HIV testing, human rights, and global AIDS policy: Exceptionalism and its discontents

Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 301-323

  Bayer, Ronald ^a   Edington, Claire ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; ETHICS; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TEST; HUMAN RIGHTS; INFORMED CONSENT; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

HEALTH POLICY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; UNITED NATIONS; WORLD HEALTH; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 66949173719     PISSN: 03616878     EISSN: 15271927     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/03616878-2009-002     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Bayer, R. 1989. Private Acts, Social Consequences: AIDS and the Politics of Public Health. New York: Macmillan Press.
2. -. 1991. Public Health Policy and the AIDS Epidemic: An End to HIV Exceptionalism. New England Journal of Medicine 324:1498-1500.
3. Bayer, R., C. Levine, and S. M. Wolf. 1986. HIV Antibody Screening: An Ethical Framework for Evaluating Proposed. Journal of the American Medical Association 256:1768-1774. (Pubitemid 16025082)
4. Berkman, A. 2001. Confronting Global AIDS: Prevention and Treatment. American Journal of Public Health 91:1348-1349. (Pubitemid 32803306)
5. Cameron, E. 2006. Normalising Testing - Normalising AIDS. Paper presented at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, May 4. www.swradioafrica.com/pages/ normalisingAIDS.htm.
6. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1986. Current Trends and Additional Recommendations to Reduce Sexual and Drug Abuse-Related Transmission of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III/ Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 35:152-155.
7. Connor, E. M., R. S. Sperling, R. Gelber, P. Kiselev, G. Scott, M. J. O'Sullivan, R. VanDyke, et al. 1994. Reduction of Maternal-Infant Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with Zidovudine Treatment: Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine 331:1173-1180.
8. De Cock, K. M. 2007. Reflection on UNAIDS Human Rights Reference Group Comments, 16 February 2007. Internal memorandum. Document in possession of author.
9. De Cock, K. M., C. F. Gilks, Y.-R. Lo, and T. Guerma. 2009. Can Antiretroviral Therapy Eliminate HIV Transmission? Lancet 373:7-9.
10. De Cock, K. M., and A. M. Johnson. 1998. From Exceptionalism to Normalization: A Reappraisal of Attitudes and Practice around HIV Testing. British Medical Journal 316:290-293. (Pubitemid 28121227)
11. De Cock, K. M., D. Mbori-Ngacha, and E. Marum. 2002. Shadow on the Continent: Public Health and HIV/AIDS in Africa in the Twenty-First Century. Lancet 360:67-72.
12. Granich, R. M., C. F. Gilks, C. Dye, K. M. De Cock, and B. G. Williams. 2009. Universal Voluntary HIV Testing with Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy as a Strategy for Elimination of HIV Transmission: A Mathematical Model. Lancet 373:48-57.
13. Gruskin, S. 2004. Current Issues and Concerns in HIV Testing: A Health and Human Rights Approach. Canadian HIV/AIDS Policy and Law Review 9:99-103.
14. Heywood, M. J. 2005. The Routine Offer of HIV Counseling and Testing: A Human Right. Health and Human Rights 8:13-19.
15. Human Rights Watch. 2007. WHO/UNAIDS: Expanded Testing Guidelines Should Recognize Reality; Vague Language Meaningless without Real Resources. May 30. hrw.org/english/docs/2007/05/30/global16020-txt.htm.
16. Jurgens, R. 2006. "Routinizing" HIV Testing in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Draft for Comment. December 13. pdc.ceu.hu/archive/ 00003268/01/routinizing-hiv-testing.pdf.
17. Kim, J. Y. 2004. Scaling Up Access to Care in Resource Constrained Settings: What Is Needed? Plenary Address at the Fifteenth International AIDS Conference, Bangkok. July 13. www.who.int/3by5/plenaryspeech/en.
18. Kirby, M. 2007. A Human Rights Perspective on HIV Testing. Paper presented at the Fourth International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention, Sydney. July 24. www.kaisernetwork.org/ health-cast/hcast-index.cfm?display=detail&hc=2243.
19. Miller, D., D. J. Jeffries, J. Green, J. R. Harris, and A. Pinching. 1986. HTLV-III: Should Testing Ever Be Routine? British Medical Journal 292:941-943.
20. Mthembu, P. 2007. A PLWHA Perspective on HIV Testing. Paper presented at the Fourth International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention, Sydney. July 24. www.kaisernetwork.org/health-cast/hcast-index. cfm?display=detail&hc=2243.
21. Pennisi, E., and J. Cohen. 1996. Antiviral Therapy: Eradicating HIV from a Patient: Not Just a Dream? Science 272:1884.
22. Rennie, S., and F. Behets. 2006. Desperately Seeking Targets: The Ethics of Routine HIV Testing in Low-Income Countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 84:52-57. (Pubitemid 43150861)
23. Tarantola, D., and S. Gruskin. 2007. New Guidance on Recommended HIV Testing and Counseling. Lancet 370:202-203. (Pubitemid 47069520)
24. UNAIDS Reference Group on HIV and Human Rights. 2003a. Current Debates on HIV Testing and Counseling from the Second Meeting of the Reference Group, 25-27 August 2003. data.unaids.org/Topics/Human-Rights/hrissuepaper- currentdebates-en.pdf.
25. -. 2003b. Task List from Second Meeting, August 25-27. Document in possession of author.
26. -. 2004a. Summary Guidance Note on Scaling Up HIV Testing of the Third Meeting, January 28-30.
27. -. 2004b. Summary Report of the Third Meeting, January 28-30. data.unaids.org/Topics/HumanRights/hr-refgroup3-public-report-en.pdf.
28. -. 2007a. Comments on the Draft Document "Guidance on Provider- Initiated HIV Testing and Counselling in Health Facilities." Submitted to WHO and UNAIDS on January 15. data.unaids.org/pub/Guidelines/2007/rgcomments- pitcguidance.pdf.
29. -. 2007b. Statement and Recommendations on Scaling Up HIV Testing and Counseling, September 5. data.unaids.org/pub/ExternalDocument/2007/20070905- rghr-statement-testing-en.pdf.
30. World Health Organization (WHO). 2001. Increasing Access to Knowledge of HIV Status: Conclusions of a WHO Consultation, December 3-4. www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/pub16/en/index.html.
31. -. 2003. The Right to Know: New Approaches to HIV Testing and Counselling. whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/WHO-HIV-2003.08.pdf.
32. -. 2007. Public Commentary Summary on WHO/UNAIDS PITCS Guidance in Health Facilities. 18 January. Document in possession of author.
33. World Health Organization (WHO), Global Programme on AIDS. 1992. Statement from the Consultation on Testing and Counselling for HIV Infection. November 16-18. Geneva: WHO.
34. World Health Organization, Euro Regional Office (WHO/EURO). 2006. Comments on 10 October 2006 PITC Draft. October 27. Document in possession of author.
35. World Health Organization (WHO), Special Programme on AIDS. 1987. Report of the WHO Meeting on Criteria for HIV Screening Programmes. British Medical Bulletin 44:220-229.
36. World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS. 2006a. Guidance on Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counselling in Health Facilities. Draft. October 10. Document in possession of author.
37. -. 2006b. Guidance on Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counselling in Health Facilities. Draft for Public Comment. June 27. Document in possession of author.
38. -. 2006c. Guidance on Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counselling in Health Facilities. Draft for Public Comment. November 27. Document in possession of author.
39. -. 2006d. Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counselling in Clinical Settings: Operational Recommendations; A Meeting Report. WHO/UNAIDS Consultation Meeting, July 3-4. www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/25-09-06-Report-PITC.pdf.
40. -. 2007. Guidance on Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counselling in Health Facilities. Geneva: WHO and UNAIDS. whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/ 9789241595568-eng.pdf.