Spatial distribution as a measure of conservation needs: An example with Asiatic black bears in south-western China

Diversity and Distributions

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 649-659

  Liu, Fang ^a   McShea, William ^b   Garshelis, David ^c   Zhu, Xiaojian ^a   Wang, Dajun ^a   Gong, Ji'En ^d   Chen, Youping ^e  

^a PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b SMITHSONIAN CONSERVATION BIOLOGY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES   (United States)

^d Sichuan Forestry Department   (China)

^e Wanglang National Nature Reserve   (China)

Author keywords

Asiatic black bear; China; Distribution map; Poaching; Presence absence data

Indexed keywords

BEAR; BIODIVERSITY; HABITAT CONSERVATION; POACHING; POPULATION DENSITY; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; SPECIES CONSERVATION;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST;

ANIMALIA; URSUS AMERICANUS;

EID: 67149109958     PISSN: 13669516     EISSN: 14724642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00571.x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Akaike, H. (1981) Likelihood of a model and information criteria. Journal of Econometrics, 16, 3 14.
2. Berkes, F., Colding, J. Folke, C. (2000) Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications, 10, 1251 1262. (Pubitemid 32139993)
3. Blake, S. Hedges, S. (2004) Sinking the flagship, the case of forest elephants in Asia and Africa. Conservation Biology, 18, 1191 1202. (Pubitemid 39350849)
4. Burman, P. (1989) A comparative study of ordinary cross-validation, V-fold cross-validation and the repeated learning-testing methods. Biometrika, 76, 503 514.
5. Burnham, K.P. Anderson, D.R. (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer Press, New York.
6. Chauhan, N.P.S. Singh, R.K.J. (2006) Status and distribution of sun bears in Manipur, India. Ursus, 17, 182 185. (Pubitemid 44736045)
7. Emslie, R. Brooks, M. (1999) Status survey and conservation action plan: African rhino. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
8. Fan, Z. Song, Y. (1997) Bears present status and conservation, and bear farms of China. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Trade of Bear Parts (ed. by D.F. Williamson A.L. Gaski pp. 6 19. TRAFFIC (USA)-World Wildlife Fund (Washington, DC), Seattle, WA.
9. Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. Garshelis, D.L. (2007) Helarctos malayanus, sun bear. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (last accessed February 2008).
10. Garshelis, D.L. (2002) Misconceptions, ironies, and uncertainties regarding trends in bear populations. Ursus, 13, 321 334.
11. Garshelis, D.L. Steinmetz, R. (2007) Ursus thibetanus, Asiatic black bear. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (last accessed February 2008).
12. Gibbs, J.P. (2000) Monitoring populations. Research techniques in animal ecology (ed. by L. Boitani T.K. Fuller pp. 213 252. Columbia University Press, New York.
13. Gong, J. Harris, R. (2006) The status of bears in China. Understanding Asian bears to secure their future (ed. by Japan Bear Network pp. 96 101. Japan Bear Network, Ibaraki, Japan.
14. Harris, R., Pletscher, D., Loggers, C. Miller, D. (1999) Status and trends of Tibetan plateau mammalian fauna, Yeniugou, China. Biological Conservation, 87, 13 19. (Pubitemid 28566855)
15. Hashimoto, Y., Kaji, M., Sawada, H. Takatsuki, S. (2003) Five-year study on the autumn food habits of the Asiatic black bear in relation to nut production. Ecological Research, 18, 485 492. (Pubitemid 37240578)
16. Holt, A.R., Gaston, K.J. He, F. (2002) Occupancy-abundance relationships and spatial distribution: a review. Basic and Applied Ecology, 3, 1 13. (Pubitemid 34140345)
17. Hou, W. Hu, J. (1997) The present situations of China's bear resources and protection. Journal of Sichuan Teacher's College (Natural Science), 18, 287 291 (in Chinese).
18. Huntington, H.P. (2000) Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: methods and applications. Ecological Applications, 10, 1270 1274. (Pubitemid 32139995)
19. Huygens, O.C., Miyashita, T., Dahle, B., Carr, M., Izumiyama, S., Sugawara, T. Hayashi, H. (2003) Diet and feeding habits of Asiatic black bears in the Northern Japanese Alps. Ursus, 14, 236 245.
20. Hwang, M.-H. (2003) Ecology of Asiatic black bears and people-bear interactions in Yushan National Park, Taiwan. PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
21. Hwang, M.-H., Garshelis, D.L. Wang, Y. (2002) Diets of Asiatic black bears in Taiwan, with methodological and geographical comparisons. Ursus, 13, 111 125.
22. Izumiyama, S. Shiraishi, T. (2004) Seasonal changes in elevation and habitat use of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in the Northern Japan Alps. Mammal Study, 29, 1 8.
23. Jia, M. (1989) The Pinaceae in Sichuan and its geographical distribution of the coniferous forests. Journal of Chongqing Teachers College (Natural Sciences Edition), 6, 61 71 (in Chinese).
24. Jiang, S., Ao, L., Yang, J., Fan, J. Li, Y. (1994) The survey of resource of black bear of Leshan Prefecture, Sichuan. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 13, 175 177 (in Chinese).
25. Jiménez-Valverde, A., Lobo, J.M. Hortal, J. (2008) Not as good as they seem: the importance of concepts in species distribution modeling. Diversity & Distributions, 14, 885 890.
26. Joseph, L.N., Field, S.A., Wilcox, C. Possingham, H.P. (2006) Presence-absence versus abundance data for monitoring threatened species. Conservation Biology, 20, 1679 1687. (Pubitemid 44912624)
27. Kenney, J.S., Smith, J.L.D., Starfield, A.M. McDougal, C.W. (1995) The long-term effects of tiger poaching on population viability. Conservation Biology, 9, 1127 1133. (Pubitemid 3000842)
28. Leader-Williams, N. Dublin, H. (2000) Charismatic megafauna as "flagship species". Priorites for the conservation of mammalian diversity. Has the panda had its day? (ed. by A. Entwistle N. Dunstone pp. 53 81. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
29. Li, X., Hu, T., Yang, D., Jiang, X., Jiang, X., Zhang, Q., Liu, Z. Wang, F. (1997) Research on stand structure classification of low-benefit protection stand Pinus yunnanesis in the Panxi Region. Journal of Sichuan Agriculture University, 15, 236 240 (in Chinese).
30. Loucks, C., Lü, Z., Dinerstein, E., Wang, H., Olson, D., Zhu, C. Wang, D. (2001) Giant pandas in a changing landscape. Science, 294, 1465. (Pubitemid 33063904)
31. Lü, Z. Liu, Y. (2004) China's national plan for conservation of the giant panda. Giant pandas: biology and conservation (ed. by D.G. Lindburg K. Baragona pp. 226 227. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
32. Ma, Y. Li, X. (1999) Status and management of the Asiatic black bear in China. Bears: status survey and conservation action plan (ed. by C. Servheen, S. Herrero B. Peyton pp. 200 202. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
33. Ma, Y., Hu, J. Zhai, Q. (1994) Bears of China. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, China (in Chinese).
34. Ma, Y., Xu, L. Hu, J. (2001) On the resources and conservation of bears in China. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Trade in Bear Parts (ed. by D.F. Williamson M.J. Phipps pp. 38 43. TRAFFIC East Asia, Hong Kong, China.
35. Mattson, D.J. Merrill, T. (2002) Extirpations of grizzly bears in the contiguous United States, 1850-2000. Conservation Biology, 16, 1123 1136. (Pubitemid 34850402)
36. Morrison, J., Sechrest, W., Dinerstein, E., Wilcove, D. Lamoreux, J. (2007) Persistence of large mammal faunas as indicators of global human impacts. Journal of Mammalogy, 88, 1363 1380.
37. Murcia, C. (1995) Edge effects in fragmented forest: implications for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 58 62.
38. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853 858. (Pubitemid 30130979)
39. Peng, J. (1998) Investigation on Selenarctos thibetanus mupinensis resources in the Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 18, 311 313 (in Chinese).
40. Pollock, J.F. (2006) Detecting population declines over large areas with presence-absence, time-to-encounter, and count survey methods. Conservation Biology, 20, 882 892. (Pubitemid 43901739)
41. Posillico, M., Meriggi, A., Pagnin, E., Lovari, S. Russo, L. (2004) A habitat model for brown bear conservation and land use planning in the central Apennines. Biological Conservation, 118, 141 150. (Pubitemid 38458866)
42. Ratnayeke, S., van Manen, F.T., Pieris, R. Pragash, V.S.J. (2007) Landscape characteristics of sloth bear range in Sri Lanka. Ursus, 18, 189 202.
43. Ray, J.C. (2005) Large carnivorous animals as tools for conserving biodiversity: assumptions and uncertainties. Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity (ed. by J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck J. Berger pp. 34 59. Island Press, Washington, DC.
44. Reid, D., Jiang, M., Teng, Q., Qin, Z. Hu, J. (1991) Ecology of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Sichuan, China. Mammalia, 55, 221 237.
45. Ren, H., Shen, W., Lu, H., Wen, X. Jian, S. (2007) Degraded ecosystems in China: status, causes, and restoration efforts. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 3, 1 13. (Pubitemid 46615660)
46. Revilla, E., Palomares, F. Delibes, M. (2001) Edge-core effects and the effectiveness of traditional reserves in conservation: Eurasian badgers in Doñana national park. Conservation Biology, 15, 148 158. (Pubitemid 32180341)
47. Servheen, C. (1999) The trade in bears and bear parts. Bears: status survey and conservation action plan (ed. by C. Servheen, S. Herrero B. Peyton pp. 33 38. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
48. Schaller, G.B., Teng, Q., Johnson, K.G., Wang, X., Shen, H. Hu, J. (1989) The feeding ecology of giant pandas and Asiatic black bears in the Tangjiahe Reserve, China. Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution, Vol. 1 (ed. by J.L. Gittleman pp. 212 240. Cornell University Press, New York.
49. Shepherd, C.R. Nijman, V. (2008) The trade in bear parts from Myanmar: an illustration of the ineffectiveness of enforcement of international wildlife trade regulations. Biodiversity Conservation, 17, 35 42.
50. Sichuan Statistics Dept (2007) 2007 Sichuan statistical yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
51. State Forestry Administration (2006) The 3rd national survey report on giant panda in China. Science Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
52. Steinmetz, R., Chutipong, W. Seuaturien, N. (2006) Collaborating to conserve large mammals in Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology, 20, 1391 1401. (Pubitemid 44436016)
53. Wang, W., Wei, F. Hu, J. (1995) A preliminary study of the diet habit of the black bear in Mabian nature reserve. Journal of Sichuan Teacher's College (Natural Science), 16, 100 104 (in Chinese).
54. Wilcove, D.S., Rothstein, D., Dubow, J., Phillips, A. Losos, E. (1998) Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. BioScience, 48, 607 615.
55. Wu, J. (1994) Herbal textual research on bear bile. Journal of Chinese Medical Materials, 17, 41 43 (in Chinese).
56. Xu, X. (1992) Historical and present status of the Asiatic black bear in northeast China. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9, 53 55.
57. Xu, H., Sun, X., Wen, F., Zhou, J., Li, S., Ding, T. Liu, L. (1998) Research and outlook on bear bile. Chinese Journal of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, 5, 18 20 (in Chinese).
58. Xu, J., Yin, R., Li, Z. Liu, C. (2006) China's ecological rehabilitation: unprecedented efforts, dramatic impacts, and requisite policies. Ecological Economics, 57, 595 607. (Pubitemid 44262045)
59. Yang, X. Li, H. (1996) The study on the status of wild black bear resource and conservation strategy of Sichuan Province. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 17, 58 61 (in Chinese).
60. Yu, X., Wei, S., Zheng, X., Lan, Z. Chen, H. (1994) Distribution and conservation of resource of black bear of Deyang Prefecture. Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 15, 63 65 (in Chinese).
61. Zhang, R. (1999) Zoogeography of China. Science Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
62. Zhao, E., Wu, G. Inger, R.F. (1989) Ecological and geographic distribution of the amphibians of Sichuan, China. Copeia, 1989, 549 557.