Neurobiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: The role of oxidative stress

Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 396-401

  Wood, Stephen J ^a,c   Yücel, Murat ^a   Pantelis, Christos ^a   Berk, Michael ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^c National Neuroscience Facility Australia   (Australia)

Author keywords

Glutathione; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; N acetyl cysteine

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; GLUTATHIONE;

CELL DEATH; CLINICAL TRIAL; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 67049154214     PISSN: 03044602     EISSN: 29724066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Yao JK, Reddy RD, van Kammen DP. Oxidative damage and schizophrenia: an overview of the evidence and its therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2001;15:287-310. (Pubitemid 32337052)
2. Ng F, Berk M, Dean O, Bush AI. Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidence base and therapeutic implications. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;11:851-876
3. Filomeni G, Ciriolo MR. Redox control of apoptosis: an update. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8:2187-2192 (Pubitemid 46489643)
4. Berk M, Ng F, Dean O, Dodd S, Bush AI. Glutathione: a novel treatment target in psychiatry. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008;29:346-351
5. Berk M. Oxidative biology: new intervention opportunities in psychiatry. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2007;19:259-260 (Pubitemid 47087573)
6. Shao L, Martin MV, Watson SJ, Schatzberg A, Akil H, Myers RM, et al. Mitochondrial involvement in psychiatric disorders. Ann Med 2008;40:281-295 (Pubitemid 351563935)
7. Prabakaran S, Swatton JE, Ryan MM, Huffaker SJ, Huang JT, Griffin JL, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress. Mol Psychiatry 2004;9:684-697 (Pubitemid 38932173)
8. Khan MM, Evans DR, Gunna V, Scheffer RE, Parikh VV, Mahadik SP. Reduced erythrocyte membrane essential fatty acids and increased lipid peroxides in schizophrenia at the never-medicated first-episode of psychosis and after years of treatment with antipsychotics. Schizophr Res 2002;58:1-10. (Pubitemid 35287278)
9. Li HC, Chen QZ, Ma Y, Zhou JF. Imbalanced free radicals and antioxidant defense systems in schizophrenia: a comparative study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006;7:981-986
10. Ranjekar PK, Hinge A, Hegde MV, Ghate M, Kale A, Sitasawad S, et al. Decreased antioxidant enzymes and membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenic and bipolar mood disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 2003;121:109-122 (Pubitemid 37500981)
11. Akyol O, Herken H, Uz E, Fadillioglu E, Unal S, Sogut S, et al. The indices of endogenous oxidative and antioxidative processes in plasma from schizophrenic patients: The possible role of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. Pro Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26:995-1005. (Pubitemid 35245568)
12. Herken H, Uz E, Ozyurt H, Sögüt S, Virit O, Akyol O. Evidence that the activities of erythrocyte free radical scavenging enzymes and the products of lipid peroxidation are increased in different forms of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2001;6:66-73. (Pubitemid 32096067)
13. Srivastava N, Barthwal M, Dalal P, Agarwal AK, Nag D, Srimal RC, et al. Nitrite content and antioxidant enzyme levels in the blood of schizophrenia patients. Psychopharmacology 2001;158:140-145 (Pubitemid 33020832)
14. Altuntas I, Aksoy H, Coskun I, Cayköylü A, Akçay F. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels in schizophrenic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000;38:1277-1281 (Pubitemid 32094401)
15. Dietrich-Muszalska A, Olas B, Rabe-Jablonska J. Oxidative stress in blood platelets from schizophrenic patients. Platelets 2005;16:386-391 (Pubitemid 41564335)
16. Zhang XY, Tan YL, Cao LY, Wu GY, Xu Q, Shen Y, et al. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in different forms of schizophrenia treated with typical and atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr Res 2006;81:291-300. (Pubitemid 43107705)
17. Abdalla DS, Monteiro HP, Oliveira JA, Bechara EJ. Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients. Clin Chem 1986;32:805-807 (Pubitemid 17028354)
18. Buckman TD, Kling AS, Eiduson S, Sutphin MS, Steinberg A. Glutathione peroxidase and CT scan abnormalities in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1987;22:1349-1356 (Pubitemid 18046651)
19. Yao JK, Reddy RD, McElhinny LG, van Kammen DP. Reduced status of plasma total antioxidant capacity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1998;32:1-8. (Pubitemid 28338118)
20. Yao JK, Reddy RD, van Kammen DP. Abnormal age-related changes of plasma antioxidant proteins in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2000;97:137-151 (Pubitemid 32126553)
21. Reddy RD, Keshavan MS, Yao JK. Reduced plasma antioxidants in first-episode patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003;62:205-212 (Pubitemid 36773929)
22. Skinner AO, Mahadik SP, Garver DL. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the cerebrospinal fluid in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005;76:83-87 (Pubitemid 40824563)
23. Arvindakshan M, Sitasawad S, Debsikdar V, Ghate M, Evans D, Horrobin DF, et al. Essential polyunsaturated fatty acid and lipid peroxide levels in never-medicated and medicated schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:56-64. (Pubitemid 36050936)
24. Reddy RD, Keshavan MS, Yao JK. Reduced red blood cell membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia at neuroleptic-naive baseline. Schizophr Bull 2004;30:901-911 (Pubitemid 40469524)
25. Yanik M, Vural H, Kocyigit A, Tutkun H, Zoroglu SS, Herken H, et al. Is the arginine-nitric oxide pathway involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2003;47:61-65 (Pubitemid 36469841)
26. Ramirez J, Garnica R, Boll MC, Montes S, Rios C. Low concentration of nitrite and nitrate in the cerebrospinal fluid from schizophrenic patients: a pilot study. Schizophr Res 2004;68:357-361 (Pubitemid 38526156)
27. Yao JK, Leonard S, Reddy RD. Increased nitric oxide radicals in postmortem brain from patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2004;30:923-934 (Pubitemid 40469526)
28. Nishioka N, Arnold SE. Evidence for oxidative DNA damage in the hippocampus of elderly patients with chronic schizophrenia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;12:167-175 (Pubitemid 38250300)
29. Yu WY, Chang HW, Lin CH, Cho CL. Short telomeres in patients with chronic schizophrenia who show a poor response to treatment. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2008;33:244-247 (Pubitemid 351692424)
30. Zhang XY, Tan YL, Zhou DF, Cao LY, Wu GY, Haile CN, et al. Disrupted antioxidant enzyme activity and elevated lipid peroxidation products in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:754-760 (Pubitemid 46841859)
31. Looney JM, Childs HM. The lactic acid and glutathione content of the blood of schizophrenia patients. J Clin Invest 1934;13:963-968
32. Do KQ, Trabesinger AH, Kirsten-Krüger M, Lauer CJ, Dydak U, Hell D, et al. Schizophrenia: glutathione deficit in cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortex in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 2000;12:3721-3728
33. Schulz JB, Lindenau J, Seyfried J, Dichgans J. Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Eur J Biochem 2000;267:4904-4911
34. Yao JK, Leonard S, Reddy RD. Altered glutathione redox state in schizophrenia. Dis Markers 2006;22:83-93. (Pubitemid 41831607)
35. Tosic M, Ott J, Barral S, Bovet P, Deppen P, Gheorghita F, et al. Schizophrenia and oxidative stress: glutamate cysteine ligase modifier as a susceptibility gene. Am J Hum Genet 2006;79:586-592 (Pubitemid 44384270)
36. Saadat M, Mobayen F, Farrashbandi H. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase T1: a candidate genetic modifier of individual susceptibilty to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2007;153:87-91. (Pubitemid 47374820)
37. Gysin R, Kraftsik R, Sandell J, Bovet P, Chappuis C, Conus P, et al. Impaired glutathione synthesis in schizophrenia: Convergent genetic and functional evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:16621-16626 (Pubitemid 350211066)
38. Terpstra M, Vaughan TJ, Ugurbil K, Lim KO, Schulz SC, Gruetter R. Validation of glutathione quantitation from STEAM spectra against edited 1H NMR spectroscopy at 4T: application to schizophrenia. Magma 2005;18:276-282 (Pubitemid 41738416)
39. Matsuzawa D, Obata T, Shirayama Y, Nonaka H, Kanazawa Y, Yoshitome E, et al. Negative correlation between brain glutathione level and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A 3T 1H-MRS study. PLoS ONE 2008;3:e1944. (Pubitemid 352003354)
40. Harvey BH, Joubert C, du Preez JL, Berk M. Effect of chronic N-acetyl cysteine administration on oxidative status in the presence and absence of induced oxidative stress in rat striatum. Neurochem Res 2007;33:508-517
41. Martins M, Petronilho F, Gomes K, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck E, Quevedo J. Antipsychotic-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Neurotox Res 2008;13:63-69
42. Sartori-Valinotti JC, Iliescu R, Fortepiani LA, Yanes LL, Reckelhoff JF. Sex differences in oxidative stress and the impact on blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007;34:938-995 (Pubitemid 47083963)
43. Velakoulis D, Wood SJ, Wong MTH, McGorry PD, Yung A, Phillips L, et al. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes differ according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: An MRI study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis and ultra-high risk subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:139-149 (Pubitemid 43213875)
44. Pantelis C, Yücel M, Wood SJ, Velakoulis D, Sun D, Berger G, et al. Structural brain imaging evidence for multiple pathological processes at different stages of brain development in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2005;31:672-696 (Pubitemid 41253318)
45. McGorry PD, Hickie IB, Yung AR, Pantelis C, Jackson HJ. Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2006;40:616-622 (Pubitemid 43984963)
46. Wood SJ, Berger GE, Wellard RM, Proffitt TM, McConchie M, Berk M, et al. Medial temporal lobe glutathione concentration in first episode psychosis: A 1H-MRS investigation. Neurobiol Dis 2009;33:354-357
47. Andersson RG, Aberg G, Brattsand R, Ericsson E, Lundholm L. Studies on the mechanism of flush induced by nicotinic acid. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1977;41:1-10. (Pubitemid 8150983)
48. Glen AIM, Cooper SJ, Rybakowski JK, Vaddadi KS, Brayshaw N, Horrobin DF. Membrane fatty acids, niacin flushing and clinical parameters. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;55:9-15. (Pubitemid 26321112)
49. Niess A, Simon P. Response and adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise - the role of reactive oxygen species. Front Biosci 2007;12:4826-4838
50. 2, but not poly(IC), upregulates dopamine D2 receptors in retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma. Synapse 2008;61:70-73
51. Heales SJR, Lam AAJ, Duncan AJ, Land JM. Neurodegeneration or neuroprotection: the pivotal role of astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2004;29:513-519 (Pubitemid 38295002)
52. Post R. Kindling and sensitization as models for affective episode recurrence, cyclicity, and tolerance phenomena. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007;31:858-873 (Pubitemid 47285350)
53. Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, Bond DJ, Lam RW, Young LT, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers in patients with early- vs. late-stage bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol (In press).
54. Berk M. Neuroprogression: Pathways to progressive brain changes in bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol (In press).
55. Banday AA, Lokhandwala MF. Oxidative stress reduces renal dopamine D1 receptor-Gq/11 alpha G protein-phospholipase C signaling involving G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007;293:F306-F315. (Pubitemid 47345031)
56. Berk M, Plein H, Belsham B. The specificity of platelet glutamate receptor supersensitivity in psychotic disorders. Life Sci 2000;66:2427-2432 (Pubitemid 30314186)
57. Berk M, Plein H, Csizmadia T. Supersensitive platelet glutamate receptors as a possible peripheral marker in schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;14:119-122 (Pubitemid 29149871)
58. Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R, Bremner JD, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychomimetic, perceptual, cognitive and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:199-214.
59. Dean O, Bush AI, Berk M, Copolov D, van den Buuse M. Glutathione depletion in the brain disrupts short-term spatial memory in the Y-maze in rats and mice. Behav Brain Res in press.
60. Dodd S, Dean O, Copolov D, Malhi GS, Berk M. N-acetylcysteine for antioxidant therapy: Pharmacology and clinical utility. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008;8:1955-1962
61. Berk M, Copolov D, Dean O, Lu K, Jeavons S, Schapkaitz I, et al. Nacetyl cysteine as a glutathione precursor for schizophrenia - a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64:361-368
62. Wahlbeck K, Cheine M, Essali A, Adams C. Evidence of clozapine's effectiveness in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:990-999 (Pubitemid 29302789)
63. Berger GE, Proffitt T, McConchie M, Yuen H, Wood SJ, Amminger GP, et al. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in first episode psychosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:1867-1875
64. Berger GE, Wood SJ, Wellard RM, Proffitt TM, McConchie M, Amminger GP, et al. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in first-episode psychosis: A 1H-MRS study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:2467-2473
65. Krystal JH, Perry Jr EB, Gueorguieva R, Belger A, Madonick SH, Abi-Dargham A, et al. Comparative and interactive human psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine and amphetamine: implications for glutamatergic and dopaminergic models of psychoses and cognitive function. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:985-994 (Pubitemid 41248378)
66. Umbricht D, Schmid L, Koller R, Vollenweider FX, Hell D, Javitt DC. Ketamine-induced deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in healthy volunteers: Implications for models of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:1139-1147
67. Turetsky BI, Calkins ME, Light GA, Olincy A, Radant AD, Swerdlow NR. Neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia: the viability of selected candidate measures. Schizophr Bull 2007;33:69-94. (Pubitemid 46026260)
68. Light GA, Braff DL. Mismatch negativity deficits are associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:127-136 (Pubitemid 40189128)
69. Lavoie S, Murray MM, Deppen P, Knyazeva MG, Berk M, Boulat O, et al. Glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-cysteine, improves mismatch negativity in schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:2187-2199 (Pubitemid 351992093)