Beyond incubation: An analysis of firm survival and exit dynamics in the post-graduation period

Journal of Technology Transfer

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 403-421

  Schwartz, Michael ^a  

^a HALLE INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Business incubators; Hazard rates; Incubator firm performance; Local technology policy; Survival

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS INCUBATORS; HAZARD RATES; INCUBATOR FIRM PERFORMANCE; LOCAL TECHNOLOGIES; SURVIVAL;

DYNAMICS; PLANT SHUTDOWNS;

INDUSTRY;

EID: 67349084441     PISSN: 08929912     EISSN: 15737047     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10961-008-9095-x     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Aernoudt, R. (2004). Incubator: Tool for entrepreneurship? Small Business Economics, 23, 127-135. doi: 10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000027665.54173.23.
2. Aerts, K., Matthyssens, P., & Vandenbempt, K. (2007). Critical role and screening practices of European business incubators. Technovation, 27, 254-267. doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2006.12.002.
3. Allen, D., & Bazan, E. (1990). Value-added contribution of Pennsylvania's business incubators to tenant firms and local economies. Report prepared for Pennsylvania Department of Commerce, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
4. Allen, D. N., & McCluskey, R. (1990). Structure, policy, services, and performances in the business incubator industry. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15, 61-77.
5. Almus, M. (2002). What characterizes a fast-growing firm? Applied Economics, 34, 1497-1508. doi: 10.1080/00036840110105010.
6. Almus, M., & Nerlinger, E. (1999). Growth of new technology-based firms: Which factors matter. Small Business Economics, 13, 141-154. doi: 10.1023/A:1008138709724.
7. Autio, E., & Kauranen, I. (1992). The effectiveness of science parks as a tool of technology policy. Helsinki University of Technology Working Paper.
8. Bearse, P. (1998). A question of evaluation: NBIA's impact assessment of business incubators. Economic Development Quarterly, 12, 322-333. doi: 10.1177/089124249801200404.
9. Behrendt, H. (1996). Wirkungsanalyse von Technologie- und Gründerzentren in Westdeutschland. Heidelberg: Phyisica.
10. Bergek, A., & Norrman, C. (2008). Incubator best practice: A framework. Technovation, 28, 20-28. doi: 10.1016/ j.technovation.2007.07.008.
11. Bigliardi, B., Dormio, A. I., Nosella, A., & Petroni, G. (2006). Assessing science parks performances: Directions from selected Italian case studies. Technovation, 26, 489-505. doi: 10.1016/ j.technovation.2005.01.002.
12. Brixy, U., & Grotz, R. (2004). Regionale Muster und Determinanten des Gründungserfolgs. In M. Fritsch & R. Grotz (Eds.), Empirische Analysen zum Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland (pp. 161-186). Heidelberg: Physica.
13. Cleves, M. A., Gould, W. W., & Gutierrez, R. G. (2004). An introduction to survival analysis using stata (Revised Edition). College Station: Stata Press.
14. Colombo, M., & Delmastro, M. (2002). How effective are technology incubators? Evidence from Italy. Research Policy, 31, 1103-1122. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00178-0.
15. European Commission. (2002). Benchmarking of business incubators: Final report. Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services.
16. Ferguson, R., & Olofsson, C. (2004). Science parks and the development of NTBFs-location, survival and growth. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29, 5-17. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTT.0000011178.44095.cd.
17. Fiedler, H. (1988). Technologie- und Innovationspark Berlin: Entstehung, Status, Perspektiven. In N. Dose & A. Drexler (Eds.), Technologieparks: Voraussetzungen, Bestandsaufnahme und Kritik (pp. 294-307). Opladen: Westdt. Verlag.
18. Freeman, J., Carroll, G. R., & Hannan, M. T. (1983). The liability of newness: Age dependence in organizational death rates. American Sociological Review, 48, 692-710. doi: 10.2307/2094928.
19. Fritsch, M., & Mueller, P. (2004). Effects of new business formation on regional development over time. Regional Studies, 38, 961-975. doi: 10.1080/0034340042000280965.
20. Geroski, P. A. (1995). What do we know about entry? International Journal of Industrial Organization, 13, 421-440. doi: 10.1016/ 0167-7187(95)00498-X.
21. Glaser, A. (2005). Innovations-Technologie- und Gründerzentren. In B. Falk (Ed.), Handbuch Gewerbe- und Spezialimmobilien (pp. 431-445). Köln: Müller.
22. Grimaldi, R., & Grandi, A. (2005). Business incubators and new venture creation: An assessment of incubating models. Technovation, 25, 111-121. doi: 10.1016/S0166-4972(03)00076-2.
23. Hackett, S. M., & Dilts, D. M. (2004). A systematic review of business incubation literature. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29, 55-82. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTT.0000011181.11952.0f.
24. Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1984). Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review, 49, 149-164. doi: 10.2307/2095567.
25. Hannon, P. D. (2005). Incubation policy and practice: Building practitioner and professional capability. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12, 57-78. doi: 10.1108/14626000510579644.
26. Hannon, P. D., & Chaplin, P. (2003). Are incubators good for business? Understanding incubation practice-the challenges for policy. Environment and Planning C, 21, 861-881.
27. Hytti, U., & Mäki, K. (2007). Which firm benefit most from the incubators? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 7, 506-523. doi: 10.1504/IJEIM.2007.014594.
28. Kaplan, E. L., & Meier, P. (1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 53 (Juni 1985), 457-481.
29. Kleinbaum, D. G. (1996). Survival analysis: A self-learning text. New York: Springer.
30. Lawless, J.-F. (1982). Statistical models and methods for lifetime data. Chichester: Wiley.
31. Lindelöf, P., & Löfsten, H. (2004). Proximity as a resource base for competitive advantage: University-industry links for technology transfer. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29, 311-326. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTT.0000034125.29979.ae.
32. McAdam, M., & Marlow, S. (2007). Building futures or stealing secrets? Entrepreneurial cooperation and conflict within business incubators. International Small Business Journal, 25, 361-379. doi: 10.1177/0266242607078563.
33. Monck, C. S. P., Porter, R. B., Quintas, P., Storey, D. J., & Wynarczyk, P. (1988). Science parks and the growth of high technology firms. London: Croom Helm.
34. Peña, I. (2004). Business incubation centers and new firm growth in the Basque Country. Small Business Economics, 22, 223-236. doi: 10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000022221.03667.82.
35. Peters, L., Rice, M., & Sundararajan, M. (2004). The role of incubators in the entrepreneurial process. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29, 83-91. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTT.0000011182.82350.df.
36. Phan, P. H., Siegel, D. S., & Wright, M. (2005). Science parks and incubators: Observations, synthesis and future research. Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 165-182. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.001.
37. Rice, M. P. (2002). Co-production of business assistance in business incubators: An explorative study. Journal of Business Venturing, 17, 163-187. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00055-0.
38. Rothaermel, F. T., & Thursby, M. (2005a). Incubator firm failure or graduation? The role of university linkages. Research Policy, 34, 1076-1090. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.012.
39. Rothaermel, F. T., & Thursby, M. (2005b). University-incubator firm knowledge flows: Assessing their impact on incubator firm performance. Research Policy, 34, 205-320.
40. Schwartz, M., & Hornych, C. (2008). Specialization as strategy for business incubators: An assessment of the Central German Multimedia Center. Technovation, 28, 436-449. doi: 10.1016/ j.technovation.2008.02.003.
41. Seeger, H. (1997). Ex-Post-Bewertung der Technologie- und Gründerzentren durch die erfolgreich ausgezogenen Unternehmen und Analyse der einzel- und regionalwirtschaftlichen Effekte. Münster/ Hamburg: Lit-Verlag.
42. Sherman, H., & Chappell, D. S. (1998). Methodological challenges in evaluating business incubator outcomes. Economic Development Quarterly, 12, 313-321. doi: 10.1177/089124249801200403.
43. Steinkühler, R. H. (1994). Technologiezentren und Erfolg von Unternehmensgröndungen. Wiesbaden: DUV.
44. Sternberg, R. (1988). Technologie- und Gründerzentren als Instrument kommunaler Wirtschaftsförderung - Bewertung auf der Grundlage von Erhebungen in 31 Zentren und 177 Unternehmen. Dortmund: Dortmunder Vertrieb für Planungsliteratur.
45. Sternberg, R. (1992). Methoden und Ergebnisse der Erfolgskontrolle von Technologie- und Gründerzentren. In Niedersächsisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (Ed.), Erfolgskontrollen in der Technologiepolitik (pp. 89-115). Hannover.
46. Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965). Social structure and organisations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations (pp. 142-193). Chicago: Garland.
47. Storey, D. J., & Strange, A. (1992). Where are they now? Some changes in firms located on UK Science Parks in 1986. New Technology, Work and Employment, 1, 15-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00017.x.
48. Strotmann, H. (2007). Entrepreneurial survival. Small Business Economics, 28, 87-104. doi: 10.1007/s11187-005-8859-z.
49. Studdard, N. L. (2006). The effectiveness of entrepreneurial firm's knowledge acquisition from a business incubator. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2, 211-225. doi: 10.1007/ s11365-006-8685-z.
50. Tamásy, C. (2002). Are there too many innovation centres in Germany? In L. Schätzl & J. R. Diez (Eds.), Technological change and regional development in Europe (pp. 112-131). Heidelberg: Physica.
51. Tamásy, C. (2005). Determinanten des regionalen Gründungsgeschehens. Münster: Lit-Verlag.
52. Voisey, P., Gornall, L., Jones, P., & Brychan, T. (2006). The measurement of success in a business incubation project. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13, 454-468. doi: 10.1108/ 14626000610680307.
53. Von Zedtwitz, M., & Grimaldi, R. (2006). Are service profiles incubator-specific? Results from an empirical investigation in Italy. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 31, 459-468. doi: 10.1007/ s10961-006-0007-7.
54. Weinzimmer, L. G., Nystrom, P. C., & Freeman, S. J. (1998). Measuring organizational growth: Issues, consequences and guidelines. Journal of Management, 24, 235-262. doi: 10.1016/S0149-2063(99)80061-0.
55. Westhead, P., & Batstone, S. (1999). Perceived benefits of a managed science park location. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11, 129-154. doi: 10.1080/089856299283236.
56. Westhead, P., & Storey, D. J. (1994). An assessment of firms located on and off science parks in the United Kingdom. Main report. London: HMSO.
57. Willms, W., & Sünner, I. (2004). Langfristige regionalwirtschaftliche Effekte von Technologie- und Gründerzentren. Neues Archiv, 1 (2004), 27-38.
58. Woywode, M. (2004). Wege aus der Erfolglosigkeit der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung. In Kf W Bankengruppe (Ed.), Was erfolgreiche Unternehmen ausmacht: Erkenntnisse aus Wissenschaft und Praxis (pp. 15-47). Heidelberg: Physica.