California's climate change policy: Raising the bar

Environment

Volumn 49, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 34-43

  Doughman, Pamela ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT SPRINGFIELD   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 66949131382     PISSN: 00139157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/ENVT.49.7.34-43     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Data are for 2006 and are from "Population of California and the United States, 1940 to 2006. Table B1," in California Department of Finance, California Statistical Abstract (Sacramento, January 2007), http://www.dof.ca.gov/html/fs-data/stat-abs/sec-B.htm (accessed 25 June 2007).
2. World Bank, World Development Indicators Database: Total GDP 2006 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1 July 2007), http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf (accessed 21 July 2007);
3. and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product by State, [Gross Domestic Product by State (millions of current dollars)], [2006], http://www.bea.gov/regional/gsp/ (accessed 21 July 2007).
4. 2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion: 1990-2003, http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/state-energyco2inv .html (accessed 25 February, 2007).
5. 2 Total without LULUCF, http://unfccc.int/ghg-emissions-data/ predefined-queries/items/3843.php (accessed 30 June 2007).
6. U.S. EPA, The U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: Fast Facts, http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads06/ 06FastFacts.pdf (accessed 26 June 2007).
7. U.S. EPA, Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks by State and Sector (1990) (Washington, DC, October 2001), http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ emissions/downloads/StSummary-Oct01.pdf (accessed 21 July 2007).
8. 2E) (Sacramento, 23 January 2007), http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccei/ emsinv/cec-ghg-ei.pdf (accessed 25 June 2007).
9. California population for 1990 is from "Population of California and the United States, 1940 to 2006. Table B1," in California Department of Finance, January 2007, California Statistical Abstract, http://www.dof .ca.gov/html/fs-data/stat-abs/sec-B.htm (accessed 25 June 2007).
10. Greenhouse gas emissions for 1990 as reported in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, GHG Emission Profiles for Annex I Parties: United States of America, http://unfccc.int/ghg-emissions-data/items/3954. php (accessed 30 June 2007). U.S. population for 1990 is from "Population of California and the United States, 1940 to 2006, Table B1," note 1 above.
11. Gross domestic product data are from World Bank, note 2 above; and U.S. Department of Commerce, note 2 above. Population data are from the Population Reference Bureau, 2006 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC, 2006), http://www.prb.org/pdf06/06WorldDataSheet.pdf (accessed 25 June 2007).
12. Greenhouse gas emissions for 1990 as reported in UNFCCC, GHG Emission Profiles for Annex I Parties, Poland (29 March 2007) and Italy (26 January 2007), http://unfccc.int/ghg-emissions-data/items/3954.php (accessed 25 June 2007).
13. 2O, http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/documents/2007-06-29-MAC-FINAL-REPORT.PDF (accessed 15 July 2007), 108-9.
14. Assembly Bill (AB) 32 (Núñez), Chapter 488, Statutes of 2006, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ab-0001-0050/ab-32-bill- 20060927-chaptered.pdf (accessed 4 June 2007).
15. Ibid., Section 38551.
16. California Office of the Governor, Executive Order S-3-05, 1 June 2005, http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/ executive-order/1861/ (accessed 14 July 2007).
17. California Energy Commission, December 2006, Inventory of California Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 to 2004, Staff Final Report, CEC-600-2006-013-SF, http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/ CEC-600-2006-013/CEC-600-2006-013-SF.PDF (accessed 14 July 2007), as revised by R. Shapiro, 23 January 2007,
18. Memorandum to Linda C. Murchison, Ph.D. Division Chief, Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Resources Board, http://www.energy.ca.gov/ 2006publications/CEC-600-2006-013/2007-01-23-GHG-INVENTORY-REVISIONS.PDF (accessed 14 July 2007).
19. UNFCCC, Changes in GHG Emissions from 1990 to 2004 for Annex I Parties, http://unfccc.int/files/ essential-background/background- publications-htmlpdf/application/pdf/ghg-table-06.pdf (accessed 26 June 2007).
20. State of California, Department of Finance, Demographic Research Unit, Population Projections by Race/Ethnicity for California and Its Counties 2000-2050 (Sacramento, 2004), http://www.dof.ca.gov/ HTML/DEMOGRAP/Data/ RaceEthnic/Population-00-50/RaceData-2000-2050.asp (accessed 26 June 2007).
21. K. Baumert, T. Herzog, and J. Pershing, Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2005), http://pdf.wri.org/navigating-numbers-chapter4.pdf (accessed 14 July 2007), Chapter 4, 22.
22. By 1 January 2009, the Air Resources Board (ARB) must prepare a scoping plan "for achieving the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from sources or categories of sources of greenhouse gases by 2020." California Health and Safety Code Section 38561 paragraph a and b, added by AB 32 (Nuñez), Chapter 488, Statutes of 2006, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ ab-0001-0050/ab-32-bill-20060927- chaptered.pdf (accessed 26 June 2007).
23. ARB, "California Moves Swiftly to further Address Climate Change Emissions: Early Action Items Approved Today," news release, 21 June 2007, http:// www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/nr062107.htm (accessed 26 June 2007).
24. California Environmental Protection Agency (CAL EPA), Climate Action Team and Climate Action Initiative, 23 April 2007, http://www.climatechange. ca.gov/climate-action-team/index.html (accessed 26 June 2007).
25. N. Nakicenovic, et al., Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission/,
26. as cited in CAL EPA, Climate Action Team Report to Governor Schwarzenegger and the Legislature, 3 April 2006, http:// www.climatechange.ca.gov/climate-action-team/index .html (accessed 26 June 2007), 37.
27. California Office of the Governor, "Gov. Schwarzenegger, British Prime Minister Tony Blair Sign Historic Agreement to Collaborate on Climate Change, Clean Energy," press release, 31 July 2006, http://gov .ca.gov/index.php/press-release/2770/ (accessed 14 July 2007);
28. California Office of the Governor, "Gov. Schwarzenegger, Premier of Manitoba, Canada Sign Agreement to Explore Linking of Future Carbon Trading Markets and Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions," press release, 14 December 2006, http://gov.ca.gov/index .php?/press-release/4920/ (accessed 14 July 2007);
29. California Office of the Governor, "Ontario to Adopt Low Carbon Fuel Standard," fact sheet, 31 May 2007, http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/fact- sheet/6505/ (accessed 14 July 2007);
30. and California Office of the Governor, "Governor Schwarzenegger Signs Agreement with British Columbia Premier Campbell to Fight Global Warming," press release, 31 May 2007, http://gov.ca.gov/index .php?/press-release/6521/, (accessed 14 July 2007).
31. California Office of the Governor, Executive Order S-20-06, 18 October 2006, http://gov.ca.gov/index .php?/executive-order/4484/ (accessed 14 July 2007).
32. Western Regional Climate Action Initiative, http://www. climatechange.ca.gov/documents/2007-02-26-WesternClimateAgreementFinal.pdf (accessed 4 June 2007).
33. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group II, Summary for Policy Makers, http:// www.ipcc-wg2.org/index.html (accessed 21 July 2007), 15.
34. State of Oregon, Governor's Initiative on Global Warming, Climate Change Integration Group: House Bill 3543: - Global Warming Actions, http://egov.oregon .gov/ENERGY/GBLWRM/CCIG.shtml (accessed 21 July 27).
35. See also Pew Center on Global Climate Change, States with Greenhouse Gas Emission Targets, http://www.pewclimate.org/what-s-being-done/in-the- states/emissionstargets-map.cfm (updated July 2007; accessed 21 July 2007).
36. California Office of the Governor, "Ontario to Adopt Low Carbon Fuel Standard," press release, 31 May 2007, http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/issue/ env-lcfs/ (accessed 30 June 2007).
37. D. Du Bois, "California Energy Commissioner Recommends Investing in Efficiency," Energy Priorities, 2 February 2006, http://energypriorities.com/ entries/2006/02/california-energy-commissioner.php (accessed 18 June 2007).
38. Energy Policy Act of 1992 (H.R. 776), Subtitle C: Applicance and Equipment Energy Efficiency Standards, http://thomas.loc.gov (accessed 14 July 2007);
39. and A. Rosenfeld, P. McAuliffe, and J. Wilson, California Energy Commission, "Energy Efficiency and Climate Change," originally published in the Encyclopedia of Energy, Vol. 2 (Amsterdam: Elsevier Press, 2004): 373-82, http://www.fypower.org/pdf/CEC-EE-and-Climate-Change.pdf (accessed 18 June 2007): 375-76.
40. M. Eldridge, B. Prindle, D. York, and S. Nadel, The State Energy Efficiency Scorecard for 2006, Report Number E075 (Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2007), http://aceee.org/ pubs/e075.pdf?CFID=3030667&CFTOKEN=55888392 (accessed 30 June 2007).
41. MAC, note 10 above.
42. Senate Bill 1 (Murray), Chapter 132, Statutes of 2006, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/ sen/sb-0001-0050/sb-1-bill-20060821- chaptered.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007).
43. Also, California Energy Commission, Amount (MW) of Grid-Connected Solar Pho-tovoltaics (PV) in California, 1981 to Present (Updated Quarterly) (Sacramento, 18 April 2007), http://www .energy.ca.gov/renewables/emerging- renewables/index .html (accessed 30 June 2007).
44. Photovoltaic (PV) panels have an expected lifetime of 20-30 years. Because the bulk of California's installed PV capacity is less than 10 years old, there state does not yet have a large quantity of spent PV panels. During the next 5-10 years, the state should work with industry to establish an easy way for residents and businesses to recycle old PV panels. Some PV panels may leach cadmium or lead if buried in landfills, making them classifiable as hazardous waste. See Brookhaven National Laboratory and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Workshop Summary: Photovoltaics and the Environment, Keystone, CO, 23-24 July 1998, http:// www.pv.bnl.gov/keystone.htm (accessed 30 June 2007).
45. Assuming a 3 kW system, costing between $6 and $10 per watt, with a rebate of $2.50 per watt and a $2,000 federal tax credit. "In California, the 'average' residential customer uses 6,500 kWh per year . . . a two-kilowatt system would supply about 62 percent of the average customer's total demand. . . . [A] three-kilowatt system might supply almost all of an average customer's needs." California Energy Commission, Buying a Photovoltaic Solar Electric System: A Consumer Guide, 2003 Edition, P500-03-014F, http://www.energy .ca.gov/reports/2003-03-11-500-03-014F. PDF (accessed 30 June 2007), 5.
46. Cost range is from Southern California Edison, California Solar Initiative: CSI FAQs, http:// www.sce.com/ (accessed 30 June 2007).
47. Rebate level is from Southern California Edison, 2007 California Solar Initiative Fact Sheet, http://www.sce.com/Rebates andSavings/ CaliforniaSolarInitiative2007Handbook.htm (accessed 30 June 2007).
48. For further information on state and federal incentives and tax credits, see the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency, http:// www.dsireusa.org/.
49. 2 only.
50. ARB, "Climate Change Emission Control Regulations," fact sheet (Sacramento, 10 December 2004), http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/factsheets/cc-newfs. pdf.
51. Ibid.
52. Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, http://www.rggi.org/ (accessed 14 July 2007);
53. California Office of the Governor, "Gov. Schwarzenegger Tells U.S. EPA of Inevitable Lawsuit on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Waiver," press release, 13 June 2007, http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/press-release/6665/ (accessed 14 July 2007);
54. and "Schwarzenegger Says Tailpipe Emissions Lawsuit Inevitable," Environment News Service, 13 June 2007, http://www.ens- newswire.com/ens/jun2007/2007-06-13-01.asp (accessed 14 July 2007).
55. "Schwarzenegger Says Tailpipe Emissions Lawsuit Inevitable," ibid.
56. 42 USC Sec. 7543, Title 42: The Public Health and Welfare, Chapter 85: Air Pollution Prevention and Control, Subchapter II: Emission Standards for Moving Sources, Part A: Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards, Section 7543: State Standards, from the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access, http://frwebgate4.access .gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=4731395 206+0+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve (accessed 14 July 2007), cite 42USC7543, laws in effect as of 3 January 2005.
57. AB 1493 (Pavley), Chapter 200, Statutes of 2002, http://www.leginfo.ca. gov/pub/01-02/bill/asm/ab-1451-1500/ab-1493-bill-20020722-chaptered.pdf (accessed 14 July 2007).
58. L. Gledhill, "Drivers Race for Carpool Permits for Hybrids," San Francisco Chronicle, 8 August 2005, http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/ article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/ 08/20/HYBRID.TMP (accessed 17 June 2007).
59. Associated Press, "California Issues 85,000 Hybrid Car Pool Passes," San Jose Mercury News, 3 February 2007, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article .cgi?file=/news/archive/2007/02/03/state/ n160010S18 .DTL (accessed 17 June 2007).
60. R. L. Polk & Co., Hybrid Vehicle Registration Growth-Rate Slows in 2006, http://usa.polk.com/ News/LatestNews/2007-0226-hybrid-growth-rate.htm (accessed 25 June 2007).
61. Also, in directing state agencies to implement a low-carbon fuel standard, the governor noted the dependence of California on motor vehicles and gasoline: "[T]here were more than 24 million motor vehicles registered in California in 2005 which is more than one per licensed driver; statewide gasoline consumption was almost 16 billion gallons in 2005 which is second only to the United States and slightly more than that of Japan (a country with four times the population); and there are only 80,000 hybrids and 240,000 flex-fuel vehicles on our roads today, together composing only 1.3% of all cars in California . . . California's dependence on a single type of transportation fuel whose price is highly volatile imperils our economic security, endangers our jobs, and jeopardizes our industries . . . " California Office of the Governor, Executive Order S-01-07, http:// gov.ca.gov (accessed 30 June 2007).
62. A. Farrell et al., A Low-Carbon Fuel Standard for California, Part 1: Technical Analysis (Oakland, CA: University of California, 29 May 2007), http://www .energy.ca.gov/2007publications/UC-1000-2007-002/ UC-1000-2007-002.PDF (accessed 25 June 2007), 8.
63. California Energy Commission, Low Carbon Fuel Standard, http://www.energy.ca.gov/low-carbon-fuel-standard (accessed 25 June 1007), 10-11.
64. Farrell et al., note 45 above, page 15.
65. Farrell et al., note 45 above, page 12.
66. Farrell et al., note 45 above, page 21.
67. Farrell et al., note 45 above, page vi. There is a two-year transition phase allowing fuel producers to use an Alternative Emissions Reduction Plan if they cannot meet the standard by 31 December 2009. ARB, Proposed 2007 Amendments to Phase 3 California Reformulated Gasoline Regulations, Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons (Sacramento, 2007), http://www .arb.ca.gov/regact/2007/carfg07/isor.pdf (accessed 25 June 2007), xii.
68. Farrell et al., note 45 above, pages iv-vii.
69. Farrell et al., note 45 above, page v.
70. Farrell et al., note 45 above, pages i and xi. The changes also reduce the allowable sulfur content of gasoline sold in California to accommodate the introduction of lean-burn gasoline technology. This technology has the potential to reduce the rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from gasoline engines. ARB, note 50 above, pages ix-x.
71. AB 1007 (Pavley), Chapter 371, Statutes of 2005, see http://www.leginfo. ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ ab-1001-1050/ab-1007-bill-20050929-chaptered.pdf
72. Tiax LLC., Full Fuel Cycle Assessment: Well-to-Wheels Energy Inputs, Emissions, and Water Impacts, Consultant Report prepared for the California Energy Commission, CEC-600-2007-004-F (Sacramento, 2007), http://www.energy.ca. gov/2007publications/CEC-600-2007-004/CEC-600-2007-004-F.PDF (accessed 15 July 2007), Table 3-5, Table 3-6, Table 3-15, and Table 3-19.
73. Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Electric Transportation for a Green LA, http://www.ladwp.com/ ladwp/ cms/ladwp000801.jsp.
74. See also LADWP, Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Public Charging Station Locations in Southern California, http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ ladwp000791.jsp (accessed 30 June 2007).
75. MAC, note 10 above, Table C-1, 2004 data.
76. California Energy Commission, 1983-2005 California Electricity Generation - (Spreadsheet, Microsoft Excel), http://www.energy.ca.gov/ electricity/index .html#generation (accessed 7 June 2007). Note: The GHG emissions from electricity from facilities physically located in California is lower, but "two coal-fired plants, Intermountain and Mohave, which are located outside of California, but inside LADWP and CAISO [California Independent System Operator, a not-for-profit corporation that operates power grids in the state] control areas, respectively, are still treated as utility-owned generation." Recognizing the impact of California on electricity demand in the western region of the United States, AB 32 applies a load-based approach to reducing GHGs from electricity delivered and consumed in California, whether it is generated in the state or imported.
77. California Energy Commission, Integrated Energy Policy Report: 2006 Update, CEC-100-2006-001-CMF (Sacramento, 2007), http://www.energy .ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-100-2006-001/CEC-100-2006-001-CMF.PDF (accessed 30 June 2007), 4.
78. California Energy Commission, "Integrated Energy Policy Report Committee Workshop on 'Feed-In' Tariffs," transcript, 21 May 2007 http://www .energy.ca.gov/2007-energypolicy/documents/index .html#052107 (accessed 30 June 2007).
79. California Energy Commission, Renewables Committee Workshop for Public Comment on the Revised Draft California Guidelines for Reducing Impacts to Birds and Bats from Wind Energy Development (Sacramento, 2007), http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/06-OII-1/documents/index.html (accessed 30 June 2007).
80. MAC, note 10 above, page 54.
81. MAC, note 10 above, page 56.
82. MAC, note 10 above, footnote 57 on pages 61-62.
83. MAC, note 10 above, page 68.
84. California Energy Commission, Go Solar California: Home Builders and Developers in the New Solar Homes Program, http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca. gov/ nshp/list-builders.html (accessed 30 June 2007).
85. L. Berkman, "Riverside to Offer Incentives to Home Builders Who Go Green," The Press-Enterprise, 12 June 2007, http://www.pe.com/ business/local/stories/ PE-Biz-D-green13.37f6ea1.html# (accessed 30 June 2007).
86. See also California Green Builder, http://www .cagreenbuilder.org/ (accessed 30 June 2007).
87. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and U.S. EPA, Hybrid Links: Hybrid Vehciles and Manufacturers, http://www .fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid-links.shtml (accessed 30 June 2007).
88. Associated Press, "Hertz, Avis to Boost Hybrid Fleets: Increased Demand for 'Green' Cars Spills over to Rental Car Counter," MSNBC, 14 June 2007, http://www .msnbc.msn.com/id/19234921/ (accessed 30 June 2007).
89. Because the fleets of these companies are so large and visible, these companies have the potential to lead others to reduce GHG-emissions, provided they use low-carbon vehicles in a large portion of their fleet and the benefits are well known to the public. Sarah McKearnan (Strategic Policy Advisor, Seattle Public Utilities), personal opinion in discussion with the author, 7 June 2007.
90. FedEx, About FedEx: Hybrid Electric Vehicle, http://www.fedex.com/ us/about/responsibility/environment/hybridelectricvehicle.html (accessed 30 June 2007);
91. and Environmental Defense, "Sacramento Becomes First U.S. City to Utilize FedEx Hybrid Electric Powered Truck Innovative Alliance Leads to Low-Emission, High-Efficiency Vehicle Designed to Dramatically Reduce Emissions, Save Fuel," press release, 30 March 2004, http://www.environmentaldefense. org/pressre-lease.cfm?ContentID=3620 (accessed 30 June 2007).
92. "FedEx Express, Azure Dynamics Enter Agreement for E-450 Hybrid-Electric Delivery Vehicles," Green Car Congress: Energy Technologies, Issues and Policies for Sustainable Mobility, 15 May 2007, http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/05/fedex-express-a.html (accessed 30 June 30, 2007).
93. United Parcel Service, "Alternative Fuels Drive UPS to Innovative Solutions," fact sheet, http:// pressroom.ups.com/mediakits/factsheet/0, 2305,879,00. html (accessed 30 June 2007).
94. United States, The White House, "Twenty in Ten: Powering Large Vehicle Fleets with Alternative Fuels," fact sheet, 27 March 2007 http://www.whitehouse.gov/ news/releases/2007/03/20070327-3.html (accessed 30 June 2007).
95. California Energy Commission, Integrated Energy Policy Report: 2006 Update, CEC-100-2006-001-CMF (Sacramento, January 2007), http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006 publications/CEC-100-2006-001/CEC-100-2006-001- CMF.PDF (accessed June 30, 2007), 7-8 and 39.
96. LADWP, Renewables Portfolio Standard Update, presentation, 20 February 2007, http://www.ladwp.com/ ladwp/cms/ladwp009030.pdf (accessed 30 June 2007).
97. "Annual Sierra Nevada Snowmelt Runoff," in CAL EPA, Environmental Protection Indicators for California: 2004 Update (Sacramento: CAL EPA, 2004), http://www. oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ EPICupdate2004a. pdf ( accessed 18 June 2007), 57.
98. See also T. Zhu, M. W. Jenkins, and J. R. Lund, Estimated Impacts of Climate Warming on California Water Availability under Twelve Future-Climate Scenarios, PIER Project Report prepared for California Energy Commission, CEC-500-2006-040 (Sacramento, April 2006), http://www .climatechange.ca.gov/ research/impacts/estimated.html, 10;
99. and California Department of Water Resources, "Climate Change in California," fact sheet (Sacramento, May 2007), http://www.climatechange. water.ca.gov/docs/ fact-sheet-5-17-07.pdf.
100. In addition, see California Department of Water Resources, Progress on Incorporating Climate Change into Management of California's Water Resources, Technical Memorandum Report (Sacramento, July 2006), http://baydeltaoffice.water .ca.gov/climatechange/DWRClimateChangeJuly06.pdf (accessed June 18, 2007), I-VII.
101. American Institute of Architects, "Mayors Adopt AIA Position on Sustainability," The Angle, 15 June 2006, http://www.aia.org/nwsltr- angle.cfm?pagename=a ngle%5Fnwsltr%5F20060615#Mayors (accessed 30 June 2007).
102. See also U.S. Green Building Council, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19 (accessed 30 June 2007).
103. T. Gray, American Wind Energy Association, "Wind Power Technology and Siting Issues," presented at the U.S. Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind Powering America 2005 State Wind Working Group Summit, Evergreen, CO, 19 May 2005, http://www.eere.energy.gov/ windandhydro/ windpoweringamerica/pdfs/workshops/2005-summit/ gray.pdf (accessed 14 July 2007).