Large-amplitude ground-motion recordings and their interpretations

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Volumn 29, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1305-1329

  Strasser, Fleur O ^a,b   Bommer, Julian J ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Western Cape Regional Office   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Extreme ground motions; Ground motion prediction; PGA; PGV

Indexed keywords

DATA SETS; ENGINEERING PROJECT; EXTREME GROUND MOTIONS; GROUND MOTIONS; GROUND-MOTION; GROUND-MOTION PREDICTION; LARGE AMPLITUDE; PGA; PGV; PHYSICAL PROCESS;

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS; PROGRAMMED CONTROL SYSTEMS;

SEISMIC WAVES;

DATA INTERPRETATION; DATA SET; EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING; EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION; GROUND MOTION; PEAK ACCELERATION; SEISMIC DESIGN;

EID: 67349219108     PISSN: 02677261     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.04.001     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Abrahamson N.A., and Darragh R.B. Observation of a double event at regional distances: the Morgan Hill earthquake of 24 April 1984. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75 5 (1985) 1461-1464
2. Abrahamson N.A., and Darragh R.B. The Morgan Hill earthquake of April 24, 1984-the 1.29 g acceleration at Coyote Lake Dam: due to directivity, a double event, or both?. Earthquake Spectra 1 3 (1985) 445-455
3. Abrahamson N.A., and Silva W.J. Summary of the Abrahamson and Silva NGA ground motion relations. Earthquake Spectra 24 1 (2008) 67-97
4. Abrahamson N.A., and Somerville P.G. Effects of the hanging wall and footwall on ground motions recorded during the Northridge earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 1B (1996) S93-S99
5. Abrahamson N.G., Atkinson D., Boore Y., Bozorgnia K., Campbell B., Chiou I.M., et al. Comparisons of the NGA ground-motion relations. Earthquake Spectra 24 1 (2008) 45-66
6. Abrahamson NA, Birkhauser P, Koller M, Mayer-Rosa D, Smit P, Sprecher C, et al., PEGASOS-a comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for nuclear power plants in Switzerland. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, 2002. Paper no. 633.
7. Aki K. Asperities, barriers, characteristic earthquakes and strong motion prediction. Journal of Geophysical Research 89 (1984) 5867-5872
8. Akkar S., Boore D.M., and Gülkan P. An evaluation of the strong ground motion recorded during the May 1, 2003 Bingöl, Turkey earthquake. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 9 2 (2005) 173-197
9. Allen C.R. Earthquake hazards: has our approach been modified in the light of recent earthquakes? EERI distinguished lecture 1995. Earthquake Spectra 11 3 (1995) 357-366
10. Allen C.R., Brune J.N., Cluff L.S., and Barrows A.G. Evidence for unusually strong near-field ground motion on the hanging wall of the San Fernando fault during the 1971 earthquake. Seismological Research Letters 69 (1998) 524-531
11. Allmann B.P., and Shearer P.M. Global variations of stress drop for moderate to large earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (2009) 10.1029/2008JB005821 [Article no. B01310]
12. Ambraseys N.N. Preliminary analysis of European strong-motion data 1965-1978 (Part II). Bulletin of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering 4 (1978) 17-37
13. Ambraseys N.N., and Bommer J.J. The attenuation of ground accelerations in Europe. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 20 (1991) 1179-1202
14. Ambraseys N.N., Smit P., Douglas J., Margaris B., Sigbjornsson R., Olafsson S., et al. Internet site for European strong-motion data. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata 45 3 (2004) 113-129
15. Anderson J.G. Expected shape of regressions for ground-motion parameters on rock. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90 (2000) S43-S52
16. rms stress drop variability. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Extreme Ground Motions at Yucca Mountain, Menlo Park, California, August 2004.
17. Anderson JG. The 100 strongest ground motions ever measured. Presentation at the 60th EERI Annual Meeting, New Orleans, February 2008.
18. Anderson J.G., and Brune J.N. The Victoria accelerogram for the 1980 Mexicali Valley earthquake. Earthquake Spectra 7 1 (1991) 29-43
19. Anderson JG, Brune JN, Wesnousky SG. Physical phenomena controlling high-frequency seismic wave generation in earthquakes. In: Proceedings of the 7th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, July 2-25, 2002, Paper 272.
20. Anderson J, Alcántara Nolasco L, Almora Mata D, Quaas Weppen R, Brune JN, Singh SK, et al., Guerrero accelerographic network: highlights from 20 years of operation. In: Proceedings of the 8th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, California, April 2006.
21. Anooshehpoor A., and Brune J.N. Foam rubber modeling of topographic and dam interaction effects at Pacoima Dam. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79 5 (1989) 1347-1360 [Errata: 80, 237]
22. Ansal A, Marcellini A. Variability of source and site factors in seismic microzonation, state-of-the-art report. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paris, France, 1998.
23. Archuleta R.J. Analysis of near-source static and dynamic measurements from the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 72 6 (1982) 1927-1956
24. Archuleta R.J. A faulting model for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research 89 B6 (1984) 4559-4585
25. Archuleta R.J., Steidl J., and Squibb M. The COSMOS virtual data center: a web portal for strong motion data dissemination. Seismological Research Letters 77 6 (2006) 651-658
26. Baher S., Davis P.M., and Fuis G. Separation of site effects and structural focusing in Santa Monica, California: a study of high-frequency weak motions from earthquakes and blasts recorded during the Los Angeles region seismic experiment. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 8 (2002) 3134-3151
27. Bakun W.H., Clark M.M., Cockerham R.S., Ellsworth W.L., Lindh A.G., Prescott W.H., et al. The 1984 Morgan-Hill, California, earthquake. Science 225 4659 (1984) 288-291
28. Bardet J.P., and Davis C. Engineering observations on ground motions at the Van Norman Complex after the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 1B (1996) S333-S350
29. Beresnev I.A., and Atkinson G.M. Don't call is stress drop!. Seismological Research Letters 68 1 (1997) 3-4
30. -2 kinematic source model: an application to the seismic hazard in the Erzincan basin, Turkey. Journal of Seismology 5 1 (2001) 85-101
31. Bernard P., Gariel J.C., and Dorbath L. Fault location and rupture kinematics of the magnitude 6.8, 1992 Erzincan earthquake, Turkey, from strong ground motion and regional records. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87 5 (1997) 1230-1243
32. Beroza G.C. Near-source modeling of the Loma Prieta earthquake: evidence for heterogeneous slip and implications for seismic hazard. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81 5 (1991) 1603-1621
33. Beroza G.C., and Spudich P. Linearized inversion for fault rupture behaviour-application to the 1984 Morgan-Hill, California, earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research 93 B6 (1988) 6275-6296
34. Bolt B.A. San Fernando rupture mechanism and the Pacoima strong-motion record. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 62 (1972) 1053-1061
35. Bolt B, Abrahamson NA. Estimation of strong seismic ground motions. In International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI), 2003.
36. Bommer J.J., and Alarcón J.E. The prediction and use of peak ground velocity. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 10 1 (2006) 1-31
37. Bommer J.J., Abrahamson N.A., Strasser F.O., Pecker A., Bard P.-Y., Bungum H., et al. The challenge of defining upper bounds on earthquake ground motions. Seismological Research Letters 75 1 (2004) 82-95
38. Bommer J.J., Douglas J., and Strasser F.O. Style-of-faulting in ground-motion prediction equations. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 1 2 (2003) 171-203
39. Boore D.M. The effect of simple topography on seismic waves: implications for the accelerations recorded at Pacoima Dam, San Fernando Valley, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 63 (1973) 1603-1609
40. Boore D.M. Strong motion recordings of the California earthquake of April 18, 1906. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 67 (1977) 561-576
41. Boore D.M. Effects of baseline corrections on displacements and response spectra for several recordings of the 1999 Chi Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 5 (2001) 1199-1211
42. Boore D.M., and Bommer J.J. Processing of strong-motion accelerograms: needs, options and consequences. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 34 2 (2005) 45-165
43. Boore D.M., and Joyner W.B. The influence of rupture incoherence on seismic directivity. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 68 2 (1978) 283-300
44. Boore D.M., and Zoback M.D. Two-dimensional kinematic fault modelling of the Pacoima Dam strong-motion recordings of the February 9, 1971, San Fernando earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 64 3 (1974) 555-570
45. Boore D.M., Graizer V.M., Tinsley J.C., and Shakal A.F. A study of possible ground-motion amplification at the Coyote Lake Dam, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 94 4 (2004) 1327-1342
46. Borcherdt RD, Glassmoyer G. Influences of local geology on strong and weak ground motions recorded in the San Francisco Bay region and their implications for site-specific building-code provisions. In: Borcherdt RD, editor, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989-Strong Ground Motion. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1551-A, 1994, p. 77-108.
47. Bouchon M. Effect of topography on surface motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 63 2 (1973) 615-757
48. Bouchon M. A dynamic source model for the San Fernando earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 68 6 (1978) 1555-1576
49. Bouchon M., and Barker J.S. Seismic response of a hill: the example of Tarzana, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 1 (1996) 66-72
50. Bouchon M., Hatzfeld D., Jackson J.A., and Haghshenas E. Some insight on why Bam (Iran) was destroyed by an earthquake of relatively moderate size. Geophysical Research Letters 33 (2006) [Article no. L09309.]
51. Bouchon M., Toksöz M.N., Karabulut H., Bouin M.-P., Dietrich M., Aktar M., et al. Space and time evolution of rupture and faulting during the 1999 Izmit (Turkey) earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 1 (2002) 256-266
52. Brady AG, Perez V, Mork PN. Digitization and processing of main-shock ground-motion data from US Geological Survey accelerograph network. In: The Imperial Valley, California, Earthquake of October 15, 1979, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1254, 1982, p. 385-406.
53. Bray J.D., and Rodriguez-Marek A. Characterization of forward-directivity ground motions in the near-fault region. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 24 (2004) 815-828
54. Brune J.N. Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 75 (1970) 4997-5009
55. Brune J.N., and Anooshehpoor A. Foam rubber modelling of the El Centro terminal substation building. Earthquake Spectra 7 1 (1991) 45-79
56. Catchings R.D., and Lee W.H.K. Shallow velocity structure and Poisson's ratio at the Tarzana, California, strong-motion accelerometer site. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 6 (1996) 1704-1713
57. Celebi M. Strong motion. Earthquake Spectra 9 S1 (1993) 35-41
58. Chang S.W., Bray J.D., and Seed R.B. Engineering implications of ground motions from the Northridge earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 1B (1996) S270-S288
59. Chang T.Y., Cotton F., Tsai Y.B., and Angelier J. Quantification of hanging-wall effects on ground motion: some insights from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 94 6 (2004) 2186-2197
60. Chen S.-Z., and Atkinson G.M. Global comparisons of earthquake source spectra. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 3 (2002) 885-895
61. Chi W.-C., Dreger D., and Kaverina A. Finite-source modeling of the 1999 Taiwan (Chi-Chi) earthquake derived from a dense strong-motion network. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 5 (2001) 1144-1157
62. Chiou B., and Youngs R.R. Chiou-Youngs NGA ground motion relations for the geometric mean horizontal component of peak and spectral ground motion parameters. Earthquake Spectra 24 1 (2008) 173-215
63. w 6.0) earthquakes, Hawaii. EERI-SEAOH-UH Report, dated 31 December 2006.
64. Choy G.L., and Boatwright J. Teleseismic and near-field analysis of the Nahanni earthquakes in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78 5 (1988) 1627-1652
65. Choy G.L., and Kirby S.H. Apparent stress, fault maturity and seismic hazard for normal-fault earthquakes. Geophysical Journal International 159 (2004) 991-1012
66. Chu D.B., Stewart J.P., Lee S., Tsai J.S., Lin P.S., Chu B.L., et al. Documentation of soil conditions at liquefaction and non-liquefaction sites from the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake. Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering 24 (2004) 647-657
67. Cloud WK, Hudson DE. Strong motion data from the San Fernando, California, earthquake of February 9, 1971. In: Oakeshott GB., Editor, San Fernando, California Earthquake of 9 February 1971. California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 196, 1975, p. 272-303.
68. Cloud WK, Perez V. Strong motion: records and acceleration. In: Proceedings of the Fourth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago de Chile, I, 1969, A2.119-A2.132.
69. Cloud W.K., and Perez V. Unusual accelerograms recorded at Lima, Peru. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 61 3 (1971) 633-640
70. Crouse C.B., and Hushmand B. Soil-structure interaction at CDMG and USGS accelerograph stations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79 1 (1989) 1-14
71. Cultrera G., Boore D.M., Joyner W.B., and Dietel C.M. Nonlinear soil response in the vicinity of the Van Norman Complex following the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89 5 (1999) 1214-1231
72. Dalguer L.A., Irikura K., Riera J.D., and Chiu H.C. The importance of the dynamic source effects on strong ground motion during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: brief interpretation of the damage distribution on buildiongs. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 5 (2001) 1112-1127
73. Darragh R, Cao T, Cramer C, Huang M, Shakal A. Processed CSMIP strong-motion data from the Cape Mendocino/Petrolia earthquake of April 25, 1992: Release no. 1. Report OSMS 92-12, Office of Strong Motion Studies, California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program, California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1992.
74. Day S.M. Three-dimensional simulation of spontaneous rupture: the effect of nonuniform prestress. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 73 6 (1982) 1881-1902
75. DCRC July 26, 2003 Northern Miyagi (Japan) earthquake. Report, Disaster Control Research Center, Tohoku University, Japan. 〈http://www.disaster-archi.tohoku.ac.jp/eng/topicse/030726.pdf〉, 2003.
76. Ellsworth W.L., Çelebi M., Evans J.R., Jensen E.G., Kayen R., Metz M.C., et al. Near-field ground motion of the 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake recorded at Pump Station 10. Earthquake Spectra 20 3 (2004) 597-615
77. Elnashai AS, Bommer JJ, Martinez-Pereira A. Engineering implications of strong-motion records from recent earthquakes. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paris, France, 1998.
78. Fischer A.D., Peng Z., and Sammis C.G. Dynamic triggering of high-frequency bursts by strong motions during the 2004 Parkfield earthquake sequence. Geophysical Research Letters 35 (2008) [Article no. L12305]
79. Gao S., Liu H., Davis P.M., and Knopoff L. Localized amplification of seismic waves and correlation with damage due to the Northridge earthquake: evidence for focusing in Santa Monica. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 1B (1996) S209-S230
80. Géli L., Bard P.-Y., and Schmitt D.P. Seismic wave propagation in a very permeable water-saturated surface layer. Journal of Geophysical Research 92 B8 (1987) 7931-7944
81. Géli L., Bard P.-Y., and Jullien B. The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion: a review and new results. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78 1 (1988) 42-63
82. Ghayamghamian M.R., and Hisada Y. Near-fault strong motion complexity of the 2003 Bam earthquake (Iran) and low-frequency ground motion simulation. Geophysical Journal international 170 (2007) 679-686
83. Graizer VM. Complete analysis of the May 17 1976 Gazli earthquake. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Delhi, India, Vol. 2, 1982, p. 197-202.
84. Graves RW. Processing issues for near source strong motion recordings. In: Proceedings of the COSMOS Workshop on Record Processing Guidelines, Richmond, California, 26-27 May 2004. 〈http://www.cosmos-eq.org/Projects/Graves_Paper.pdf〉, 2004.
85. Gulkan P. Special in-country report. Earthquake Spectra 9 S1 (1993) 149-210
86. Hadley D.M., Hawkins H.G., and Benuska K.L. Strong ground motion record of the 16 September 1978 Tabas, Iran, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 73 (1983) 315-320
87. Hall JF, Alves SW. Analysis of Pacoima Dam using recently recorded seismic motions: report on progress. In: Proceedings of SMIP02 Seminar on Utilization of Strong-motion Data, Los Angeles, California, May 2, 2002, p. 97-113. 〈http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/smip/SMIP02_Proceedings.pdf〉, 2002.
88. Hall JF, Alves SW. Nonuniform ground motion effects at Pacoima Dam. In: Proceedings of SMIP03 Seminar on Utilization of Strong-motion Data, Oakland, California, May 22, 2003, p. 67-86. 〈http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/smip/SMIP03_Proceedings.pdf〉, 2003.
89. Hall J.F., Heaton T.J., Halling M.V., and Wald D.J. Near-source ground motion and its effects on flexible buildings. Earthquake Spectra 11 4 (1995) 569-605
90. Hanks T.C. The faulting mechanism of the San Fernando earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research 79 8 (1974) 1215-1229
91. Hanks T.C., and Bakun W.H. A bilinear source-scaling model for M-log A observations of continental earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 3 (2002) 1841-1846
92. Hanks T.C., and Bakun W.H. M-log A observations for recent large earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 98 1 (2008) 490-494
93. Hanks T.C., and Johnson D.A. Geophysical assessment of peak acceleration. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 66 (1976) 959-968
94. Hanks T.C., and McGuire R.K. The character of high-frequency ground motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 71 6 (1981) 2071-2095
95. Hanks TC, Abrahamson NA, Board M, Boore DM, Brune JN, Cornell CA. Report of the Workshop on Extreme Ground Motions at Yucca Mountain, August 23-25, 2004. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1277, 2006a.
96. Hanks T.C., Abrahamson N.A., Board M., Boore D.M., Brune J.N., and Cornell C.A. Observed ground motions, extreme ground motions, and physical limits to ground motions. In: Gülkan P., and Anderson J.G. (Eds). Future directions in strong motion instrumentation (2006), Springer, Berlin 55-59
97. Harp L.E., and Jibson R.W. Anomalous concentrations of seismically triggered rock falls in Pacoima Canyon: are they caused by highly susceptible slopes or local amplification of seismic shaking?. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 8 (2002) 3180-3189
98. Hartzell S. Faulting process of the May 17, 1976 Gazli, USSR earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 70 5 (1980) 1715-1736
99. Hartzell S.H., and Heaton T.H. Rupture history of the 1984 Morgan Hill, California, earthquake from the inversion of strong motion records. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76 3 (1986) 649-674
100. Hartzell S., Langer C., and Mendoza C. Rupture histories of Eastern North American earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84 6 (1994) 1703-1724
101. Heaton T.H. The 1971 San Fernando earthquake-a double event. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 72 6 (1982) 2037-2062
102. w 7.0 blind thrust earthquake. Science 267 5195 (1995) 206-211
103. Hikima K. 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake: Preliminary Finite Fault Model. 〈http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/topics/Iwate2008/source_eng.html〉, 2008.
104. Horner R.B., Wetmiller R.J., Lamontagne M., and Plouffe M. A fault model for the Nahanni earthquakes from aftershock studies. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 80 6 (1990) 1553-1570
105. Huang W.-G., Wang J.H., Huang B.S., Chen K.-C., Chang T.-M., Hwang R.-D., et al. Estimates of source parameters for the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake based on Brune's source model. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 5 (2001) 1190-1198
106. Hudson DE. Destructive earthquake ground motions. In: Applied Mechanics in Earthquake Engineering. In: Iwan WD. editor, American Society of Mechanical Engineering Winter Annual Meeting, New York, vol. 8, November 1974.
107. Hudson DE. The Strong Motion Accelerogram Analysis Project. In: Strong Motion Earthquake Accelerograms Index Volume. Report EERL 76-02, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 75pp, 1976.
108. Hudson DE. Strong motion earthquake measurements in epicentral regions. In: Proceedings of the Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, vol. 1, 1977, p. 323-9.
109. Hudson DE. Reading and interpreting strong motion accelerograms. EERI Monograph, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, California, 1979.
110. Hudson DE. Some recent near-source strong motion accelerograms. In: Proceedings of the Ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, Vol. 2, 1988, p. 271-6.
111. Hwang R.-D., Wang J.H., Huang B.S., Chen K.-C., Huang W.-G., Chang T.-M., et al. Estimates of stress drop of the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake of 20 September 1999 from near-field seismograms. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 5 (2001) 1158-1166
112. Inoue T., and Miyatake T. 3-D simulation of near-field strong ground motion: basin edge effect derived from rupture directivity. Geophysical Research Letters 24 8 (1997) 905-908
113. Iwan WD, Chen X. Important near-field ground motion data from the Landers earthquake, In: Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vienna, Austria, vol. 1, 1995, p. 229-34.
114. Joyner WB, Boore DM. Measurement, characterization, and prediction of strong ground motion. In: Proceedings of Earthquake Engineering & Soil Dynamics II, Geotechnical Division, ASCE, Park City, Utah, June 27-30, 1988, p. 43-102.
115. JMA, Press release about the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake, dated 24 December 2004. [in Japanese]
116. Kagawa T., Irikura K., and Somerville P.G. Differences in ground motion and fault rupture process between the surface and buried rupture earthquakes. Earth, Planets and Space 56 (2004) 3-14
117. Kawase H. The cause of the damage belt in Kobe: "the basin-edge effect", constructive interference of the direct S-wave with basin-induced diffracted Rayleigh waves. Seismological Research Letters 67 5 (1996) 25-34
118. Kostadinov M.V., and Yamazaki F. Detection of soil liquefaction from strong motion records. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 30 1 (2001) 173-193
119. Langston C.A. The February 9, 1971 San Fernando earthquake: a study of source finiteness in teleseismic body waves. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 68 1 (1978) 1-29
120. Lee C.-T., Cheng C.T., Liao C.W., and Tsai Y.B. Site classification of Taiwan free-field strong-motion stations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 5 (2001) 1283-1297
121. Lee WHK, White RA, Harlow DH, Rogers JA, Spudich P. Digital seismograms of selected aftershocks of the Northridge earthquake recorded by a dense seismic array on February 11, 1994 at Cedar Hill Nursery in Tarzana, California. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-243, 1994.
122. Ma K.-F., Mori J., Lee S.-J., and Yu S.B. Spatial and temporal distribution of slip for the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 5 (2001) 1069-1087
123. Madariaga R. High-frequency radiation from crack (stress drop) models of earthquake faulting. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 51 (1977) 625-651
124. Mavroeidis G.P., and Papageorgiou A.S. A mathematical representation of near-fault ground motions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93 3 (2003) 1099-1131
125. Mai P.M., Spudich P., and Boatwright J. Hypocenter locations in finite source rupture models. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95 3 (2005) 965-980
126. Marra F., Azzara R., Bellucci F., Caserta A., Cultrera G., Mele G., et al. Large amplification of ground motion at rock sites within a fault zone in Nocera Umbra (central Italy). Journal of Seismology 4 4 (2000) 543-554
127. McGarr A., Green R.W.E., and Spottiswoode S.M. Strong ground motion of mine tremors: some implications for near-source ground motion parameters. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 71 1 (1981) 295-319
128. McGuire J.J., Zhao L., and Jordan T.H. Predominance of unilateral rupture for a global catalog of large earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 6 (2002) 3309-3317
129. Mikumo T. Faulting process of the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971 inferred from static and dynamic near-field displacements. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 63 1 (1973) 249-269
130. Miyake H., Koketsu K., and Mostafaei H. Rupture process of the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake: did shallow asperities on a fresh fault cause extreme ground motions?. Eos Transactions AGU 85 47 (2004) [Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract T23A-0575.]
131. Mori J., and Somerville P. Seismology and strong ground motions in the 2004 Niigata Ken Chuetsu, Japan, earthquake. Earthquake Spectra 22 S1 (2006) S9-S21
132. Morikawa N., and Sasatani T. Source models of two large intraslab earthquakes from broadband strong ground motions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 94 3 (2004) 803-817
133. Motosaka M., and Nagano M. Analysis of amplification characteristics of ground motions in the heavily damaged belt zone during the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 26 (1997) 377-393
134. Mueller CS, Boore DM, Porcella RL. Detailed study of site amplification at El Centro strong-motion array station 6. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Earthquake Microzonation, Seattle, Washington, June 28-July 1, 1982, p. 413-24.
135. Munguia L., and Brune J.N. High stress drop events in the Victoria, Baja-California swarm of 1978 March. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 76 3 (1984) 725-752
136. Munguia L, Anderson JG, Brune JN. The Cerro Prieto, Baja California earthquake of February 1987 and processed strong-motion data. Report OSMS 87-04, Office of Strong Motion Studies, California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program, California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1988.
137. Munson C.G., and Thurber C.H. Analysis of the attenuation of strong ground motion on the island of Hawaii. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87 4 (1997) 945-960
138. Murphy J.R., and O'Brien L.J. The correlation of peak ground acceleration amplitude with seismic intensity and other physical parameters. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 67 3 (1977) 877-915
139. Naeim. On seismic design implications of the 1994 Northridge earthquake records. Earthquake Spectra 11 1 (1995) 91-109
140. w 7.2). Earth Planets and Space 58 12 (2006) 1555-1559
141. Nakamura T., Suzuki S., Sadeghi H., Fatemi Aghda S.M., Matsushima T., Ito Y., et al. Source fault structure of the 2003 Bam earthquake, southeastern Iran, inferred from the aftershock distribution and its relation to the heavily damaged area: existence of the Arg-e-Bam fault proposed. Geophysical Research Letters 32 (2005) [Article no. L09308.]
142. Niazi M. Radial asymmetry of the observed PGA and question of focusing in the near-source region of the April 24, 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake. In: Bennett JH, Sherburne RW. Editors, The 1984 Morgan Hill, California Earthquake, California Department of Conservation, California Geological Survey Special Publication 68, Sacramento, 1984, p. 265-71.
143. Niazi M. Accelerograms of the 1978 Tabas, Iran, earthquake. Earthquake Spectra 2 3 (1986) 635-651
144. O'Brien, LJ, Murphy JR, Lahoud JA. The correlation of peak ground acceleration amplitude with seismic intensity and other physical parameters. Technical Report NUREG-0143, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1977.
145. Oglesby D.D., and Archuleta R.J. A faulting model for the 1992 Petrolia earthquake: can extreme ground accelerations be a source effect?. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 B2 (1997) 11877-11897
146. Oglesby D.D., Archuleta R.J., and Nielsen S.B. Earthquakes on dipping faults: the effects of broken symmetry. Science 280 5366 (1998) 1055-1059
147. Ohmachi T., and Midorikawa S. Ground-motion intensity inferred from upthrow of boulders during the 1984 Western Nagano Prefecture, Japan, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82 1 (1992) 44-60
148. Oppenheimer D., Beroza G., Carver G., Dengler L., Eaton J., Gee L., et al. The Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes of April 1992: subduction at the Triple Junction. Science 261 (1993) 433-438
149. PEER, In: Elgamal A, Ashford S, Kramer S. editors. Proceedings of 1st PEER Workshop on Characterization of Special Source Effects. University of California, San Diego, 20-21 August 1998.
150. Person W.J. Seismological notes-May-June 1976. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 68 1 (1978) 255-264
151. Pitarka A., Irikura K., Iwata T., and Kagawa T. Basin structure effects in the Kobe area inferred from the modeling of ground motions from two aftershocks of the January 17, Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. Journal of Physics of the Earth 44 5 (1996) 563-576
152. Pitarka A., Irikura K., Iwata T., and Sekiguchi H. Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88 3 (1998) 428-440
153. Pulido N., and Kubo T. Near-fault strong motion complexity of the 2000 Tottori earthquake (Japan) from a broadband source asperity model. Tectonophysics 390 (2004) 177-192
154. Radiguet M, Cotton F, Manighetti I, Campillo M, Douglas J. Dependency of near-field ground motions on the structural maturity of the ruptured faults. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2009;99(4), in press.
155. Reimer RB, Clough RW, Raphael JM. Evaluation of the Pacoima Dam accelerogram. In: Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, vol. 2. 1974, p. 2328-37.
156. Rial J.A. The anomalous seismic response of the ground at the Tarzana Hill site during the Northridge 1994 southern California earthquake: a resonant, sliding block?. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 6 (1996) 1714-1723
157. Rial J.A., Pereyra V., and Wojcik G.L. An explanation for USGS Station 6 record, 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake: a caustic induced by a sedimentary wedge. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 84 (1986) 257-278
158. Sekiguchi H., and Iwata T. Rupture process of the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake estimated from strong-motion waveforms. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 1 (2002) 300-311
159. Shakal A., Gay T.E., and Sherburne R. Morgan Hill earthquake caused record shaking force. California Geology 37 8 (1984) 163-164
160. Shakal A.F., Haddadi H.R., Graizer V., Lin K., and Huang M. Some key features of the strong-motion data from the M 6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake of 28 September 2004. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 4B (2006) S90-S118
161. Shakal A.F., Haddadi H.R., and Huang M.J. Note on the very-high-acceleration fault zone 16 record from the 2004 Parkfield earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 4B (2006) S119-S128
162. Shakal A.F., Huang M.J., and Darragh R.B. Interpretation of significant ground-response and structure strong motions recorded during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 1B (1996) S231-S246
163. Shoja-Taheri J., and Anderson J.G. The 1978 Tabas, Iran, earthquake: an interpretation of the strong motion records. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78 1 (1988) 142-171
164. Shoja-Taheri J., Naserieh S., and Ghafoorian-Nasab A.H. The 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake: an interpretation of the strong motion records. Earthquake Spectra 21 S1 (2005) S181-S206
165. Sleep N.H., and Ma S. Production of brief extreme ground acceleration pulses by nonlinear mechanisms in the shallow subsurface. Geochemistry Geophysics and Geosystems 9 (2008) Q03008 10.1029/2007GC001863
166. Sokolov V.Y., Loh C.-H., and Wen K.-L. Comparison of the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake strong-motion data and ground-assessment based on spectral model from smaller earthquakes in Taiwan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 5 (2002) 1855-1877
167. Somerville P., and Yoshimura J. The influence of critical Moho reflections on strong ground motions recorded in San Francisco and Oakland during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Geophysical Research Letters 17 8 (1990) 1203-1206
168. Somerville P., Irikura K., Graves R., Sawada S., Wald D., Abrahamson N., et al. Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion. Seismological Research Letters 70 (1999) 59-80
169. Somerville P.G., McLaren J.P., Saikia C.K., and Helmberger D.V. The 25 November 1988 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake: source parameters and the attenuation of strong ground motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 80 5 (1990) 1118-1143
170. Somerville P.G., Smith N.F., Graves R.W., and Abrahamson N.A. Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity. Seismological Research Letters 68 1 (1997) 199-222
171. Spudich P., and Cranswick E. Direct observation of rupture propagation during the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake using a short baseline accelerometer array. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 74 (1984) 2083-2114
172. Spudich P., and Olsen K.B. Fault zone amplified waves as a possible seismic hazard along the Calaveras fault in central California. Geophysical Research Letters 28 13 (2001) 2533-2536
173. Spudich P., Hellweg M., and Lee W.H.K. Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: implications for mainshock motions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 1B (1996) S193-S208
174. Suhadolc P., and Chiaruttini C. A theoretical study of the dependence of the peak ground acceleration on source and structure parameters. In: Erdik M.O., and Toksöz M.N. (Eds). Strong ground motion seismology (1987), D. Reidel Publishing Company
175. Stepp J.C., Wong I., Whitney J., Quittemeyer R., Abrahamson N., Toro G., et al. Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses for ground motions and fault displacements at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Earthquake Spectra 17 1 (2001) 113-151
176. Stewart J.P., and Sholtis S.E. Case study of strong ground motion variations across cut slope. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25 7-10 (2004) 539-545
177. Strasser FO. Interpretation and modelling of extreme earthquake ground motions. PhD Thesis, Imperial College, University of London, 2007.
178. Strasser F.O., Bommer J.J., and Abrahamson N.A. Truncation of the distribution of ground-motion residuals. Journal of Seismology 12 1 (2008) 79-105
179. Talebian M., Fielding E.J., Funning G.J., Ghorashi M., Jackson J., Nazari H., et al. The Bam (Iran) earthquake: rupture of a blind strike-slip fault. Geophysical Research Letters 31 (2004) [Article no. L11611]
180. Trifunac M.D. A three-dimensional dislocation model for the San Fernando, California, earthquake of February 9, 1971. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 64 (1974) 149-172
181. Trifunac M.D., and Todorovska M.I. Nonlinear soil response-1994, Northridge, earthquake. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 122 9 (1996) 725-735
182. Vahdani S., and Wikstrom S. Response of the Tarzana strong motion site during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 22 (2002) 837-848
183. Wald D.J., and Heaton T.H. Spatial and temporal distribution of slip for the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84 3 (1994) 668-691
184. Wald D.J., Heaton T.H., and Hudnut K.W. The slip history of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake determined from strong-motion, teleseismic, GPS, and levelling data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 1B (1996) S49-S70
185. Wald D.J., Helmberger D.V., and Hartzell S.H. Rupture process of the 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake from the inversion of strong-motion data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 80 5 (1990) 1079-1098
186. Wang G.-Q., Zhou X.Y., Zhang P.-Z., and Igel H. Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong ground motion from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 22 (2002) 73-96
187. Weichert D.H., Wettmiller R.J., and Munro P. Vertical earthquake accelerating 2 g? The case of the missing peak. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76 5 (1986) 1473-1478
188. Wells D.L., and Coppersmith K.J. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84 (1994) 974-1002
189. Wen K.-L., Peng H.-Y., Tsai Y.B., and Chen K.C. Why 1G was recorded at TCU129 site during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 5 (2001) 1255-1266
190. Wong H.L., and Jennings P.C. Effects of canyon topography on strong ground motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 65 (1975) 1239-1257
191. Wu C., Takeo M., and Ide S. Source process of the Chi-Chi earthquake: a joint inversion of strong motion data and global positioning system data with a multifault model. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 5 (2001) 1128-1143
192. Yoshimi M., Komatsubara T., Miyachi Y., Kimura K., Sekiguchi H., Saeki M., et al. Landform and local site effects on the colonies worst-hit by the 2004 mid-Niigata prefecture, Japan, earthquake. Earth, Planets, Space 57 (2005) 667-672
193. Zaré M., and Hamzehloo H. Strong ground-motion measurements during the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake. Earthquake Spectra 21 S1 (2005) S165-S179