Considerations for the design and analysis of experimental studies in physical activity and exercise promotion: Advantages of the randomised controlled trial

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 220-224

  Tai, Sharon See ^a   Iliffe, Steve ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CLINICAL STUDY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DATA ANALYSIS; DECISION MAKING; EXERCISE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SAMPLING; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TIME;

BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; EXERCISE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); RANDOM ALLOCATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RESEARCH DESIGN; SAMPLE SIZE;

EID: 6744247109     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.34.3.220     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Thompson B. A review of the British Journal of Sports Medicine 1991-1995. Br J Sports Med 1996;30 354-5
2. Fisher LD, Van Belle G. Biostatistics A methodology for the health sciences. New York Wiley, 1993.
3. See Tai S, Gould M, Iliffe S. Promoting healthy exercise among older people in general practice: issues in designing and evaluating therapeutic interventions Br J Gen Pract 1997,47:119-22
4. Snow-Harter C, Whalen R, Myburgh K, et al. Bone mineral density, muscle strength, and recreational exercise in men. J Bone Miner Res 1992;7:1291-6.
5. Pocock SJ. Clinical trials: a practical approach, Chichester: Wiley, 1983.
6. Kirkwood B. Essentials of medical statistics. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1988.
7. See Tai S, Nazareth I, Haines A, et al A randomized trial of the impact of telephone and recorded delivery reminders on the response rate to research questionnaires. J Publ Health Med 1997;19:219-21.
8. Harvey L. Factors affecting response rates to mailed questionnaires: a comprehensive literature review Journal of the Market Research Society 1987,29:341-53.
9. Heberlein TA, Baumgartner R. Factors affecting response rates to mailed questionnaires: a quantitative analysis of the published literature. American Sociology Review 1978;43: 447-62.
10. Goyder JC. Further evidence on factors affecting response rates to mailed questionnaires. American Sociology Review 1982;47.550-3.
11. Armitage P, Berry G. Statistical methods in medical research. 3rd ed. Oxford; Blackwell Scientific, 1994.
12. Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman & Hall, 1991.
13. Machin D, Campbell MJ. Statistical tables for the design of clinical trials (table 13.1). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1987.
14. Epi Info 6. A word processing, database and statistics program for public health on IBM compatible microcomputers. Atlanta, Georgia: The Division of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), July 1996
15. Cohen J Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. 2nd ed. Mahwah, New Jersey: Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
16. Cornfield J. Randomization by group: a formal analysis. Am J Epidemtol 1978;108:100-2.
17. Kerry SM, Bland JM. Trials which randomize practices II: sample size. Fam Pract 1998;15:84-6
18. Kerry SM, Bland JM. Statistics notes. Sample size in cluster randomization. BMJ 1998;316:549.
19. Underwood M, Barnett A, Hajioff S Cluster randomization: a trap for the unwary. Br J Gen Pract 1998; 48:1089-90.
20. Moher D, Jadad AR, Nichol G, et al. Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: an annotated bibliography of scales and checklists. Control Clin Trials 1995;16:62-73.
21. Emerson JD, Burdick E, Hoaglin DC, et at. An empirical study of the possible relation of treatment differences to quality scores in controlled randomized clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1990;11:339-52.
22. Chalmers TC, Celano P, Sacks HS, et al. Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials. N Engl J Med 1983; 309:1358-61.
23. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, et al. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. J AMA 1995;273:408-12.
24. Altman DG, Dore CJ. Randomisation and baseline comparisons in clinical trials. Lancet 1990;335:149-53.
25. Murlow CD, Oxman CD, eds. The Cochrane collaboration handbook version 4.0. In: The Cochrane Library [database on disk and CD-ROM]. Oxford: The Cochrane Collaboration (Updated software 1996.)
26. Jadad AR, Moore R, Carroll D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 1996;17:1-12
27. Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol 1. The analysis of case-control studies, Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1990. (IARC Scientific Publications, No 32)
28. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ, User's guide to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? JAMA 1994;271:59-63.
29. Gardner MJ, Altman DG. Statistics with confidenceconfidence intervals and statistical guidelines. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 1989.
30. Donner A, Birkett N, Buck C. Randomization by cluster. Sample size requirements and analysis. Am J Epidemiol 1981;114:906-14.
31. Bland JM, Kerry SM. Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ 1998;315:600.
32. Kerry SM, Bland JM. Statistics notes. Analysis of a trial randomised in clusters. BMJ 1998;316:54.
33. Bland JM, Kerry SM. Statistics notes. Weighted comparison of means. BMJ 1998;316:129.
34. Thompson SG, Pyke SDM, Hardy RJ. The design and analysis of paired cluster randomized trials: an application of meta-analysis techniques. Stat Med 1997;16:2063-79.
35. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. User's guide to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A Are the results of the study valid? JAMA 1993;270:2598-601.
36. Hill A, Roberts J, Ewings P, et al. Non-response bias in a lifestyle survey. J Publ Health Med 1997;19:203-7.
37. Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, et al. Special communication. Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. JAMA 1996;276: 637-9.