cutter, G. A., and T. J. Oatts. 1987. Determination of dissolved sulfide and sedimentary sulfur speciation using gas chromatography-photoionization detection. Analytical Chemistry 59:717-721.
20. CVRWQCB [Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board].1987. Regional mercury assessment. Policies, Standards, and Special Studies Unit of the CVRWQCB, Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley, California, USA.
21. CVRWQCB [Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board]. 2001. Clear Lake TMDL for Mercury Numeric Target Report: Staff Report. Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley, California, USA.
22. CVRWQCB [Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board]. 2002a. Clear Lake TMDL for Mercury. Staff Report. Final Report. Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley, California, USA.
23. CVRWQCB [Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board]. 2002b. Amendments to the water quality control plan for the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River Basins for the control of mercury in Clear Lake (Lake County). Staff report and functionally equivalent document. Final Report. California Environmental Protection Agency, Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region, California, USA.
24. Di Toro, D. M., J. Mahony, D. Hansen, K. Scott, A. Carr, and G. Ankley. 1992. Acid volatile sulfide predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments. Environmental Science and Technology 26:96-101.
25. Di Toro, D. M., J. D. Mahony, D. J. Hansen, K. J. Scott, M. B. Hicks, S. M. Mays, and M. S. Redmond. 1990. Toxicity of cadmium in sediments: The role of acid volatile sulfide. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9:1489-1504.
26. Driscoll, C. T., V. Blette, C. Yan, C. L. Schofield, R. Munson, and J. Holsapple. 1995. The role of dissolved organic carbon in the chemistry and bioavailability of mercury in remote Adirondack lakes. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 80:499-508. (Pubitemid 26443092)
27. Driscoll, C. T., C. Yan, C. L. Schofield, R. Munson, and J. Holsapple. 1994. The mercury cycle and fish in the Adirondack lakes. Environmental Science and Technology 28:136A-146A.
28. Eagles-Smith, C. A., T. H. Suchanek, A. E. Colwell, and N. L. Anderson. 2008. Mercury trophic transfer in a eutrophic lake: The importance of habitat-specific foraging. Ecological Applications 18(Supplement):A196-A212.
29. Fleming, E. J., E. Mack, P. G. Green, and D. C. Nelson. 2006. Mercury methylation from unexpected sources: Molybdateinhibited freshwater sediments and an iron-reducing bacterium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72:457-464.
30. Gill, G. A., and W. F. Fitzgerald. 1985. Mercury sampling of the open ocean at the picomolar level. Deep Sea Research 32: 287-297.
31. Gill, G. A., and W. F. Fitzgerald. 1987. Picomolar mercury measurements in seawater and other materials using stannous chloride reduction and two-stage gold amalgamation with gas phase detection. Marine Chemistry 20:227-243.
32. Gilmour, C. C., and E. A. Henry. 1991. Mercury methylation in aquatic systems affected by acid deposition. Environmental Pollution 71:131-169.
33. Gorski, P. R., L. B. Cleckner, J. P. Hurley, M. E. Sierszen, and D. E. Armstrong. 2003. Factors affecting enhanced mercury bioaccumulation in inland lakes of Isle Royale National Park, USA. Science of the Total Environment 304:327-348. (Pubitemid 36344102)
34. Grieb, T. M., C. T. Driscoll, S. P. Gloss, C. L. Schofield, G. L. Bowie, and D. B. Porcella. 1990. Factors affecting mercury accumulation in fish in the upper Michigan peninsula. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9:919-930. (Pubitemid 20378078)
35. Haines, T. A., T. W. May, R. T. Finlayson, and S. E. Mierzykowski. 2003. Factors affecting food chain transfer of mercury in the vicinity of the Nyanza Site, Sudbury River, Massachusetts. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 86:211-232. (Pubitemid 36805806)
36. Hare, L., R. Carignan, and M. A. Huerta-Diaz. 1994. A field study of metal toxicity and accumulation by benthic invertebrates: Implications for the acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) model. Limnology and Oceanography 39:1653-1668.
37. Henry, E. A., L. J. Dodge-Murphy, G. N. Bigham, S. M. Klein, and C. C. Gilmour. 1995. Total mercury and methylmercury mass balance in an alkaline, hypereutrophic urban lake (Onondaga Lake, NY). Water, Air and Soil Pollution 80: 509-518.
38. Horvat, M., L. Liang, and N. S. Bloom. 1993. Comparison of distillation with other current isolation methods for the determination of methyl mercury compounds in low level environmental samples. Part 2: Water. Analytica Chimica Acta 282:153-168. (Pubitemid 23288590)
39. Horvat, M., N. Nolde, V. Fajon, V. Jereb, M. Logar, S. Lojen, R. Jacimovic, I. Falnoga, Q. Liya, J. Faganeli, and D. Drobne. 2003. Total mercury, methylmercury and selenium in mercury polluted areas in the province Guizhou, China. Science of the Total Environment 304:231-256. (Pubitemid 36344095)
40. Hylander, L. D., and M. Meili. 2003. 500 years of mercury production: Global annual inventory by region until 2000 and associated emissions. Science of the Total Environment 304: 13-27. (Pubitemid 36344078)
41. Hylander, L. D., and M. Meili. 2005. The rise and fall of mercury: Converting a resource to refuse after 500 years of mining and pollution. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 35:1-36. (Pubitemid 40063588)
42. Jackson, T. A. 1986. Methyl mercury levels in a polluted prairie river-lake system: Seasonal and site-specific variations, and the dominant influence of trophic conditions. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:1873-1887.
43. Jackson, T. A., and R. N. Woychuk. 1980. Mercury speciation and distribution in a polluted river-lake system as related to the problem of lake restoration. Pages 93-101 in Restoration of lakes and inland waters. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Inland Waters and Lake Restoration, Portland, Maine, 8-12 September 1980. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA.
44. Jackson, T. A., and R. N. Woychuk. 1981. Methyl mercury formation and distribution in a polluted river-lake system: The effect of environmental variables, and implications for biological uptake and lake restoration. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie 21: 1114-1115.
45. Jacobs, L. A., S. M. Klein, and E. A. Henry. 1995. Mercury cycling in the water column of a seasonally anoxic urban lake (Onondaga Lake, NY). Water, Air and Soil Pollution 80: 553-562. (Pubitemid 26443094)
46. Kainz, M., and M. Lucotte. 2002. Can flooded organic matter from sediments predict mercury concentrations in zooplankton of a perturbed lake? Science of the Total Environment 293:151-161. (Pubitemid 34591093)
47. Kelly, C. A., J. W. M. Rudd, and M. H. Holoka. 2003. Effect of pH on mercury uptake by an aquatic bacterium: Implications for Hg cycling. Environmental Science and Technology 37: 2941-2946. (Pubitemid 36799086)
48. Kelly, C. A., J. W. M. Rudd, V. L. St. Louis, and A. Heyes. 1995. Is total mercury concentration a good predictor of methyl mercury concentration in aquatic systems? Water, Air and Soil Pollution 80:715-724. (Pubitemid 26443083)
49. Kidd, K. A., M. J. Paterson, R. H. Hesslein, D. C. G. Muir, and R. E. Hecky. 1999. Effects of northern pike (Esox lucius) additions on pollutant accumulation and food web structure, as determined by d13C and d15N, in a eutrophic and an oligotrophic lake. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56:2193-2202. (Pubitemid 30656163)
50. Kim, C. S., G. E. Brown, Jr., and J. J. Rytuba. 2000. Characterization and speciation of mercury-bearing mine wastes using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Science of the Total Environment 261:157-168.
51. Liang, L., M. Horvat, E. Cernichiari, B. Gelein, and S. Balogh. 1996. Simple solvent extraction technique for elimination of matrix interferences in the determination of methylmercury in environmental and biological samples by ethylation-gas chromatography-cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Talanta 43:1883-1888. (Pubitemid 26352163)
52. Mack, E. E. 1998. Sulfate reduction and mercury methylation potential in the sediments of Clear Lake (CA). Dissertation. University of California, Davis, California, USA.
53. Meili, M. 1997. Mercury in lakes and rivers. Pages 21-51 in A. Sigel and H. Sigel, editors. Metal ions in biological systems. Volume 34. Mercury and its effect on environment and biology. Marcel Dekker, New York, New York, USA.
54. Monson, B. A., and P. L. Brezonik. 1998. Seasonal patterns of mercury species in water and plankton from softwater lakes in northeastern Minnesota. Biogeochemistry 40:147-162. (Pubitemid 28107186)
55. Monson, B. A., and P. L. Brezonik. 1999. Influence of food, aquatic humus, and alkalinity on methylmercury uptake by Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:560-566. (Pubitemid 29091747)
56. Parks, J. W., A. Lutz, and J. A. Sutton. 1989. Water column methylmercury in the Wabigoon/English River-Lake System: Factors controlling concentrations, speciation, and net production. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46:2184-2202.
57. Paterson, M. J., J. W. M. Rudd, and V. St. Louis. 1998. Increases in total and methylmercury in zooplankton following flooding of a peatland reservoir. Environmental Science and Technology 32:3868-3874. (Pubitemid 29013953)
58. Pickhardt, P. C., C. L. Folt, C. Y. Chen, B. Klaue, and J. D. Blum. 2002. Algal blooms reduce the uptake of toxic methylmercury in freshwater food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:4419-4423. (Pubitemid 34286000)
59. Plourde, Y., M. Lucotte, and P. Pichet. 1997. Contribution of suspended particulate matter and zooplankton to MeHg contamination of the food chain in midnorthern Quebec (Canada) reservoirs. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:821-831. (Pubitemid 27312602)
60. PTI. 1993. Onondaga Lake RI/FS bioaccumulation investigation data report. PTI Environmental Services, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
61. Ramlal, P. S., C. A. Kelly, J. W. M. Rudd, and A. Furutani. 1993. Sites of methyl mercury production in remote Canadian Shield lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:972-979. (Pubitemid 24394787)
62. Richerson, P. J., T. H. Suchanek, and S. J. Why. 1994. The causes and control of algal blooms in Clear Lake. Clean lakes diagnostic/feasibility study for Clear Lake, California. University of California, Davis, California, USA.
63. Richerson, P. J., T. H. Suchanek, R. A. Zierenberg, D. A. Osleger, A. C. Heyvaert, D. G. Slotton, C. A. Eagles-Smith, and C. E. Vaughn. 2008. Anthropogenic stressors and changes in the Clear Lake ecosystem as recorded in sediment cores. Ecological Applications 18(Supplement):A257-A283.
64. Roesijadi, G. 1982. Uptake and incorporation of mercury into mercury-binding proteins of gills of Mytilus edulis as a function of time. Marine Biology 66:151-152.
65. Rudd, J. W. M., M. A. Turner, A. Furutani, A. Swick, and E. Townsend. 1983. The English-Wabigoon River System: I. A synthesis of recent research with a view towards mercury amelioration. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:2206-2217. (Pubitemid 14029643)
66. Rueda, F. J., S. G. Schladow, and J. F. Clark. 2008. Mechanisms of contaminant transport in a multi-basin lake. Ecological Applications 18(Supplement):A72-A87.
67. Schaefer, J. K., J. Yagi, J. R. Reinfelder, T. Cardona, K. M. Ellickson, S. Tel-Or, and T. Barkay. 2004. Role of the bacterial organomercury lyase (MerB) in controlling methylmercury accumulation in mercury-contaminated natural waters. Environmental Science and Technology 38: 4304-4311. (Pubitemid 39095224)
68. Senesi, N., T. M. Miano, M. R. Provenzano, and G. Brunetti. 1991. Characterization, differentiation, and classification of humic substances by fluorescence spectroscopy. Soil Science 152:259-271.
69. Shipp, W. G., and R. A. Zierenberg. 2008. Pathways of acid mine drainage to Clear Lake: Implications for mercury cycling. Ecological Applications 18(Supplement):A29-A54.
70. Sjöblom, A ., M. Meili, and M. Sundbom. 2000. The influence of humic substances on the speciation and bioavailability of dissolved mercury and methylmercury, measured as uptake by Chaoborus larvae and loss by volatilization. Science of the Total Environment 261:115-124.
71. Slotton, D. G., J. E. Reuter, and C. R. Goldman. 1995. Mercury uptake patterns of biota in a seasonally anoxic northern California reservoir. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80:841-850. (Pubitemid 26447415)
72. Sorensen, J. A., G. E. Glass, K. W. Schmidt, J. K. Huber, and G. R. Rapp, Jr. 1990. Airborne mercury deposition and watershed characteristics in relation to mercury concentrations in water, sediments, plankton, and fish of eighty Northern Wisconsin lakes. Environmental Science and Technology 24:1716-1727. (Pubitemid 20352931)
73. Steffan, R. J., E. T. Korthals, and M. R. Winfrey. 1988. Effect of acidification on mercury methylation, demethylation, and volatilization in sediments from an acid-susceptible lake. Applied Environmental Microbiology 54:2003-2009.
74. Strumm, W., and J. J. Morgan. 1996. Aquatic chemistry: Chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters. Third edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
75. Suchanek, T. H., J. Cooke, K. Keller, S. Jorgensen, P. J. Richerson, C. A. Eagles-Smith, E. J. Harner, and D. P. Adam. In press. A mass balance mercury budget for a minedominated lake: Clear Lake, California. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. [doi: 10.1007/s11270-008-9757-1]
76. Suchanek, T. H., C. A. Eagles-Smith, D. G. Slotton, E. J. Harner, and D. P. Adam. 2008a. Mercury in abiotic matrices of Clear Lake, California: Human health and ecotoxicological implications. Ecological Applications 18(Supplement):A128-A157.
77. Suchanek, T. H., C. A. Eagles-Smith, D. G. Slotton, E. J. Harner, D. P. Adam, A. E. Colwell, N. L. Anderson, and D. L. Woodward. 2008b. Mine-derived mercury: Effects on lower trophic species in Clear Lake, California. Ecological Applications 18(Supplement):A158-A176.
78. Suchanek, T. H., C. A. Eagles-Smith, D. G. Slotton, E. J. Harner, A. E. Colwell, N. L. Anderson, L. H. Mullen, J. R. Flanders, D. P. Adam, and K. J. McElroy. 2008c. Spatiotemporal trends in fish mercury from a mine-dominated ecosystem: Clear Lake, California. Ecological Applications 18(Supplement):A177- A195.
79. Suchanek, T. H., L. H. Mullen, B. A. Lamphere, P. J. Richerson, C. E. Woodmansee, D. G. Slotton, E. J. Harner, and L. A. Woodward. 1998. Redistribution of mercury from contaminated lake sediments of Clear Lake, California. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 104:77-102. (Pubitemid 28204441)
80. Suchanek, T. H., D. C. Nelson, R. Zierenberg, A. L. Bern, W. Shipp, P. King, and K. McElroy. 2000a. Influence of AMD from the abandoned Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine on methyl mercury production in Clear Lake (CA). Pages 218-224 in Proceedings: Assessing and managing mercury from historic and current mining activities, 28 November 2000. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Ada, Oklahoma, USA.
81. Suchanek, T. H., P. J. Richerson, J. R. Flanders, D. C. Nelson, L. H. Mullen, L. L. Brister, and J. C. Becker. 2000b. Monitoring inter-Annual variability reveals sources of mercury contamination in Clear Lake, California. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 64:299-310.
82. Suchanek, T. H., et al. 2003. Evaluating and managing a multiply stressed ecosystem at Clear Lake, California: A holistic ecosystem approach. Pages 1239-1271 in D. J. Rapport, W. L. Lasley, D. E. Rolston, N. O. Nielsen, C. O. Qualset, and A. B. Damania, editors. Managing for healthy ecosystems. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida USA.
83. Suchanek, T. H., et al. 2008d. The legacy of mercury cycling from mining sources in an aquatic ecosystem: From ore to organism. Ecological Applications 18(Supplement):A12-A28.
84. Tremblay, A., M. Lucotte, and I. Rheault. 1996. Methylmercury in a benthic food web of two hydroelectric reservoirs and a natural lake of Northern Quebec (Canada). Water, Air and Soil Pollution 91:255-269.
85. Ullrich, S. M., T. W. Tanton, and S. A. Abdrashitova. 2001. Mercury in the aquatic environment: A review of factors affecting methylation. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 31:241-293. (Pubitemid 32777537)
86. U.S. EPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]. 1979. Methods for the chemical analysis of water and wastes. EPA 600/4-79-020 (Revised March 1983). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
87. U.S. EPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]. 1991. Methods for the determination of metals in environmental samples. EPA-600/4-91-010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
88. Verta, M., T. Matilainen, P. Porvari, M. Niemi, A. Uusi-Rauva, and N. S. Bloom. 1994. Methylmercury sources in boreal lake ecosystems. Pages 119-136 in C. J. Watras and J. W. Huckabee, editors. Mercury pollution: Integration and synthesis. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
89. Watras, C. J., R. C. Back, S. Halvorsen, R. J. M. Hudson, K. A. Morrison, and S. P. Wente. 1998. Bioaccumulation of mercury in pelagic freshwater food webs. Science of the Total Environment 219:183-208. (Pubitemid 28548671)
90. Watras, C. J., and N. S. Bloom. 1992. Mercury and methylmercury in individual zooplankton: Implications for bioaccumulation. Limnology and Oceanography 37:1313-1318.
91. Watras, C. J., K. A. Morrison, and N. S. Bloom. 1995a. Mercury in remote Rocky Mountain lakes of Glacier National Park, Montana, in comparison with other temperate North American regions. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52:1220-1228. (Pubitemid 26475149)
92. Watras, C. J., K. A. Morrison, and J. S. Host. 1995b. Concentration of mercury species in relationship to other site-specific factors in the surface waters of northern Wisconsin lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 40:556-565. (Pubitemid 26445774)
93. Wiener, J. G., R. A. Bodaly, S. S. Brown, M. Lucotte, M. C. Newman, D. B. Porcella, R. J. Reash, and E. B. Swain. 2007. Monitoring and evaluating trends in methylmercury accumulation in aquatic biota. Pages 87-122 in R. C. Harris, D. P. Krabbenhoft, R. P. Mason, M. W. Murray, R. J. Reash, and T. Saltman, editors. Ecosystem responses to mercury contamination: Indicators of change. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
94. Wiener, J. G., D. P. Krabbenhoft, G. H. Heinz, and A. M. Scheuhammer. 2003. Ecotoxicology of mercury. Pages 409-463 in D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr., editors. Handbook of ecotoxicology. Second edition. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
95. Winfrey, M. R., and J. W. M. Rudd. 1990. Environmental factors affecting the formation of methylmercury in low pH lakes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9:853-869. (Pubitemid 20378073)