What is it that best explains the East Asian peace since 1979? A call for a research agenda

Asian Perspective

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 111-136

  Tønnesson, Stein ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Conflict resolution; International Relations theory; Peace and security East Asia

Indexed keywords

EID: 67249142519     PISSN: 02589184     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/apr.2009.0027     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. The author would like to thank the participants in a panel on "The East Asian Peace" at the International Studies Association Convention in San Francisco, March 27, 2008 for their constructive criticism of the first draft, as well as Asian Perspective's editors and two anonymous referees for their inspiring comments on the manuscript. I would like to express my gratitude to Andreas Kittelsen, PRIO, for his help in creating the figures.
2. An "armed conflict" is defined in the PRIO-Uppsala dataset as "a contested incompatibility that concerns government or territory or both where the use of armed force between two parties results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in a year. Of these two parties, at least one has to be the government of a state."
3. "Battle deaths" refer to those military and civilian deaths caused by warring parties that can be directly related to combat over a contested incompatibility. This includes traditional battlefield fighting, guerrilla activities, and all kinds of bombardments including bombings and assassinations in urban warfare. "Battle deaths" is not the same as "war-related deaths," which includes also indirect deaths caused by disease or starvation. See www.pcr.uu.se/publications/UCDP_pub/UCDP%20Battle-deaths%20-%20definitions%20%20sources%20%20methods.pdf.
4. Michael Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000 (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002)
5. Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths," European Journal of Population, vol. 21, No. 2 (2005), pp. 145-66.
6. Timo Kivimaki, "The Long Peace of ASEAN," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 38, No. 1 (2001), pp. 5-25.
7. Robert Ross, "The U.S.-China Peace: Great Power Politics, Spheres of Influence, and the Peace of East Asia," Journal of East Asian Studies, No. 3 (2003), pp. 351-75.
8. Benjamin E. Goldsmith, "A Liberal Peace in Asia?" Journal of Peace Research, vol. 44, No. 1 (2007), pp. 5-27.
9. Rex Li, A Rising China and Security in East Asia: Identity Construction and Security Discourse (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 8-21, 218-20.
10. Robert S. Ross, "The U.S.-China Peace: Great Power Politics, Spheres of Influence, and the Peace of East Asia," Journal of East Asian Studies, No. 3 (2003), pp. 351-75.
11. Ibid., p. 370.
12. Liselotte Odgaard, The Balance of Power in Asia-Pacific Security: US-China Policies on Regional Order (London: Routledge, 2007).
13. Zhu Feng, "China's Rise Will Be Peaceful: How Unipolarity Matters," in Robert S. Ross and Zhu Feng, eds., China's Ascent: Power, Security and the Future of International Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2008), p. 54.
14. Scott Gates, Havard Hegre, Mark P. Jones, and Havard Strand, "Institutional Inconsistency and Political Instability: Polity Duration, 1800-2000," American Journal of Political Science, vol. 50, No. 4 (2006), pp. 893-908.
15. Goldsmith, "A Liberal Peace in Asia?" pp. 5-27.
16. Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 47-79.
17. Qin Yaqing and Wei Ling, "Structures, Processes, and the Socialization of Power: East Asian Community-building and the Rise of China," in Ross andZhu, eds., China's Ascent, pp. 115-38.
18. Mikael Weissmann, "Peacebuilding in East Asia: The Role of Track 2 Diplomacy, Informal Networks, and Economic, Social, and Cultural Regionalization," in Jacob Bercovitch, Kwei-Bo Huang, and Chung-Chian Teng, eds., Conflict Management, Security and Intervention in East Asia: Third-Party Mediation and Intervention Between China and Taiwan (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 67-82.
19. John Ikenberry, "The Rise of China: Power, Institutions and the Western Order," in Ross and Zhu, eds., China's Ascent, pp. 89-114.
20. Ibid., p. 114.
21. Qin and Wei, "Structures, Processes," p. 131.
22. Barry Buzan and Ole Waever, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (Cambridge, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
23. See, among others, Charles F. Hermann, "Changing Course: When Governments Choose to Redirect Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 34, No. 1 (1990), pp. 3-31.
24. Jeffrey W. Legro, "The Transformation of Political Ideas," American Journal of Political Science, vol. 44, No. 33 (2000), pp. 419-32.
25. Jeffrey W. Legro, "Purpose Transitions. China's Rise and the American Response," in Ross and Zhu, eds., China's Ascent, pp. 34-54.
26. See Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1986).
27. Peter J. Katzenstein, Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996).
28. See, among others, Charles F. Hermann, "Changing Course: When Governments Choose to Redirect Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 34, No. 1 (1990), pp. 3-31.
29. Jeffrey W. Legro, "The Transformation of Political Ideas," American Journal of Political Science, vol. 44, No. 33 (2000), pp. 419-32.
30. Rex Li, A Rising China and Security. in East Asia: Identity Construction and Security Discourse (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 8-21, 218-20.
31. Etel Solingen, "Pax Asiatica versus Bella Levantina: The Foundations of War and Peace in East Asia and the Middle East," American Political Science Review, No. 4 (2007), pp. 757-80.
32. If we don't count the fight on the Vietnamese border in 1984 and the incident in the Spratlys in 1988.
33. Acharya, Amitav. Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. London: Routledge, 2001.
34. Buzan, Barry and Ole Waever. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
35. Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002.
36. Gates, Scott, Håvard Hegre, Mark P. Jones, and Havard Strand. "Institutional Inconsistency and Political Instability: Polity Duration, 1800-2000," American Journal of Political Science, vol. 50, No. 4 (2006), pp. 893-908.
37. Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg, and Håvard Strand. "Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 39, No. 5 (2002), pp. 615-37.
38. Goldsmith, Benjamin E. "A Liberal Peace in Asia?" Journal of Peace Research, vol. 44, No. 1 (2007), pp. 5-27.
39. Hegre, Håvard, Tanja Ellingsen, Scott Gates, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. "Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816-1992," American Political Science Review, vol. 95, No. 1 (2001), pp. 17-33.
40. Hermann, Charles F. "Changing Course: When Governments Choose to Redirect Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 34, No. 1 (1990), pp. 3-31.
41. Katzenstein, Peter J. Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996.
42. Kivimäki, Timo. "The Long Peace of ASEAN," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 38, No. 1 (2001), pp. 5-25.
43. Lacina, Bethany and Nils Petter Gleditsch. "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths," European Journal of Population, vol. 21, No. 2 (2005), pp. 145-66.
44. Legro, Jeffrey W. "The Transformation of Political Ideas," American Journal of Political Science, vol. 44, No. 33 (2000), pp. 419-32.
45. Li, Rex. A Rising China and Security in East Asia: Identity Construction and Security Discourse. London: Routledge, 2009.
46. Odgaard, Liselotte. The Balance of Power in Asia-Pacific Security: US-China Policies on Regional Order. London: Routledge, 2007.
47. Rosecrance, Richard. The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World. New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1986.
48. Ross, Robert S. "The U.S.-China Peace: Great Power Politics, Spheres of Influence, and the Peace of East Asia," Journal of East Asian Studies, No. 3 (2003), pp. 351-75.
49. Ross, Robert S. and Zhu Feng, eds. China's Ascent. Power, Security and the Future of International Politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2008.
50. Solingen, Etel. "Pax Asiatica versus Bella Levantina. The Foundations of War and Peace in East Asia and the Middle East," American Political Science Review, No. 4 (2007), pp. 757-80.
51. Weissmann, Mikael. "Peacebuilding in East Asia: The Role of Track 2 Diplomacy, Informal Networks, and Economic, Social, and Cultural Regionalization," in Jacob Bercovitch, Kwei-Bo Huang, and Chung-Chian Teng, eds., Conflict Management, Security and Intervention in East Asia: Third-Party Mediation and Intervention between China and Taiwan. London: Routledge, 2008, pp. 67-82.