Last chance to see? Karfi (crete) in the twenty-first century: Presentation of new architectural data and their analysis in the current context of research

Annual of the British School at Athens

Volumn 100, Issue , 2005, Pages

  Wallace, Saro ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 67049088697     PISSN: 00682454     EISSN: 20452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400021171     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. I thank the 24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities for the award of architectural and topographical recording permit in 2002 and for a five-year period thereafter. I am grateful to my assistants in the field, especially Anastasia Christophilopoulou and Krzysztof Nowicki, and for the financial support of the Leverhulme Trust (2002-4), Institute for Aegean Prehistory (2002) and British School at Athens (2002 and 2003). Leslie Day, Kevin Glowacki, Metaxia Tsipopoulou, and Assaf Yasur-Landau offered access to unpublished articles. Amalia Kakissis facilitated repeated visits to the BSA's archives. The INSTAP Study Centre for East Crete rented its EDM for the project's use. Vassilis and Christine Kargiotakis and Haralambos and Zacharenia Madelanakis offered hospitality and warm company during fieldwork. Finally, Leslie Day, Krzysztof Nowicki, and Todd Whitelaw offered detailed and thoughtful comments on the manuscript. Abbreviations: Alexiou = S. Alexiou, PAE 1955, 311-14
2. Boyd 1905 = H. Boyd, 'Gournia', in B. E. Williams, R. B. Seager, and E. H. Hall, Gournia, Vasiliki and Other Prehistoric Sites on the Isthmus of Ierapetra, Crete: Excavations of the Wells-Houston-Cramp Expeditions 1901, 1903, 1904 (Philadelphia, 1905), 7-49
3. Coulson and Tsipopoulou = W. Coulson and M. Tsipopoulou, 'Preliminary investigations at Halasmenos, Crete, 1992-1993', Aegean Archaeology, 1 (1994), 65-98
4. Cucuzza = N. Cucuzza, 'The north sector buildings of Haghia Triada', in Driessen and Farnoux 1997, 73-84
5. Darcque = P. Darcque, "Pour l'abandon du terme 'megaron'", in Darcque and Treuil, 21-31
6. Darcque and Treuil = P. Darcque and R. Treuil (eds.), L'Habital égéen préhislorique:Actes de la Table Ronde internationale organisée par le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, l'Université de Paris I et l'École française d'Athenes (Athènes, 23-5 juin 1987), BCH Suppl. 19 (Paris, 1990)
7. Day 1997 = L. P. Day, 'The Late Minoan IIIC period at Vronda, Kavousi', in Driessen and Farnoux 1997, 391-407
8. Day and Snyder = L. P. Day and L. Snyder, 'The 'Big House' at Vronda, Kavousi and the 'Great House' at Karphi: evidence for social structure in LM IIIC', in Day et al. 2004, 63-80
9. Day et al. 1986 = L. P. Day, W. D. E. Coulson, and G. C. Gesell, 'Kavousi, 1983-1984: the settlement at Vronda', Hesp. 55 (1986), 355-87
10. Day et al. 2004 = L. P. Day, M. S. Mook, and J. Muhly (eds), Crete Beyond the Palaces: Proceedings of the Crete 2000 Conference (Philadelphia, 2004)
11. Driessen and Farnoux 1994 =J. Driessen and A. Farnoux, 'Mycenaeans at Malia?', Aegean Archaeology, 1 (1994). 54-64
12. Driessen and Farnoux 1997 =J. Driessen and A. Famoux (eds), La Crète mycénienne: Actes de la table ronde internationale organisée par I'École française d'Athènes (BCH Supp. 30; Paris, 1997)
13. Eliopoulos 1998 = T. Eliopoulos, 'A preliminary report on the discovery of a temple complex of the Dark Age at Kefala Vasiliki', in Karageorghis and Stampolidis, 301-13
14. Eliopoulos 2004 = T. Eliopoulos, 'Gournia, Vronda Kavousi, Kephala Vasilikis: a triad of interrelated shrines of the expiring Minoan Age on the isthmus of Ierapetra', in Day et al. 2004, 81-91
15. Fagerström = K. Fagerström, Greek Iron Age Architecture- Developments Through Changing Times (Göteborg, 1988)
16. Gesell 1985 = G. C. Gesell, Town, Palace and House Cult in Minoan Crete (Goteborg, 1985)
17. Gesell el al. 1985 = G. C. Gesell, L. P. Day, and W. D. E. Coulson, 'Kavousi 1982-1983: the Kastro', Hesp. 54 (1985), 327-55
18. Gesell et al. 1988 = G. C. Gesell et al., 'Excavations at Kavousi, Crete, 1987', Hesp. 57 (1988), 279-98
19. Glowacki 2002 = K. Glowacki, 'Digging houses at LM IIIC Vronda (Kavousi), Crete', in Luce 2002, 33-47
20. Glowacki 2004 = K. Glowacki, 'Household analysis in Dark Age Crete', in Day el al. 2004, 125-36
21. Haggis et al. = D. C. Haggis, M. S. Mook, C. M. Scarry, L. M. Snyder, and W. C. West, 'Excavations at Azoria, 2002', Hesp. 73. 3 (2004), 339-400
22. Hatzi-Vallianou 2004 = D. Hatzi-Vallianou, in Stampolidis and Giannikouri, 105-27
23. Hayden 1983 = B. J. Hayden, 'New plans of the Early Iron Age settlement of Vrokastro', Hesp. 52 (1983), 367-87
24. Hayden 1987 = B. J. Hayden, 'Crete in transition. LM IIIA-B architecture: a preliminary study', SMEA 26 (1987). 199-234
25. Hayden 2002 = B. J. Hayden, 'Aspects of village architecture in the Cretan postpalatial period', in Darcque and Treuil, 203-13
26. Kanta 2001 = A. Kanta, 'Cretan refuge settlements: problems and historical implications within the wider context of the eastern Mediterranean towards the end of the Bronze Age', in Karageorghis and Morris, 13-21
27. Karageorghis and Morris = V. Karageorghis and C. E. Morris (eds), Defensive Settlements of the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean after c. 1200 BC. Proceedings of an International Workshop held at Trinity College Dublin, 7th-9th May, 1999 (Nicosia, 2001)
28. Karageorghis and Stampolidis = V. Karageorghis and N. Stampolidis, Eastern Mediterranean: Cyprus-Dodecanese - Crete, 16th-6th centuries BC (Athens, 1998)
29. Luce 2002 =J. M. Luce (ed.), Habitat et urbanisme dans le monde grec de la fin des palais mycéniens à la prise de Milet (494 avanl J.-C.)= Pallas, 58 (Toulouse, 2002)
30. Mazarakis Ainian = A. Mazarakis Ainian, From Rulers' Dwellings to Temples: Architecture, Religion and Society in Early Iron Age Greece (1100-700 BC) (SIMA 121; Jonsered, 1997)
31. Mook = M. Mook, 'Early Iron Age domestic architecture: the Northwest Building on the Kastro at Kavousi', in W. Cavanagh and M. Curtis, Post-Minoan Crete: Proceedings of the First Colloquium (London, 1998), 45-57
32. Nowicki 1987 = K. Nowicki, 'The history and setting of the town at Karphi', SMEA 26 (1987), 235-56
33. Nowicki 1990 = K. Nowicki, 'The West Siteia mountains at the turn of the Bronze and Iron Ages', Aegaeum, 6 (Liège, 1990), 161-80
34. Nowicki 1995 = K. Nowicki, 'To Flechtron and other Dark Age sites near Kera Karfi', 1991, A2 (Rethymno, 1995). 693-702
35. Nowicki 1999 = K. Nowicki, 'Economy of refugees: life in the Cretan mountains at the turn of the Bronze and Iron Ages', in A. Chaniotis (ed.), From Minoan Farmers to Roman Traders: Sidelights on the Cretan Economy (Stuttgart, 1999), 145-71
36. Nowicki 2000 = K. Nowicki, Defensible Sites in Crete, c. 1200-800 BC (LMIIIB/C through Early Geometric) (Aegaeum, 21; Liège, 2000)
37. Nowicki 2002 = K. Nowicki, 'From Late Minoan IIIC refuge settlements to Geometric acropoleis: architecture and social organization of Dark Age villages and towns in Crete', in Luce 2002, 149-74
38. Pendlebury et al. = H. W. Pendlebury. J. D. S. Pendlebury, and M. B. Money-Coutts, 'Excavations in the plain of Lasithi III. Karphi. A city of refuge of the Early Iron Age in Crete' BSA 38 (1938), 57-148
39. Platon = L. Platon, 'Caractère, morphologie et datation de la bourgade postpalatiale de Kefali Chondrou Viannou', in Driessen and Farnoux 1997, 357-73
40. Rutkowski = B. Rutkowski, 'The temple at Karphi', SMEA 26 (1987), 257-79
41. Shaw = M. Shaw, 'Late Minoan hearths and ovens at Kommos, Crete', in Darcque and Treuil, 231-54
42. Stampolidis and Giannikouri = N. K. Stampolidis and A. Giannikouri (eds), To 1-4 2002 (Athens, 2004)
43. Tsipopoulou 2004 = M. Tsipopoulou, in Stampolidis and Giannikouri, 127-42
44. Wallace 2002 = S. A. Wallace, 'Case studies of settlement change in Early Iron Age Crete (c. 1200-700 BC): economic interpretations of cause and effect assessed in a long-term historical perspective', Aegean Archaeology, 4 (2002), 61-99
45. Wallace 2003 = S. A. Wallace, 'The perpetuated past - re-use or continuity in material culture and the structuring of identity in Early Iron Age Crete, 12th to 7th centuries BC', BSA 98 (2003), 251-77
46. Wallace 2004 = S. A. Wallace, in Stampolidis and Giannikouri, 1-10
47. Yasur-Landau forthcoming = A. Yasur-Landau, 'The last Glendi in Halasmenos: social aspects of cooking in a Dark Age Cretan Village,' Aegean Archaeology, 7 (forthcoming)
48. V. R. D. Desborough, The Greek Dark Ages (London, 1972), 57-63, 120-9
49. R. Osborne, Greece in the Making, 1200-480 BC (London, 1996), 30-1
50. A. M. Snodgrass, The Dark Age of Greece (Edinburgh, 1971), 42, 371
51. L. V. Watrous, 'Aegean settlements and transhumance', Temple University Aegean Symposium, 2 (Philadelphia, 1977), 2-6
52. J. Whitley, Style and Society inDark Age Greece (Cambridge, 1990, 348-52
53. id., The Archaeology of Ancient Greece (Cambridge, 2000), 77-8
54. I have discussed the management-related aspects of the study in another article: S. Wallace, 'Bridges in the mountains: structure, multivocality, responsibility and gain issues in filling a management gap in rural Greece', JMA 18. 1 (2005), 55-85; ead., 'Study towards the development of 21st-century management and research strategies at the archaeological site of Karfi, Lasithi, Crete' (unpublished archive report, 24th Ephorate of the Greek Archaeological Service/British School at Athens, 2003). The study's recommendations included preparation of a full management plan, pilot conservation of the best preserved and most interpretatively significant complexes, and the institution of a condition monitoring programme for the site. It was advised that all buildings be recorded at 1 : 50 before any clearance or consolidation work takes place on them. A conservation plan is needed to define the acceptable limits of restoration, particularly in cases like those of the Megarons and Great House, where the original positions of large fallen blocks are clear. Intervention along the above lines seems vital both to preserve Karfi's research significance, and develop and promote it to public advantage
55. L. P. Day, The Pottery from Karphi: A Reappraisal (forthcoming)
56. Day and Snyder; G. C. Gesell, Cult Finds from Karphi (forthcoming)
57. M. Seiradaki, 'Pottery from Karphi', BSA 55 (1960), 1-37
58. Only Kavousi Kastro (then thought to date only in the Geometric period), Kavousi Vronda, and Vrokastro, all in east Crete, had been excavated to any significant extent. H. A. Boyd, 'Excavations at Kavousi, Crete, in 1900', AJA 5 (1901), 125-57
59. E. Hall, Excavations in Eastern Crete: Vrokastro (University of Pennsylvania, The Museum Anthropological Publications 3; Philadelphia, 1914), 79-185
60. Wallace 2002; A. J. Whitley, M. Prent, and S. Thorne, 'Praisos IV: a preliminary report on the 1993 and 1994 survey seasons' BSA 94 (1999), 215-64
61. Exchange of grain or shepherding products for oil (olives probably were not cultivable at the altitudes around Karfi) might have taken place between Karfi's inhabitants and people at the surrounding foothill settlements of contemporary date (none excavated): Nowicki 1995; 1999. D. C. Haggis, 'Intensive survey, traditional settlement patterns, and Dark Age Crete: the case of Early Iron Age Kavousi' JMA 6/2 (1993), 131-74
62. Wallace 2002; ead., 'The changing role of herding in Early Iron Age Crete: implications of settlement shift for economy', AJA 107 (2003), 601-29
63. Pendlebury et al., 139-40 also suggested the use of locally based cultivation to sustain Karfi's population, an argument supported by recent soils and geomorphology studies. See too D. Morris, Soil Science and Archaeology: Three Test Cases from Minoan Crete (Philadelphia, 2003)
64. See also J. D. S. Pendlebury, The Archaeology of Crete (London, 1939), 303-9; Desborough (n. 4), 128
65. L. V. Watrous, Lasithi. A History of Settlement on a Highland Plain in Crete (Hesp. Supp 18; Princeton, 1982), 68; id. (n. 4)
66. An assumption which is only now really starting to be deconstructed in Aegean archaeology: e. g. L. Preston, 'Mortuary practices and the negotiation of social identities at LM II Knossos', BSA 94 (1999), 181-43
67. G.-J. van Wijngaarden, Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (1600-1200 BC) (Amsterdam, 2002)
68. S. Sherratt, 'Sea Peoples and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the eastern Mediterranean' in S. Gitin, A. Mazar, and E. Stern (eds), Mediterranean Peoples in Transition (Jerusalem, 1998), 292-307
69. ead., 'Potemkin palaces and route-based economies', in S. Voutsaki and J. Killen (eds.), Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States: Proceedings of a Conference held on 1-3 July 1999 in the Faculty of Classics, Cambridge (Cambridge, 2001), 214-39
70. Although migrationist models of the island's LM III C population based on isolated, supposedly ethnically diagnostic aspects of material culture have continued to be influential: e. g. A. Kanta and A. Karetsou, 'From Arkadhes to Rhytion. interactions of an isolated area of Crete with the Aegean and the East Mediterranean', in Karageorghis and Stampolidis, 161; Kanta 2001, 13
71. V. Karageorghis, 'Patterns of fortified settlements in the Aegean and Cyprus c. 1200 BC', in Karageorghis and Morris, 1-12
72. M. R. Popham, 'Some LM III pottery from Crete', BSA 60 (1965), 335
73. Nowicki 2000; id., 'Sea raiders and refugees: problems of defensible sites in Crete c. 1200 BC', in Karageorghis and Morris, 23-39
74. I. Morris, 'Gift and commodity in Archaic Greece', Man (NS) 21 (1986), 1-17
75. J. Whitley, 'Social diversity in Dark Age Greece', BSA 86 (1991), 341-65
76. G. C. Gesell, L. P. Day, and W. D. E. Coulson, 'Excavations at Kavousi, Crete', Hesp. 60 (1991), 162
77. N. Klein, 'The architecture of the Late Minoan IIIC shrine at Vronda, Kavousi', in Day et al. 2004, 91-100
78. M. Tsipopoulou, 'A new late Minoan IIIC shrine at Halasmenos, East Crete' in R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds), Potnia: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 8th International Aegean Conference, Göteborg, Göteborg University, 12th-15th April 2000, Aegaeum 21, (Liège, 1999), 99-103
79. V. R. D. Desborough, The Last Mycenaeans and their Successors (Oxford, 1964), 172-3
80. M. Tsipopoulou, '"Myceneans" at the isthmus of Hierapetra : some (preliminary) thoughts on the foundation of the (eteo) Cretan cultural identity', in A. L. D'Agata and J. Moody (eds.), Ariadne's Threads: Connections between Crete and the Mainland in the Post-Palatial Period (Late Minoan IIIA2 to Sub-Minoan). Proceedings of a Conference held at the Italian Archaeological School at Athens, 2004 (Athens, 2005); Darcque
81. A. Brown (ed.), with K. Bennett, Arthur Evans's Travels in Crete, 1894-1899 (BAR S1000; Oxford, 2001), 219, 337-8
82. V. Fotou, 'New light on Gournia: unknown documents of the excavation at Gournia and other sites on the isthmus of the Ierapetra by Harriet Ann Boyd', Aegaeum, 9 (Liège, 1993), 82, 96
83. R. Dawkins, 'Excavations at Plati in Lasithi, Crete', BSA 20 (1914), 1 -18
84. W. D. E. Coulson, 'The Late Minoan IIIC period on the Kastro at Kavousi', in Driessen and Farnoux 1997, 64, 71
85. E. and B. P. Hallager, The Greek-Swedish Excavations at the Ayia Aikaterini Square, Kastelli, Khania, 1970-1987,ii: The Late Minoan IIIC Settlement (Acts of the Swedish Institute at Athens, 47: 2; Stockholm, 2001)
86. iid. The Greek-Swedish Excavations at the Ayia Aikalerini Square, Kastelli, Khania, 1970-1987, iii: The Late Minoan IIIB Settlement (Acts of the Swedish Institute at Athens, 47: 2, Stockholm, 2003), 30-1
87. L. Day, K. Glowacki, and N. Klein, 'Cooking and dining at LM IIIC Vronda, Kavousi', in 2000, 117-18. Vronda ovens are characterized as too small to have contained the cooking dishes found at the site, and thus were probably used for cooking bread or other containerless food items. They seem to have been regularly cleaned out after use
88. id., 'House, household and community at LM IIIC Vronda, Kavousi, Crete', in R. Westgate, N. Fisher, and J. Whitley (eds.), Building Communities: House, Settlement and Society in the Aegean and Beyond (forthcoming)
89. L. P. Day, 'A Late Minoan IIIC window frame from Vronda, Kavousi', in P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, and W. D. Niemeier (eds), Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener As He Enters His 65th Year (Aegaeum, 20; Liège, 1999), 185-91
90. The effects of architectural space on social structuring are noted by J. C. Barrett, 'The mythical landscapes of the British Iron Age', in W. Ashmore and A. B. Knapp (eds), Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives (Oxford, 1999), 257
91. P. Lane, 'Reordering residues of the past', in I. Hodder (ed.), Archaeology as Long-Term History (Cambridge 1987), 57
92. L. W. Donley-Reid, 'A structuring structure: the Swahili house', in S. Kent (ed.), Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space: an Interdisciplinary and Cross-Cultural Study (Cambridge, 1990). 114-27
93. See authors in n. 32 and M. Prent, Cretan Sanctuaries and Culls: Continuity and Change from Late Minoan IIIC to the Archaic Period (Leiden, 2005). The latter was published while this paper was already in press and I regret that it could not be fully referenced here: it develops at greater length some of the ideas and issues raised in this discussion
94. For example, J. B. Carter, 'Thiasos and marzeah. Ancestor cult in the age of Homer', in S. Langdon (ed.), New Light on a Dark Age: Exploring the Culture of Geometric Greece (Columbia, 1997), 9-43
95. A. L. D'Agata, 'Ritual and rubbish in Dark Age Crete: the settlement of Thronos Kefala (ancient Sybrita) and the pre-Classical roots of a Greek city', Aegean Archaeology, 4 (2002), 71
96. Day and Snyder, Hatzi-Vallianou 2004; D. Hatzi-Vallianou and O. Evthimiou, in 2000, 537-57
97. Mazarakis Ainian; Sherratt, 'Feasting in Homeric epic', in J. Wright, The Mycenaean Feast (Princeton, 2004), 181-27
98. M. Tsipopoulou, 'Myceneanising or not at the end of the Bronze Age? A comparative study of the Megara A2 and A3 and the Houses B1 and B2 at Halasmenos, Ierapetra', in K. Glowacki and Vogeikoff-Brogan (eds), The Archaeology of Houses and Households in Ancient Crete from the Neolithic Period through the Roman Era (forthcoming); ead. (n. 36); Yasur-Landau forthcoming; Wallace 2003
99. L. Nevett, House and Society in the Ancient Greek World (Cambridge, 1999). In LAI III A-B Crete there are only partial indicators of anything like a common house template. Hayden 1987, 217. The similarity of plan - a corridor with a main axial room and storage rooms located off it - between Ayia Triada's monumental 'North-West Building' and large houses at sub-regional centres suggests there was a recognized LM III A-B standard for elite dwellings which had relationships to mainland tradition, but also drew on LM I plans, often literally adapting LM I structures. The popularity of the corridor element is reflected even in the small house at Katsambas (Alexiou; Cucuzza). Nonetheless, considerable variability in house plan is notable within and between sites. The corridor disappears, perhaps mostly for reasons of space restriction, in the new LM III C settlements, but other elements of existing plan types remain in use. Even by the fifth century in Crete, standard house forms do not seem to have been used across settlements, as the Azoria excavations show. Haggis et al.
100. The pattern of room use within a household had apparendy altered by this time, possibly becoming differendy specialized. For example, following a new subdivision of space at Azoria in the late 6th c., B300 has a hearth in its slighdy smaller room, two pithoi in the other; in B100, the hearth is again located in the smaller room; suggesting a limited, specific kitchen space. A. Cambitoglou, A. Birchall, J. J. Coulton, and J. R. Green, Zagora 2: Excavation of a Geometric Town on the Island of Andros (Athens, 1998), 154-7
101. Mook; G. Rizza, 'Scavi e ricerche a Priniasdal 1992 al 1996', in 2000, 162. In Crete the largest single rooms of G-A date, like Vrokastro 16-17 or Azoria building 1300, are in structures likely to have had semi-public functions
102. M. Tsipopoulou, 'Halasmenos: destroyed but not invisible. New insights on the LM IIIC period in the isthmus of Ierapetra. First presentation of the pottery from the 1992-1997 campaigns', in Day et al. 2004, 103-25; ead., forthcoming (n. 109)
103. A. Yasur-Landau, 'Halasmeno fagito: burnt dishes and scorched pots. Some preliminary observations on LM IIIC cooking ware', in 2001 (forthcoming); id., forthcoming; Day et al. (n. 84)
104. E. Tsoukala and D. Hatzi-Vallianou, 2000, 399; Hatzi-Vallianou and Evthimiou (n. 109); Hatzi-Vallianou
105. Like Chondros Kefali Building O-D (Platon, n. 53). Driessen and Farnoux 1994, 62-3, note the storeroom cluster II2, II3, II5 at Quartier Nu. Platon, 362 notes a group of small unattached rooms beside the largest and most complex building at Chondros Kefali. Similarities in layout and size with LM III C storage complexes should be viewed in the broader context of changes in building scale after c. 1200 BC. In the Ayia Triada North-West Building, for example, individual storerooms dating to LM III A are similar in size to LM III C examples (and larger than those in small III A-B buildings) In
106. eColloque International sur les textes mycéniens et égéens, organisé par le Centre de l'Antiquité grecque el romaine de la Fondation Hellénique des Récherches Scientifiques et l'École française à Athènes (Athènes, 2-6 octobre 1990) (Paris, 1992), 65-103
107. J. Driessen, 'Centre and periphery: some observations on the administration of the kingdom of Knossos', in Voutsaki and Killen (n. 27), 96-113
108. J.-P. Olivier, 'La collecte et la circulation de l'information économique dans la Crete mycénienne', in Driessen and Farnoux 1997, 391-407
109. L. P. Day., \V. D. E. Coulson, and G. C. Gesell, 'A new Early Iron Age kiln at Kavousi, Crete', Rivisla di archeologia, 13 (1989), 103-6
110. A building apparently used for fabric dyeing is located at Kolonna, probably associated with the settlement on Papoura. L. V. Watrous, 'J. D. S. Pendlebury's excavations in the plain of Lasithi: the Iron Age sites', BSA 75 (1980), 277-81
111. Glowacki 2004; Pendlebury et al., 72, 89
112. Possible cult-related items were found in domestic contexts at Vronda and Chalasmeno. G. C. Gesell, L. P. Day, and \V. D. Coulson, 'Excavatations at Kavousi, Crete, 1989 and 1990', Hesp. 64 (1995), 70-1; Tsipopoulou (pers. comm.). They might be interpreted as indicating the existence of 'household shrines'
113. J. Boardman, The Cretan Collection in Oxford. The Dictaean Cave and Iron Age Crete, (Oxford, 1961)
114. A. Lembesi, (Athens, 1985)
115. L. V. Watrous, The Cave Sanctuary at Psychro: A Study of Extra-Urban Sanctuaries in Minoan and Early Iron Age Crete (Aegaeum, 15; Liège, 1996)
116. Farnoux and Driessen 1994, 63. See recently, for Palaikastro, T. Cunningham, 'House, shrine, or house-shrine? Assessing cultic vs. domestic function in Late Bronze Age Crete', in Glowacki and Vogeikoff-Brogan (n. 109). Each situation is different and needs a different explanation: I do not attempt here to model LM III A-B cult practice in detail
117. R. W. Preucel, 'Making Pueblo communities: architectural discourse at Kotyiti, New Mexico', in M. A. Canuto and J. Yaeger (eds), The Archaeology of Communities (London, 2000), 58-78
118. Darcque; Gesell el al. 1985, 352-3; Tsipopulou 2004; Hatzi-Vallianou 2004; Nowicki 1987; Mazarakis Ainian, 207-31, 286-305
119. J. Shaw, 'Kommos in southern Crete: an Aegean barometer for east-west interconnections', in Karageorghis and Stampolidis, 13-29
120. S. Marinatos, 'Le temple géometrique de Dréros', BCH 60 (1936), 214-84
121. L. Pernier, 'Templi arcaici sulla Patella di Prinias', ASA 1 (1905), 18-111
122. B. Hayden, 'Terracotta figures, figurines, and vase attachments from Vrokastro, Crete', Hesp. 60 (1991), 103-44
123. Mazarakis Ainian, 296, 341
124. K. Nowicki, 'Some remarks on the pre- and protopalatial peak sanctuaries in Crete', Aegean Archaeology, » (1991). 35-7. 43-4