Optimisation of energy absorbing liner for equestrian helmets. Part I: Layered foam liner

Materials and Design

Volumn 30, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 3405-3413

  Forero Rueda, M A ^a   Cui, L ^a   Gilchrist, M D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Head impact; Layered foam liner; Safety helmets

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS; CERTIFICATION STANDARDS; COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION; CONTACT AREAS; FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING; FOAM DENSITIES; HEAD IMPACT; HELMET LINERS; LAYERED FOAM LINER; LINEAR ACCELERATIONS; MATERIAL STRESS; OPTIMISATION; OUTER SURFACE; PEAK ACCELERATION; PLASTIC ENERGY; SAFETY HELMETS; TEST CONDITION; THREE-LAYER;

FOAMS; STRESS-STRAIN CURVES;

ENERGY ABSORPTION;

EID: 67349173928     PISSN: 02641275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.03.037     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Balendra G., Turner M., McCrory P., and Halley W. Injuries in amateur horse racing (point to point racing) in Great Britain and Ireland during 1993-2006. Br J Sports Med 41 (2007) 162-166
2. Turner M., McCrory P., and Halley W. Injuries in professional horse racing in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland during 1992-2000. Br J Sports Med 36 (2002) 403-409
3. McIntosh A.S., and McCrory P. Preventing head and neck injury. Br J Sports Med 39 (2005) 314-318
4. Chitnavis J.P., Gibbons C.L.M.H., Hirigoyen M., Parry J.L., and Simpson A.H.R.W. Accidents with horses: what has changed in 20 years?. Injury 27 2 (1996) 103-105
5. Abu-Zidan F.M., and Rao S. Factors affecting the severity of horse-related injuries. Injury 34 12 (2003) 897-900
6. Holland A.J.A., Roy G.T., Goh V., Ross F.I., Keneally J.P., and Cass D.T. Horse-related injuries in children. Med J Aust 175 (2001) 609-612
7. Northey G. Equestrian injuries in New Zealand, 1993-2001: knowledge and experience. New Zealand Med J 116 1182 (2003) 1-8
8. Petridou E., Kedikoglou S., Belechri M., Ntouvelis E., Dessypris N., and Trichopoulos D. The mosaic of equestrian-related injuries in Greece. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 56 3 (2002) 643-647
9. Gabbe B.J., Finch C.F., Cameron P.A., and Williamson O.D. Incidence of serious injury and death during sport and recreation activities in Victoria, Australia. Br J Sports Med 39 (2005) 573-577
10. Griffen M., Boulanger B.R., Kearney P.A., Tsuei B., and Ochoa J. Injury during contact with horses: recent experience with 75 patients at a level I trauma center. South Med J 95 4 (2002) 441-445
11. Yima V.W.T., Yeunga J.H.H., Maka P.S.K., Grahama C.A., Laib P.B.S., and Rainer T.H. Five year analysis of Jockey Club horse-related injuries presenting to a trauma centre in Hong Kong. Injury 38 1 (2007) 98-103
12. Cripps R.A. Horse-related injury in Australia. Aust Injury Prevent Bull (2000)
13. D'Abreu F. Brain damage in Jockeys. Lancet 307 7971 (1976) 1241
14. Paix B.R. Rider injury rates and emergency medical services at equestrian events. Br J Sports Med 33 (1999) 46-48
15. Chapman M.A.S., and Oni J. Motor racing accidents at Brands Hatch, 1988/9. Br J Sports Med 25 (1991) 121-123
16. Whitlock M.R. Injuries to riders in the cross country phase of eventing: The importance of protective equipment. Br J Sports Med 33 (1999) 212-214
17. Waller A.E., Daniels J.E., Weaver N.L., and Robinson P. Jockey Injuries in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 283 (2000) 1326-1328
18. Fleming P.R.I., Crompton J.L., and Simpson D.A. Neuro-ophtalmological sequelae of horse-related accidents. Clin Exp Ophathalmol 29 (2001) 208-212
19. Ingemarson H., Grevsten S., and Thoren L. Lethal horse-riding injuries. J Trauma 29 1 (1989) 25-30
20. Lim J., Puttaswamy V., Gizzi M., Christie L., Croker W., and Crowe P. Pattern of equestrian injuries presenting to a Sydney teaching hospital. ANZ J Surg 73 (2003) 567-571
21. Bond G.R., Christoph R.A., and Rodgers B.M. Pediatric equestrian injuries: Assessing the impact of helmet use. Pediatrics 95 4 (1995) 487-489
22. Aiello M., Galvanetto U., and Iannucci L. Numerical simulations of motorcycle helmet impact tests. Int J Crashworthiness 12 1 (2007) 1-7
23. Cernicchi A, Galvanetto U, Iannucci L. Virtual modelling of motorcycle safety helmets: practical problems. In: Sixth European LS-DYNA user's conference, Gothenburg, Sweden; 2007.
24. Shuaeib F.M., Hamouda A.M.S., Wong S.V., Umar R.S.R., and Ahmed M.M.H.M. A new motorcycle helmet liner material: the finite element simulation and design of experiment optimization. Mater Des 28 (2007) 182-195
25. Kostopoulos V., Markopoulos Y.P., Giannopoulos G., and Vlachos D.E. Finite element analysis of impact damage response of composite motorcycle safety helmets. Compos: Part B 33 (2002) 99-107
26. Mills N.J. Accident investigation of motorcycle helmets. Impact 5 (1996) 46-51
27. Mills N.J., and Gilchrist A. The effectiveness of foams in bicycle and motorcycle helmets. Accid Anal Prev 23 (1991) 153-163
28. Mills N.J., and Gilchrist A. Bicycle helmet design. Proc IMechE Part L: J Mater: Des Appl 2006 (2006) 167-180
29. McIntosh A.S., and Janda D. Evaluation of cricket helmet performance and comparison with baseball and ice hockey helmets. Br J Sports Med 37 (2003) 325-330
30. McIntosh A., McCrory P., and Finch C.F. Performance enhanced headgear: a scientific approach to the development of protective headgear. Br J Sports Med 38 (2004) 46-49
31. Spyrou E., Pearsall D.J., and Hoshizaki T.B. Effect of local shell geometry and material properties on impact attenuation of ice hockey helmets. Sports Eng 3 25-35 (2003)
32. Caswell S.V., and Deivert R.G. Lacrosse helmet designs and the effects of impact forces. J Athlet Train 37 2 (2002) 164-171
33. Knouse C.L., Gould T.E., Caswell S.V., and Deivert R.G. Efficacy of rugby headgear in attenuating repetitive linear impact forces. J Athlet Train 38 4 (2003) 330-335
34. Harrison TI, Mills NJ, Turner MS. Jockeys' head injuries and skull cap performance. In: International IRCOBI conference, Dublin; 1996. p. 49-62.
35. Mills N.J., and Whitlock M.D. Performance of horse-riding helmets in frontal and side impacts. Injury 20 (1989) 189-192
36. Hunt H, Mills NJ. The protection of horse riders in impacts with the ground. In: International IRCOBI conference, Stockholm; 1989. p. 157-68.
37. BSI. EN 1384: 1996 Specification for helmets for equestrian activities. London: British Standards Institution; 1996.
38. BSI. EN 14572:2005: High performance helmets for equestrian activities. London: British Standards Institution; 2005.
39. Willinger R., Baumgartner D., and Guimberteau T. Dynamic characterization of motorcycle helmets: modelling and coupling with the human head. J Sound Vib 235 4 (2000) 611-625
40. Gilchrist A., and Mills N.J. Modelling the impact response of motorcycle helmets. Int J Impact Eng 15 (1994) 201-218
41. Aare M., and Kleiven S. Evaluation of head response to ballistic helmet impacts using the finite element method. Int J Impact Eng 34 (2007) 596-608
42. Smith T, Lenkeit J, Boughton J. Application of finite element analysis to helmet design. In: IUTAM Proceedings on impact biomechanics: from fundamental insights to applications, Dublin: Springer; 2005. p. 255-62.
43. ABAQUS. ABAQUS analysis user's manual, v 6.7, ©ABAQUS, Inc.; 2007.
44. Ozturk U.E., and Anlas G. Energy absorption calculations in multiple compressive loading of polymeric foams. Mater Des 30 1 (2009) 15-22
45. Rizov V.I. Low velocity localized impact study of cellular foams. Mater Des 28 10 (2007) 2632-2640
46. ABAQUS. ABAQUS analysis user's manual, ©ABAQUS, Inc.; 2004.
47. Cui L., Kiernan S., and Gilchrist M.D. Designing the energy absorption capacity of functionally graded foam materials. Mater Sci Eng A 507 1-2 (2009) 215-225
48. Kiernan S, Cui L, Gilchrist MD. Propagation of a stress wave through a virtual functionally graded foam. Int J Non-Linear Mech, in press. doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2009.02.006.
49. Avalle M., Belingardi G., and Montanini R. Characterization of polymeric structural foams under compressive impact loading by means of energy-absorption diagram. Int J Impact Eng 25 (2001) 455-472
50. Gibson L.J., and Ashby M.F. Cellular solids: structure and properties (1997), Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK