메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 110, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 441-449

Evidence of positive indirect effects within a community of cavity-nesting vertebrates

Author keywords

Cavity kleptoparasite; Indirect effect; Interaction chain; Interspecific competition; Red cockkaded Woodpeckker; Southern flying squirrel; Woodpeckker cavity

Indexed keywords

GLAUCOMYS VOLANS; MELANERPES CAROLINUS; PICOIDES BOREALIS; PTEROMYINI; SCIURIDAE; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 67349214132     PISSN: 00105422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/cond.2008.8472     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 0033936992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of fish predation on marsh invertebrates: Direct and indirect effects
    • BATZER, D. P., C. R. PUSATERI, AND R. VETTER. 2000. Impacts of fish predation on marsh invertebrates: Direct and indirect effects. Wetlands 20:307-312.
    • (2000) Wetlands , vol.20 , pp. 307-312
    • BATZER, D.P.1    PUSATERI, C.R.2    VETTER, R.3
  • 3
    • 0023587026 scopus 로고
    • Home range and microhabitat partitioning of the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans)
    • BENDEL, P. R., AND J. E. GATES. 1987. Home range and microhabitat partitioning of the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). Journal of Mammalogy 68:243-255.
    • (1987) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.68 , pp. 243-255
    • BENDEL, P.R.1    GATES, J.E.2
  • 4
    • 0021545060 scopus 로고
    • Perturbation experiments in ecology: Theory and practice
    • BENDER, E. A., T. J. CASE, AND M. E. GILPIN. 1984. Perturbation experiments in ecology: Theory and practice. Ecology 65:1-13.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 1-13
    • BENDER, E.A.1    CASE, T.J.2    GILPIN, M.E.3
  • 5
    • 42249099918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cavity nest-webs in a longleaf pine ecosystem
    • BLANC, L. A., AND J. R. WALTERS. 2008. Cavity nest-webs in a longleaf pine ecosystem. Condor 110:80-92.
    • (2008) Condor , vol.110 , pp. 80-92
    • BLANC, L.A.1    WALTERS, J.R.2
  • 6
    • 0033794979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitation may buffer competitive effects: Indirect and diffuse interactions among salt marsh plants
    • CALLAWAY, R. M., AND S. C. PENNINGS. 2000. Facilitation may buffer competitive effects: Indirect and diffuse interactions among salt marsh plants. American Naturalist 156:416-424.
    • (2000) American Naturalist , vol.156 , pp. 416-424
    • CALLAWAY, R.M.1    PENNINGS, S.C.2
  • 7
    • 0031920433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of cavity availability on Red-cockaded Woodpecker group size
    • CARRIE, N. R., K. R. MOORE, S. A. STEPHENS, AND E. L. KEITH. 1998. Influence of cavity availability on Red-cockaded Woodpecker group size. Wilson Bulletin 110:93-99.
    • (1998) Wilson Bulletin , vol.110 , pp. 93-99
    • CARRIE, N.R.1    MOORE, K.R.2    STEPHENS, S.A.3    KEITH, E.L.4
  • 9
    • 70349477505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CONNER, R. N., AND D. C. RUDOLPH. 1995. Excavation dynamics and use patterns of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities: Relationships with cooperative breeding, p. 343-352. In D. L. Kulhavy, R. G. Hooper, and R. Costa [EDS.], Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Recovery, ecology, and management. College of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX.
    • CONNER, R. N., AND D. C. RUDOLPH. 1995. Excavation dynamics and use patterns of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities: Relationships with cooperative breeding, p. 343-352. In D. L. Kulhavy, R. G. Hooper, and R. Costa [EDS.], Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Recovery, ecology, and management. College of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX.
  • 10
    • 0030448479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Red-cockaded Woodpecker nesting success, forest structure, and southern flying squirrels in Texas
    • CONNER, R. N., D. C. RUDOLPH, D. SAENZ, AND R. R. SCHAEFER. 1996. Red-cockaded Woodpecker nesting success, forest structure, and southern flying squirrels in Texas. Wilson Bulletin 108:697-711.
    • (1996) Wilson Bulletin , vol.108 , pp. 697-711
    • CONNER, R.N.1    RUDOLPH, D.C.2    SAENZ, D.3    SCHAEFER, R.R.4
  • 11
    • 0031955037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Red-cockaded Woodpecker nest-cavity selection: Relationships with cavity age and resin production
    • CONNER, R. N., D. SAENZ, D. C. RUDOLPH, W. G. ROSS, AND D. L. KULHAVY. 1998. Red-cockaded Woodpecker nest-cavity selection: relationships with cavity age and resin production. Auk 115:447-454.
    • (1998) Auk , vol.115 , pp. 447-454
    • CONNER, R.N.1    SAENZ, D.2    RUDOLPH, D.C.3    ROSS, W.G.4    KULHAVY, D.L.5
  • 12
    • 0026312906 scopus 로고
    • Induction of Red-cockaded Woodpecker group formation by artificial cavity construction
    • COPEYON, C. K., J. R. WALTERS, AND J. H. CARTER III. 1991. Induction of Red-cockaded Woodpecker group formation by artificial cavity construction. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:549-556.
    • (1991) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.55 , pp. 549-556
    • COPEYON, C.K.1    WALTERS, J.R.2    CARTER III, J.H.3
  • 13
    • 0033857114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between-year breeding dispersal in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers: Multiple causes and estimated cost
    • DANIELS, S. J., AND J. R. WALTERS. 2000. Between-year breeding dispersal in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers: Multiple causes and estimated cost. Ecology 81:2473-2484.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 2473-2484
    • DANIELS, S.J.1    WALTERS, J.R.2
  • 14
    • 0033924275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Red-cockaded Woodpeckers: A relationship between reproductive fitness and habitat in the North Carolina Sandhills
    • DAVENPORT, D. E., R. A. LANCIA, J. R. WALTERS, AND P. D. DOERR. 2000. Red-cockaded Woodpeckers: A relationship between reproductive fitness and habitat in the North Carolina Sandhills. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:426-434.
    • (2000) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 426-434
    • DAVENPORT, D.E.1    LANCIA, R.A.2    WALTERS, J.R.3    DOERR, P.D.4
  • 15
    • 0022180297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DAVIDSON, D. W. 1985. An experimental study of diffuse competition in harvester ants. American Naturalist 125:500-506.
    • DAVIDSON, D. W. 1985. An experimental study of diffuse competition in harvester ants. American Naturalist 125:500-506.
  • 16
    • 24044483917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evidence rejects pairwise modeling approach to coexistence in plant communities
    • DORMANN, C. F., AND S. H. ROXBURGH. 2005. Experimental evidence rejects pairwise modeling approach to coexistence in plant communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 272:1279-1285.
    • (2005) Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B , vol.272 , pp. 1279-1285
    • DORMANN, C.F.1    ROXBURGH, S.H.2
  • 17
    • 0027842163 scopus 로고
    • Spatial ecology of black rat snakes on Remington Farms, Maryland
    • DURNER, G. M., AND J. E. GATES. 1993. Spatial ecology of black rat snakes on Remington Farms, Maryland. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:812-826.
    • (1993) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.57 , pp. 812-826
    • DURNER, G.M.1    GATES, J.E.2
  • 18
    • 70349463950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FITCH, H. S. 1963. Natural history of the black rat snake (Elaphe o. obsoleta) in Kansas. Copeia 4:649-658.
    • FITCH, H. S. 1963. Natural history of the black rat snake (Elaphe o. obsoleta) in Kansas. Copeia 4:649-658.
  • 19
    • 0036816809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes regulating the population dynamics of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities
    • HARDING, S. R., AND J. R. WALTERS. 2002. Processes regulating the population dynamics of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:1083-1095.
    • (2002) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.66 , pp. 1083-1095
    • HARDING, S.R.1    WALTERS, J.R.2
  • 20
    • 0032732654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of coyote removal on the faunal community in western Texas
    • HENKE, S. E., AND F. C. BRYANT. 1999. Effects of coyote removal on the faunal community in western Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management. 63:1066-1081.
    • (1999) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.63 , pp. 1066-1081
    • HENKE, S.E.1    BRYANT, F.C.2
  • 21
    • 0030303499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contramensal interactions between species
    • HODGE, S., AND W. ARTHUR. 1996. Contramensal interactions between species. Oikos 77:371-375.
    • (1996) Oikos , vol.77 , pp. 371-375
    • HODGE, S.1    ARTHUR, W.2
  • 22
    • 0032965797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest-site selection in the Acorn Woodpecker
    • HOOGE, P. N., M. T. STANBACK, AND W. D. KOENIG. 1999. Nest-site selection in the Acorn Woodpecker. Auk 116:45-54.
    • (1999) Auk , vol.116 , pp. 45-54
    • HOOGE, P.N.1    STANBACK, M.T.2    KOENIG, W.D.3
  • 23
    • 0344985203 scopus 로고
    • Roosting behavior of Red-cockaded Woodpecker clans with insufficient cavities
    • HOOPER, R. G., AND M. R. LENNARTZ. 1983. Roosting behavior of Red-cockaded Woodpecker clans with insufficient cavities. Journal of Field Ornithology 54:73-76.
    • (1983) Journal of Field Ornithology , vol.54 , pp. 73-76
    • HOOPER, R.G.1    LENNARTZ, M.R.2
  • 25
    • 70349447635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JACKSON, J. A. 1977. Determination of the status of Red-cockaded Woodpecker colonies. Journal of Wildlife Management 41:448-452.
    • JACKSON, J. A. 1977. Determination of the status of Red-cockaded Woodpecker colonies. Journal of Wildlife Management 41:448-452.
  • 26
    • 0030883945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KAPPES, J. J. 1997. Defining cavity-associated interactions between Red-cockaded Woodpeckers and other cavity-dependent species: interspecific competition or cavity kleptoparasitism? Auk 778-780.
    • KAPPES, J. J. 1997. Defining cavity-associated interactions between Red-cockaded Woodpeckers and other cavity-dependent species: interspecific competition or cavity kleptoparasitism? Auk 778-780.
  • 27
    • 70349463952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KAPPES, J. J. 2004a. Community interactions associated with Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities, p. 458-467. In R. Costa and S. J. Daniels [EDS.], Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Road to recovery. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA.
    • KAPPES, J. J. 2004a. Community interactions associated with Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities, p. 458-467. In R. Costa and S. J. Daniels [EDS.], Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Road to recovery. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA.
  • 28
    • 70349472080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KAPPES, J. J. 2004b. Species interactions associated with Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities at two forests in northern peninsular Florida. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
    • KAPPES, J. J. 2004b. Species interactions associated with Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities at two forests in northern peninsular Florida. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
  • 29
    • 41349116157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KAPPES, J. J. 2008. Cavity number and heterospecific cavity occupation as correlates of group size in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120:181-189.
    • KAPPES, J. J. 2008. Cavity number and heterospecific cavity occupation as correlates of group size in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120:181-189.
  • 30
    • 70349477697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KAPPES, J. J., AND L. D. HARRIS. 1995. Interspecific competition for Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities in Apalachicola National Forest, p. 389-393. In D. L. Kulhavy, R. G. Hooper, and R. Costa [EDS.], Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Recovery, ecology, and management. College of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX.
    • KAPPES, J. J., AND L. D. HARRIS. 1995. Interspecific competition for Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities in Apalachicola National Forest, p. 389-393. In D. L. Kulhavy, R. G. Hooper, and R. Costa [EDS.], Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Recovery, ecology, and management. College of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX.
  • 31
    • 70349472082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KAPPES, J. J., K. E. SIEVING, J. DAVIS, M. D. ADAMS, J. GARRISON, P. CATLETT, M. CORBY, AND R. COSTA. 2004. Status and management of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers at Camp Blanding Training Site, Florida, p. 198-202. In R. Costa and S. J. Daniels [EDS.], Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Road to recovery. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA.
    • KAPPES, J. J., K. E. SIEVING, J. DAVIS, M. D. ADAMS, J. GARRISON, P. CATLETT, M. CORBY, AND R. COSTA. 2004. Status and management of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers at Camp Blanding Training Site, Florida, p. 198-202. In R. Costa and S. J. Daniels [EDS.], Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Road to recovery. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA.
  • 32
    • 0039256559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of southern flying squirrels Glaucomys volans on Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis reproductive success
    • LAVES, K. S., AND S. C. LOEB. 1999. Effects of southern flying squirrels Glaucomys volans on Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis reproductive success. Animal Conservation 2:295-303.
    • (1999) Animal Conservation , vol.2 , pp. 295-303
    • LAVES, K.S.1    LOEB, S.C.2
  • 33
    • 0345137557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LAWLOR, L. R. 1979. Direct and indirect effects of n-species competition. Oecologia 43:355-364.
    • LAWLOR, L. R. 1979. Direct and indirect effects of n-species competition. Oecologia 43:355-364.
  • 34
    • 0028166240 scopus 로고
    • Communal nesting of southern flying squirrels in Florida
    • LAYNE, J. N., AND M. A. V. RAYMOND. 1994. Communal nesting of southern flying squirrels in Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 75:110-120.
    • (1994) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.75 , pp. 110-120
    • LAYNE, J.N.1    RAYMOND, M.A.V.2
  • 35
    • 0032818376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LEVINE, J. M. 1999. Indirect facilitation: Evidence and predictions from a riparian community. Ecology 80:1762-1769.
    • LEVINE, J. M. 1999. Indirect facilitation: Evidence and predictions from a riparian community. Ecology 80:1762-1769.
  • 36
    • 0000833119 scopus 로고
    • Competitive interactions in ecosystems
    • LEVINE, S. 1976. Competitive interactions in ecosystems. American Naturalist 110:903-910.
    • (1976) American Naturalist , vol.110 , pp. 903-910
    • LEVINE, S.1
  • 37
    • 0000472272 scopus 로고
    • Nest-site selection and nesting success of cavity-nesting birds in high elevation forest drainages
    • LI, P., AND T. E. MARTIN. 1991. Nest-site selection and nesting success of cavity-nesting birds in high elevation forest drainages. Auk 108:405-418.
    • (1991) Auk , vol.108 , pp. 405-418
    • LI, P.1    MARTIN, T.E.2
  • 38
    • 70349475172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LIGON, J. D. 1970. Behavior and breeding biology of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Auk 87:255-278.
    • LIGON, J. D. 1970. Behavior and breeding biology of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Auk 87:255-278.
  • 39
    • 0027487706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LOEB, S. C. 1993. Use and selection of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities by southern flying squirrels. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:329-335.
    • LOEB, S. C. 1993. Use and selection of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities by southern flying squirrels. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:329-335.
  • 40
    • 70349477482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MACARTHUR, R. H. 1972. Geographical ecology: Patterns in the distribution of species. Harper and Row, NY.
    • MACARTHUR, R. H. 1972. Geographical ecology: Patterns in the distribution of species. Harper and Row, NY.
  • 41
    • 0028976893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MENGE, B. A. 1995. Indirect effects in Marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: Patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs 65:21-74.
    • MENGE, B. A. 1995. Indirect effects in Marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: Patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs 65:21-74.
  • 42
    • 0028163542 scopus 로고
    • The keystone species concept: Variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat
    • MENGE, B. A., E. L. BERLOW, C. A. BLANCHETTE, S. A. NAVARRETE, AND S. B. YAMADA. 1994. The keystone species concept: Variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecological Monographs 64:249-286.
    • (1994) Ecological Monographs , vol.64 , pp. 249-286
    • MENGE, B.A.1    BERLOW, E.L.2    BLANCHETTE, C.A.3    NAVARRETE, S.A.4    YAMADA, S.B.5
  • 43
    • 0028173739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MILLER, T. E. 1994. Direct and indirect species interactions in an early old-field plant community. American Naturalist 143:1007-1025.
    • MILLER, T. E. 1994. Direct and indirect species interactions in an early old-field plant community. American Naturalist 143:1007-1025.
  • 44
    • 0032915876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of southern flying squirrels on nest success of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers
    • MITCHELL, L. R., L. D. CARLILE, AND C. R. CHANDLER. 1999. Effects of southern flying squirrels on nest success of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:538-545.
    • (1999) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.63 , pp. 538-545
    • MITCHELL, L.R.1    CARLILE, L.D.2    CHANDLER, C.R.3
  • 45
    • 0028848796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MORIN, P. J. 1995. Functional redundancy, non-additive interactions, and supply-side dynamics in experimental pond communities. Ecology 76:133-149.
    • MORIN, P. J. 1995. Functional redundancy, non-additive interactions, and supply-side dynamics in experimental pond communities. Ecology 76:133-149.
  • 46
    • 0028162902 scopus 로고
    • The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds: A review
    • NEWTON, I. 1994. The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds: A review. Biological Conservation 70:265-276.
    • (1994) Biological Conservation , vol.70 , pp. 265-276
    • NEWTON, I.1
  • 47
    • 0021538729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NILSSON, S. G. 1984. The evolution of nest-site selection among hole-nesting birds: The importance of nest predation and competition. Ornis Scandinavica 15:167-175.
    • NILSSON, S. G. 1984. The evolution of nest-site selection among hole-nesting birds: The importance of nest predation and competition. Ornis Scandinavica 15:167-175.
  • 48
    • 70349476090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PAINE, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
    • PAINE, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
  • 49
    • 2442699129 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of reproduction in the southern flying squirrel in Florida
    • RAYMOND, M. A. V., AND J. N. LAYNE. 1988. Aspects of reproduction in the southern flying squirrel in Florida. Acta Theriologica 33:505-518.
    • (1988) Acta Theriologica , vol.33 , pp. 505-518
    • RAYMOND, M.A.V.1    LAYNE, J.N.2
  • 50
    • 0003085373 scopus 로고
    • Competition for Red-cockaded Woodpecker roost and nest cavities: Effects of resin age and entrance diameter
    • RUDOLPH, D. C., R. N. CONNER, AND J. TURNER. 1990. Competition for Red-cockaded Woodpecker roost and nest cavities: Effects of resin age and entrance diameter. Wilson Bulletin 102:23-36.
    • (1990) Wilson Bulletin , vol.102 , pp. 23-36
    • RUDOLPH, D.C.1    CONNER, R.N.2    TURNER, J.3
  • 51
    • 24744437983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of consumer diversity and indirect facilitation on trophic level biomass and stability
    • STEINER, C. F., T. L. DARCH-HALL, N. J. DORN, E. A. GARCIA G. G. MITTELBACH, and J. M. WOJDAK. 2005. The influence of consumer diversity and indirect facilitation on trophic level biomass and stability. Oikos 110:556-566.
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.110 , pp. 556-566
    • STEINER, C.F.1    DARCH-HALL, T.L.2    DORN, N.J.3    GARCIA, E.A.4    MITTELBACH, G.G.5    WOJDAK, J.M.6
  • 52
    • 0032840323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: A search for general principles
    • TILMAN, D. 1999. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: A search for general principles. Ecology 80:1455-1474.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1455-1474
    • TILMAN, D.1
  • 54
    • 70349474946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WALTERS, J. R. 1990. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker: A primitive cooperative breeder, p. 67-101. In P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig [EDS.], Cooperative breeding in birds: Long term studies of ecology and behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • WALTERS, J. R. 1990. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker: A "primitive" cooperative breeder, p. 67-101. In P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig [EDS.], Cooperative breeding in birds: Long term studies of ecology and behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • 55
    • 0000073075 scopus 로고
    • Test of the ecological basis of cooperative breeding in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers
    • WALTERS, J. R., C. K. COPEYON, AND J. H. CARTER III. 1992. Test of the ecological basis of cooperative breeding in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Auk 109:90-97.
    • (1992) Auk , vol.109 , pp. 90-97
    • WALTERS, J.R.1    COPEYON, C.K.2    CARTER III, J.H.3
  • 56
    • 0024904683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WEATHERHEAD, P. J. 1989. Temporal and thermal aspects of hibernation of black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 67:2332-2335.
    • WEATHERHEAD, P. J. 1989. Temporal and thermal aspects of hibernation of black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 67:2332-2335.
  • 58
    • 70349477507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WIEBE, K. L. 1999. Microclimate of tree cavity nests: Is it important for reproductive success in Northern Flickers? Auk 188:412-421.
    • WIEBE, K. L. 1999. Microclimate of tree cavity nests: Is it important for reproductive success in Northern Flickers? Auk 188:412-421.
  • 59
    • 70349476091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WIENS, J. A. 1989. The ecology of bird communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • WIENS, J. A. 1989. The ecology of bird communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • 60
    • 0028165937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WOOTTON, J. T. 1994. The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:443-466.
    • WOOTTON, J. T. 1994. The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:443-466.
  • 61
    • 70349474962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YODZIS, P. 1986. Competition, mortality, and community structure, p. 480-491. In J. M. Diamond and T. J. Case [EDS.], Community ecology. Harper & Row, New York.
    • YODZIS, P. 1986. Competition, mortality, and community structure, p. 480-491. In J. M. Diamond and T. J. Case [EDS.], Community ecology. Harper & Row, New York.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.