The motives of off-the-books entrepreneurs: Necessity- or opportunity-driven?

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 203-217

  Williams, Colin C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

England; Enterprise culture; Informal economy; Necessity entrepreneurs; Opportunity entrepreneurs; Shadow economy

Indexed keywords

EID: 67349282990     PISSN: 15547191     EISSN: 15551938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11365-008-0098-8     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. R. Aidis F. Welter D. Smallbone N. Isakova 2006 Female entrepreneurship in transition e: the case of Lithuania and Ukraine Feminist Economics 13 2 157 183
2. Baty, G. (1990). Entrepreneurship in the nineties. London: Prentice Hall.
3. Blanchflower, D. G., & Meyer, B. D. (1991). Longitudinal analysis of young entrepreneurs in Australia and the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 3746.
4. Bögenhold, D. (1987). De Gründerboom: Realität unde mythos de neuen Selbständigkeit. Frankfurt: Campus.
5. Bolton, B., & Thompson, J. (2000). Entrepreneurs: Talent, temperament, technique. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
6. R. H. Brockhaus P. S. Horowitz 1986 The psychology of the entrepreneur Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 23 29 45
7. Browne, K. E. (2004). Creole economics: Caribbean cunning under the French flag. Austin: University of Texas.
8. Burns, P. (2001). Entrepreneurship and small business. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
9. Carr, P. (2002). Enterprise culture: Understanding a misunderstood concept. In G. Beaver (Ed.), Small business, entrepreneurship and enterprise development. London: Prentice Hall.
10. Castells, M., & Portes, A. (1989). World underneath: The origins, dynamics and effects of the informal economy. In A. Portes, M. Castells, & L. A. Benton (Eds.), The informal economy: Studies in advanced and less developing countries. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
11. Chell, E., Haworth, J., & Brearly, S. (1991). The entrepreneurial personality: Concepts, cases and categories. London: Routledge.
12. Cole, A. H. (1969). Definition of entrepreneurship. In J. Komives (Ed.), Karl A. Bostrum Seminar in the study of enterprise. Milwaukee: Centre for Venture Management.
13. A. C. Cooper 1981 Strategic management: new ventures and small businesses Long Range Planning 14 39 45 (Pubitemid 12468127)
14. J. C. Cross 1997 Entrepreneurship and exploitation: measuring independence and dependence in the informal economy International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 17 37 63
15. J. C. Cross 2000 Street vendors, modernity and postmodernity: conflict and compromise in the global economy International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 20 29 51
16. De Soto, H. (1989). The other path: The economic answer to terrorism. London: Harper and Row.
17. De Soto, H. (2001). The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. London: Black Swan.
18. European Commission (1998). Communication of the Commission on Undeclared Work. Retrieved from http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment-social/empl-esf/docs/ com98-0219-en.pdf .
19. Evans, M., Syrett, S., & Williams, C. C. (2006). The informal economy and deprived neighbourhoods: A systematic review. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
20. Fortin, B., Garneau, G., Lacroix, G., Lemieux, T., & Montmarquette, C. (1996). L'Economie Souterraine au Quebec: Mythes et realites. Laval: Presses de l'Universite Laval.
21. Franks, J. R. (1994). Macroeconomic policy and the informal economy. In C. A. Rakowski (Ed.), Contrapunto: The informal sector debate in Latin America. New York: State University of New York Press.
22. D. Gallin 2001 Propositions on trade unions and informal employment in time of globalization Antipode 19 531 49 (Pubitemid 33719970)
23. K. Gerxhani 2004 The informal sector in developed and less developed countries: a literature survey Public Choice 120 267 300 (Pubitemid 39363869)
24. Harding, R. (2003). Global entrepreneurship monitor business start-up activity. London: London Business School.
25. Harding, R., Brooksbank, D., Hart, M., Jones-Evans, D., Levie, J., O'Reilly, J., et al. (2006). Global entrepreneurship monitor United Kingdom 2005. London: London Business School, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
26. D. Hull J. J. Bosley G. G. Udell 1980 Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics Journal of Small Business 18 11 18
27. International Labour Office (2002). Decent work and the informal economy. International Labour Office: Geneva.
28. L. Jensen G. T. Cornwell J. L. Findeis 1995 Informal work in nonmetropolitan Pennsylvania Rural Sociology 60 91 107 (Pubitemid 26428900)
29. T. Jones M. Ram P. Edwards 2004 Illegal immigrants and the informal economy: worker and employer experiences in the Asian underground economy International Journal of Economic Development 6 92 106
30. Kanter, R. M. (1983). The change masters. New York: Simon and Schuster.
31. Katungi, D., Neale, E., & Barbour, A. (2006). People in low-paid informal work: Need not greed. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
32. Kitchen, R., & Tate, N. (2001). Conducting research in human geography: Theory, practice and methodology. London: Prentice Hall.
33. R. A. Lagos 1995 Formalising the informal sector: barriers and costs Development and Change 26 110 131
34. Leonard, M. (1994). Informal economic activity in belfast. Aldershot: Avebury.
35. Lozano, B. (1989). The invisible workforce: Transforming American business with outside and home-based workers. New York: The Free Press.
36. R. MacDonald 1994 Fiddly jobs, undeclared working and the something for nothing society Work, Employment and Society 8 507 530 (Pubitemid 24836972)
37. C. Maldonado 1995 The informal sector: legalization or laissez-faire? International Labour Review 134 705 728
38. A. Maritz 2004 New Zealand necessity entrepreneurs International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 1 255 264
39. McClelland, D. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
40. Mingione, E. (1991). Fragmented societies: A sociology of economic life beyond the market paradigm. Oxford: Blackwell.
41. Minniti, M., Bygrave, W., & Autio, E. (2006). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2005 executive report. London: London Business School.
42. ODPM (2000). Index of multiple deprivation. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
43. Pahl, R. E. (1984). Divisions of labour. Oxford: Blackwell.
44. Perunović, Z. (2005). Introducing opportunity-based entrepreneurship in a transition economy. Michigan: Policy Brief 39, The William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan.
45. Portes, A., & Walton, J. (1981). Labor, class and the international system. New York: Academic.
46. R. Raijman 2001 Mexican immigrants and informal self-employment in Chicago Human Organization 60 47 55 (Pubitemid 32449659)
47. Rakowski, C. (1994). The informal sector debate, part II: 1984-1993. In C. A. Rakowski (Ed.), Contrapunto: The informal sector debate in Latin America. New York: State University of New York Press.
48. Ram, M., Edwards, P., & Jones, T. (2002a). Employers and illegal migrant workers in the clothing and restaurant sectors. London: DTI Central Unit Research.
49. M. Ram P. Edwards M. Gilman J. Arrowsmith 2001 The dynamics of informality: employment relations in small firms and the effects of regulatory change Work, Employment and Society 15 845 861 (Pubitemid 33404495)
50. M. Ram M. Gilman J. Arrowsmith P. Edwards 2003 Once more into the sunset? Asian clothing firms after the National Minimum Wage Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 71 238 261
51. M. Ram T. Jones T. Abbas B. Sanghera 2002 Ethnic minority enterprise in its urban context: south Asian restaurants in Birmingham International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26 24 40 (Pubitemid 34416156)
52. Renooy, P. (1990). The informal economy: Meaning, measurement and social significance. Netherlands Geographical Studies No. 115, Amsterdam.
53. Renooy, P., Ivarsson, S., van der Wusten-Gritsai, O., & Meijer, R. (2004). Undeclared work in an enlarged union: An analysis of shadow work - an in-depth study of specific items. Brussels: European Commission.
54. P. Rosanvallon 1980 Le developpement de l'economie souterraine et l'avenir des societe industrielles Le Debat 2 8 23
55. M. Rouse U. Dallenbach 1999 Rethinking research methods for the resource-based perspective: Isolating sources of sustainable competitive advantage Strategic Management Journal 20 5 487 494 (Pubitemid 129548664)
56. Sassen, S. (1997). Informalisation in advanced market economies. Issues in Development Discussion Paper 20. Geneva: International Labour Office.
57. Schumpeter, J. A. (1996). The theory of economic development. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
58. K. G. Shaver L. R. Scott 1991 Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16 2 23 45
59. Small Business Council (2004). Small business in the informal economy: Making the transition to the formal economy. London: Small Business Council.
60. Small Business Service (2006). Annual survey of small businesses: UK 2004/05. Sheffield: Small Business Service.
61. Smallbone, D., & Welter, F. (2004). Entrepreneurship in transition economies: Necessity or opportunity driven? Retrieved 9 June 2008 from www.babson.edu/entrep/fer/BABSON2003/XXV/XXV-S8/xxv-s8.htm .
62. K. A. Snyder 2004 Routes to the informal economy in New York's East village: crisis, economics and identity Sociological Perspectives 47 215 240 (Pubitemid 39026189)
63. Stebbins, R. A. (2004). Serious leisure, volunteerism and quality of life. In J. T. Haworth & A. J. Veal (Eds.), Work and leisure. London: Routledge. (Pubitemid 38279935)
64. Storey, D. J., & Sykes, N. (1996). Uncertainty, innovation and management. In P. Burns, & J. Dewhurst (Eds.), Small business and entrepreneurship. London: Macmillan.
65. Thomas, J. J. (1992). Informal economic activity. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
66. Travers, A. (2002). Prospects for enterprise: An investigation into the motivations of workers in the informal economy. Evidence paper No.2. London: Community Links.
67. R. Van Geuns J. Mevissen P. Renooy 1987 The spatial and sectoral diversity of the informal economy Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 78 389 398
68. Williams, C. C. (2004). Cash-in-hand work: The underground sector and the hidden economy of favours. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
69. Williams, C. C. (2005a). Small business in the informal economy: Making the transition to the formal economy - the evidence base. London: Small Business Service.
70. C. C. Williams 2005 The undeclared sector, self-employment and public policy International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 11 244 257 (Pubitemid 41018099)
71. Williams, C. C. (2006). The hidden enterprise culture: Entrepreneurship in the underground economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
72. Williams, C. C., & Windebank, J. (1998). Informal employment in the advanced economies: Implications for work and welfare. London: Routledge.