Impact of acid mine drainage (AMD) on water quality, stream sediments and periphytic diatom communities in the surrounding streams of aljustrel mining area (Portugal)

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

Volumn 200, Issue 1-4, 2009, Pages 147-167

  Luis A T ^a   Teixeira, P ^a   Almeida, S F P ^b   Ector, L ^c   Matos, J X ^d   Ferreira Da Silva, E A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO   (Portugal)

^b Departamento de Biologia   (Portugal)

^c LUXEMBOURG INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Luxembourg)

^d Assessor Do Centro de Estudos Geológicos e Mineiros de Beja   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Acid mine drainage (AMD); Aljustrel mining area; Diatoms; Stream sediments; Surficial waters

Indexed keywords

ACID MINE DRAINAGE (AMD); ALJUSTREL MINING AREA; DIATOMS; STREAM SEDIMENTS; SURFICIAL WATERS;

ABANDONED MINES; ACIDS; ARSENIC; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); DEPOSITS; DRAINAGE; LEAD; LEAD ALLOYS; MANGANESE; MANGANESE COMPOUNDS; MINES; MINING; PHYTOPLANKTON; PYRITES; SEDIMENTOLOGY; WATER POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY; ZINC;

RIVERS;

ARSENIC; COPPER; IRON; LEAD; MANGANESE; METAL; NITROGEN; SURFACE WATER; ZINC;

ACID MINE DRAINAGE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DETECTION METHOD; DIATOM; DOMINANCE; FLUVIAL DEPOSIT; PERIPHYTON; PYRITE; STREAM; TOXICITY; WATER QUALITY;

ACID MINE DRAINAGE; ARTICLE; DIATOM; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; MINING; NONHUMAN; PERIPHYTON; PORTUGAL; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEDIMENTATION; WATER QUALITY;

ALJUSTREL MINE; BEJA [PORTUGAL]; EURASIA; EUROPE; PORTUGAL; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

ACHNANTHIDIUM MINUTISSIMUM; BACILLARIOPHYTA; EUNOTIA EXIGUA; PINNULARIA ACORICOLA;

EID: 67349201045     PISSN: 00496979     EISSN: 15732932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11270-008-9900-z     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Almeida, S. (1998). Utilização das diatomáceas na avaliação da qualidade das águas doces. Phd Dissertation (Biology), Universidade de Aveiro. Aveiro, Portugal, pp. 524.
2. Almer, B., Dickson, W., Ekström, C., & Hörnström, E. (1978). Sulfur pollution and the aquatic ecosystem. In J. O. Niagru (Ed.), Sulfur in the environment II. Ecological impacts (pp. 271-311). New York: Wiley.
3. Andrade, F., & Schermerhorn, L. (1971). Aljustrel e Gavião. Principais Jazigos Minerais do Sul de Portugal. Livro-Guia no. 4, pp 32-59.
4. ASTM. (1984). Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Water Environmental Technology, vol. 11.01. Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials
5. G. Baffico M. Wenzel M. Schimmele F. Pedrozo M. Diaz M. Koschorreck 2004 Community structure and photosynthetic activity of epilithon from a highly acidic (pH 2) mountain stream in Patagonia, Argentina Extremophiles 8 463 473
6. F. J. A. S. Barriga D. Carvalho A. Ribeiro 1997 Introdution to the Iberian pyrite belt. SEG Neves Field Conference Guidebook Series 27 1 20
7. R. J. Beamish J. C. Vanloon 1977 Precipitation loading of acid and heavy metals to a small acid lake near Sudbury, Ontario Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34 649 658
8. Beaver, J. (1981). Apparent ecological characteristics of some common freshwater diatoms. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Technical Support Section. Central Region, Don Mills.
9. J. T. Butcher P. M. Stewart T. P. Simonc 2003 A benthic community index for streams in the northern lakes and forests ecoregion Ecological Indicators 3 181 193 (Pubitemid 37235486)
10. J. R. Carter 1972 Some observations on the diatom Pinnularia acoricola Hustedt Microscopy 32 162 165
11. D. Carvalho F. J. A. S. Barriga J. Munhá 1999 Bimodal- siliciclastic systems-The case of the Iberian Pyrite Belt Reviews in Economic Geology 8 375 408
12. V. Cassie R. Cooper 1989 Algae of New Zealand Thermal Areas Bibliotheca Phycologica 78 255
13. A. Cattaneo A. Asioli P. Comoli M. Manca 1998 Organisms' response in a chronically polluted lake supports hypothesized link between stress and size Limnology and Oceanography 43 1938 1943 (Pubitemid 29014773)
14. A. Cattaneo Y. Couillard S. Wunsam M. Courcelles 2004 Diatom taxonomic and morphological changes as indicators of metal pollution and recovery in Lac Dufault (Québec, Canada) Journal of Paleolimnology 32 163 175 (Pubitemid 39008807)
15. A. Cattaneo Y. Couillard S. Wunsam 2007 Sedimentary diatoms along a temporal and spatial gradient of metal contamination Journal of Paleolimnology 40 115 127
16. Charles, D. F., Battarbee, R. W., Renberg, I., Van Dam, H., & Smol, J. P. (1989). Paleoecological analysis of lake acidification trends in North America and Europe using diatoms and chrysophytes. In S. A. Norton, S. E. Lindberg, & A. L. Page (Eds.), Acid precipitation solids, aquatic processes and lake acidification (vol. 4, (pp. 207-276)). New York: Springer.
17. Clescerl, L. S., Greenberg, A. E., & Eaton, A. D. (Eds.). (2000). Standard methods for examination of water & wastewater (20th ed.). USA: American Public Health Association.
18. Coleto Fiano, I., & Maestro Salmeron, M. T. (1998). Recogida y conservation de muestras (in Agnas Subterrâneas: instrumentation, medida e toma de muestras). Prense XXI S. A., pp. 387.
19. Y. Couillard M. Courcelles A. Cattaneo S. Wunsam 2004 A test of the integrity of metal records in sediment cores based on the documented history of metal contamination in Lac Dufault (Québec, Canada) Journal of Paleolimnology 32 149 162 (Pubitemid 39001529)
20. CSST (2003). Consensus based sediment quality guidelines; recommendations for use & application. Wisconsin: Dept. of Natural Resources, 35.
21. Davis, J. C. (1973). Statistics and data analysis in geology p. 550. New York: Wiley.
22. Davis, J. C. (1986). Statistics and data analysis in geology p. 646. New York: Wiley.
23. D. M. DeNicola 2000 A review of diatoms found in highly acidic environments Hydrobiologia 433 111 122
24. W. Dickson 1975 The acidification of Swedish lakes Research Report of Institute of Freshwater Drottningholm 54 8 20
25. S. S. Dixit J. P. Smol J. C. Kingston D. F. Charles 1991 Diatoms: powerful indicators of change Environmental Science & Technology 26 21 33
26. C. Domergue 1983 La mine antique d'Aljustrel (Portugal) et les tables de bronze de Vipasca Conimbriga XXII 35
27. P. Eloranta 1988 Periphytic diatoms as indicators of lake acidity Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 23 470 473
28. Eloranta, P. (1990). Periphytic diatoms in the acidification project lakes. In P. Kauppi, P. Anttila, & K. Kenttämies (Eds.), Acidification in Finland (pp. 985-994). Berlin: Springer.
29. EPA-Environmental Protection Agency. (1982). Handbook for sampling and sample preservation of water and wastewater (EPA/604/4-82/029). USA: Environmental Agency, pp. 402.
30. P. L. Foster 1982 Species associations and metal contents of algae from rivers polluted by heavy metals Freshwater Biology 12 17 39 (Pubitemid 12172188)
31. A. Gerhardt L. J. de Bisthoven K. Guhr A. M. V. M. Soares M. J. Pereira 2008 Phytoassessment of acid mine drainage: Lemna gibba bioassay and diatom community structure Ecotoxicology (London, England) 17 47 58
32. Germain, H. (1981). Flore des Diatomées: eaux douces et saumâtres. Société nouvelle des éditions Boubée, Paris.
33. German Chemists Association 1980 Preservation of water samples Water Research 15 233 241
34. W. Gross 2000 Ecophysiology of algae living in highly acidic environments Hydrobiologia 433 31 37
35. W. Gross J. Küver G. Tischendorf N. Bouchaala W. Büsch 1998 Cryptoendolithic growth of the red algae Galdieria sulphuraria in volcanic areas European Journal of Phycology 33 25 31
36. H. Guasch N. Ivorra V. Lehmann M. Paulsson M. Real S. Sabater 1998 Community composition and sensitivity of periphyton to atrazine in flowing waters: the role of environmental factors Journal of Applied Phycology 10 203 213 (Pubitemid 28382621)
37. K. Gustavson S.-Å. Wängberg 1995 Tolerance induction and succession in microalgae communities exposed to copper and atrazine Aquatic Toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 32 283 302 (Pubitemid 26453859)
38. Harding, J., & Boothroyd, I. (2004). Impacts of mining. In J. S. Harding, P. Mosely, C. Pearson, & B. Sorrell (Eds.), Freshwaters of New Zealand. Christchurch: New Zealand Limnological and Hydrological Societies.
39. J. W. Hargreaves E. J. H. Lloyd B. A. Whitton 1975 Chemistry and vegetation of highly acidic streams Freshwater Biology 5 564 576
40. H. Hirst F. Chaud C. Delabie I. Juttner S. J. Ormerod 2004 Assessing the short-term response of stream diatoms to acidity using inter-basin transplantation and chemical diffusing substrates Freshwater Biology 49 1072 1088 (Pubitemid 39009308)
41. G. Hofmann 1994 Aufwuchs-Diatomeen in Seen und ihre Eignung als Indikatoren der Trophie Bibliotheca Diatomologica 30 241
42. Hustedt, F. (1935). Die fossile Diatomeenflora in den Ablagerungen des Tobasees auf Sumatra. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie, (Suppl. 14), 143-192.
43. N. Ivorra J. Hettelaar G. M. J. Tubbing M. H. S. Kraak S. Sabater W. Admiraal 1999 Translocation of microbenthic algal assemblages used for in situ analysis of metal pollution in rivers Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37 19 28 (Pubitemid 29269279)
44. Krammer, K., & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1986). Bacillariophyceae. Naviculaceae. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 1 (p. 876). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
45. Krammer, K., & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1988). Bacillariophyceae. Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellacea. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 2 (p.596). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
46. Krammer, K., & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1991a). Bacillariophyceae. Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunoticeae. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 3 (p. 577). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
47. Krammer, K., & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1991b). Bacillariophyceae. Achnanthaceae, Kristische Ergänzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 4 (p. 437). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
48. J. Kwandrans 1993 Diatom communities of acidic mountain streams in Poland Hydrobiologia 269/270 335 342 (Pubitemid 24417469)
49. Kwandrans, J. (2007). Diversity and ecology of benthic diatom communities in relation to acidity, acidification and recovery of lakes and rivers p. 169. Liechtenstein: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K. G.
50. Leitão, J. (1998). Geologia dos depósitos de sulfuretos maciços de Aljustrel. Livro-Guia das excursões do V Congresso Nacional de Geologia, IGM, pp. 91-100.
51. H. V. Leland J. L. Carter 1984 Effects of copper on species composition of periphyton in a Sierra Nevada, California stream Freshwater Biology 14 281 296 (Pubitemid 15276407)
52. D. Lessmann R. Deneke R. Ender M. Hemm M. Kapfer H. Krumbeck 1999 Lake Plessa 107 (Lusatia, Germany)-an extremely acidic shallow mining Lake Hydrobiologia 408/409 293 299 (Pubitemid 30063250)
53. D. Lessmann A. Fyson B. Nixdorf 2000 Phytoplankton of the extremely acidic mining lakes of Lusatia (Germany) with pH <3 Hydrobiologia 433 123 128
54. Martins, J. (2005). Recuperação ambiental da área mineira de Aljustrel. Paper presented in III Encontro Comunidades Mineiras de Aljustrel, CM Aljustrel.
55. Matos, J. X. (2005). Carta geológica e mineira da Mina de Aljustrel esc. 1/5000, INETI.
56. Matos, J. X., & Martins, L.(2003). Itinerários geo-eco-educacionais como factor de desenvolvimento sustentado do turismo temático associado à Faixa Piritosa Ibérica. (IV Cong. Int. Património Geológico Y Minero, SEDPGYM, Utrillas (Teruel, Aragón), Espanha, pp. 539-557).
57. Matos, J. X., & Martins, L. (2006). Reabilitação ambiental de áreas mineiras do sector português da Faixa Piritosa Ibérica: estado da arte e perspectivas futuras. IGME. Bol. Geológico y Minero España, 117, 289-304.
58. C. N. Medley W. H. Clements 1998 Responses of diatom communities to heavy metals in streams: the influence of longitudinal variation Ecological Applications 8 631 644 (Pubitemid 28385768)
59. D. T. Monteith C. D. Evans 2005 The United Kingdom acid waters monitoring network: a review of the fist 15 years and introduction to the special issue Environmental Pollution 137 3 13 (Pubitemid 40804715)
60. P. J. Mulholland J. W. Elwood A. V. Palumbo R. J. Stevenson 1986 Effects of stream acidification on periphyton composition, chlorophyll and productivity Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43 1846 1858
61. K. Negoro 1985 Diatom flora of the mineralogenous acidotrophic inland waters of Japan Diatom 1 1 8
62. Nero, G. (2005). A problemática da recuperação ambiental das áreas mineiras degradadas a nível nacional. (Abstract III Encontro Comunidades Mineiras de Aljustrel, CM Aljustrel, Portugal).
63. D. Niyogi D. McKnight W. Lewis Jr. 1999 Influences of water and substrate qualiy for periphyton in a montane stream affected by acid mine drainage Limnology and Oceanography 44 3 part 2 804 809 (Pubitemid 29235726)
64. D. K. Nordstrom C. N. Alpers 1999 Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the Iron Mountain Superfund site, California Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 3455 3462 (Pubitemid 29168930)
65. Oliveira, J. T. (Coord.), Andrade, A. S., Antunes, M. T., Araújo, A., Castro, P., Carvalho, D., et al. (1992). Carta Geológica de Portugal, escala 1:200.000, Folha 8, Serv. Geol. Port., Lisboa., 91.
66. Oliveira, J. M. S., Farinha, J., Matos, J. X., Ávila, P., Rosa, C., Machado, M. J. C., et al. (2002). Diagnóstico Ambiental das principais áreas mineiras degradadas do país. Boletim de Minas, 30(2).
67. Oliveira, J. T., Relvas, J. M. R. S., Pereira, Z., Matos, J. X., Rosa, C. J., Rosa, D., et al. (2006). O Complexo Vulcano-Sedimentar da Faixa Piritosa: estratigrafia, vulcanismo, mineralizações associadas e evolução tectonoestratigráfica no contexto da Zona Sul Portugesa. In R. Dias, A. Araújo, P. Terrinha, & J.C. Kulberg (Eds.), Geologia de Portugal no Contexto da Ibéria (pp. 207-244). Univ. Évora, Portugal: VII Cong. Nac. Geologia.
68. S. Passy 2006 Diatom community dynamics in streams of chronic and episodic acidification: the roles of environment and time Phycologia 42 312 323
69. Patrick, R. (1977). Ecology of freshwater diatoms and diatom communities. In D. Werner (Ed.), The biology of diatoms (pp. 284-332). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
70. C. G. Peterson R. J. Stevenson 1992 Resistance and resilience of lotic algal communities: Importance of disturbance timing and current Ecology 73 1445 1461
71. Planas, D. (1996). Acidification effects. In R. J. Stevenson, M. L. Bothwell, & R. L. Lowe (Eds.), Algal ecology: Freshwater benthic ecosystems (pp. 497-530). San Diego, CA, USA: Academic.
72. K. C. Ponader M. G. Potapova 2007 Diatoms from the genus Achnanthidium in flowing waters of the Appalachian Mountains (North America): ecology, distribution and taxonomic notes Limnologica 37 227 241 (Pubitemid 47250437)
73. Prygiel, J., & Coste, M. (2000). Guide Méthodologique pour la mise em oeuvre de l'Indice Biologique Diatomées. NF T 90-354, France, pp. 134.
74. H. Reiss I. Kröncke 2005 Seasonal variability of benthic indices: An approach to test the applicability of different indices for ecosystem quality assessment Marine Pollution Bulletin 50 1490 1499 (Pubitemid 41724792)
75. J. M. R. S. Relvas F. J. A. S. Barriga A. Ferreira P. C. Noiva N. Pacheco G. Barriga 2006 Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Neves-Corvo volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit, Portugal. I. Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists 101 753 790 (Pubitemid 44842158)
76. Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M., & Mann, D. G. (1990). The diatoms: biology & morphology of the genera. Cambridge: University Press.
77. D. Ruggiu A. Luglié A. Cattaneo P. Panzani 1998 Paleoecological evidence for diatom response to metal pollution in lake Orta (N. Italy) Journal of Paleolimnology 20 333 345 (Pubitemid 29068632)
78. S. Sabater 2000 Diatom communities as indicators of environmental stress in the Guadiamar River, W. Spain, following a major mine tailings spill Journal of Applied Phycology 12 113 124 (Pubitemid 30617166)
79. S. Sabater S. V. Gregory J. R. Sedell 1998 Community dynamics and metabolism of benthic algae colonizing wood and rock substrata in a forest stream Journal of Phycology 34 561 567 (Pubitemid 28409472)
80. S. Sabater J. Cambra J. Catalan H. Guasch N. Ivorra I. Real 2003 Structure and function of benthic algal communities in an extremely acid river Journal of Phycology 39 481 489 (Pubitemid 36708716)
81. Schermerhorn, L., Zbyzewski, G., & Ferreira, V. (1987). C. Geol. Portugal 1:50000, Notícia Explicativa da Folha 42-D: Aljustrel. Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, pp. 55.
82. C. E. Shannon 1948 A mathematical theory of communication The Bell System Technical Journal 27 379 423
83. J. B. Silva V. Oliveira J. Matos J. C. Leitão 1997 Field Trip no. 2, Aljustrel and Central Iberian Pyrite Belt. SEG Neves Corvo Field Conference Guidebook Series 27 73 124
84. Simonsen, R. (1987a). Atlas and catalogue of the diatom types of Friedrich Hustedt, Vol. 1, Catalogue, 525 p. Vaduz: Cramer.
85. Simonsen, R. (1987b). Atlas and catalogue of the diatom types of Friedrich Hustedt, Vol. 2, Atlas, pl. 1-395. Vaduz: Cramer.
86. Simonsen, R. (1987c). Atlas and catalogue of the diatom types of Friedrich Hustedt, Vol. 3, Atlas, pl. 396-772. Vaduz: Cramer.
87. Skousen, J., Sextone, A., Garbutt, K., & Sencindiver, J. (1994). Acid mine drainage treatment with wetlands and anoxic limestone drains. In D.M. Kent (Ed.), Applied wetland science and technology (pp. 263-282). Boca Raton, FL, USA: Lewis.
88. A. D. Steinman 1987 Quantitative shape analysis of Eunotia pectinalis and its application to season distribution patterns Phycologia 26 467 477
89. P. M. Stokes 1986 Ecological effect of acidification on primary producers in aquatic ecosystems Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 30 421 438 (Pubitemid 16009167)
90. Stokes, P. M., & Hutchinson, T. C. (1975, May). The effect of acid and particulate precipitation on phytoplankton and lake chemistry in Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. Paper presented at the first international symposium on acid precipitation and the forest ecosystem, Columbus, Ohio.
91. N. Takamura S. Hatakeyama Y. Sugaya 1990 Seasonal changes in species composition and production of periphyton in an urban river running through an abandoned copper mining region Japanese Journal of Limnology 51 225 235
92. Ter Braak, C. J. F., & Šmilauer, P. (2002). CANOCO Reference manual and Canodraw for Windows user's guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power. Ithaca, NY, USA. pp. 500.
93. F. Tornos 2006 Environment of formation and styles of volcanogenic massive sulfides: the Iberian Pyrite Belt Ore Geology Reviews 28 259 307 (Pubitemid 43323598)
94. H. Van Dam G. Suurmond C. J. F. ter Braak 1981 Impact of acidification on diatoms and chemistry of Dutch moorland pools Hydrobiologia 83 425 459
95. H. Van Dam A. Mertens J. Sinkeldam 1994 A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms from The Netherlands Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 28 117 133 (Pubitemid 2075577)
96. A. Van Ho D. M. Ward J. Kaplan 2002 Transition metal transport in yeast Annual Review of Microbiology 56 237 261 (Pubitemid 35217455)
97. R. G. Verb M. L. Vis 2000 Comparison of benthic diatom assemblages from streams draining abandoned and reclaimed coal mines and nonimpacted sites Journal of the North American Benthological Society 19 274 288 (Pubitemid 30454132)
98. R. G. Verb M. L. Vis 2000 Survey of benthic diatom communities from lotic systems within the Western Allengheny Plateau Journal of Phycology 36 68
99. R. G. Verb M. L. Vis 2001 Macroalgal communities from an acid mine drainage impacted watershed Aquatic Botany 71 93 107 (Pubitemid 32845598)
100. R. G. Verb M. L. Vis 2005 Periphyton assemblages as bioindicators of mine-drainage inunglaciated Western Allegheny Plateau lotic systems Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 161 227 265 (Pubitemid 40684883)
101. Warner 1971 Distribution of biota in a stream polluted by acid mine-drainage. The Ohio Journal of Science 71 4 202 216
102. H. S. Washington 1984 Diversity, Biotic and Similarity indices. A review with special relevance to aquatic ecosystems Water Research 18 6 653 694
103. T. Watanabe K. Asai 1995 Pinnularia acoricola Hustedt var. acoricola as an environmental frontier species occurred in organic acid water with 1.1-2.0 in pH value Diatom 10 9 11
104. B. A. Whitton B. M. Diaz 1981 Influence of environmental factors on photosynthetic species composition in highly acidic waters Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 21 1459 1465
105. Whitton, B. A., & Satake, K. (1996, December). Phototrophs in highly acidic waters: an overview. Presented in Proceedings of the Internacional Symposium on acidic deposition and its impact, Tsukuba, Japan.
106. N. D. Yan P. M. Stokes 1978 Phytoplankton of an acidic lake and its responses to experimental alterations of pH Environmental Conservation 5 93 100 (Pubitemid 8360104)
107. N. Yoshiaki S. Michiaki Y. Kaoru Y. Takashi H. Takaharu 2004 Heavy-Metal pollution and its state in algae in Kakehashi River and Godani River at the Foot of Ogoya Mine, Ishikawa Analytical Sciences 20 73 78
108. Young, D. C. (1976). Multivariate analysis of diatom communities affected by acid mine drainage (p. 214). PhD dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.