The saga of Tim Hooper's homestead: Non-reservation Shoshone Indian land title in Nevada

Western Historical Quarterly

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 125-151

  Knack, Martha C ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 66849113656     PISSN: 00433810     EISSN: 19398603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/whq/39.2.125     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Stuart Banner, How the Indians Lost Their Land: Law and Power on the Frontier (Cambridge, MA, 2005);
2. Stephen Cornell, Return of the Native: American Indian Political Resurgence (New York, NY, 1988);
3. Joseph G. Jorgensen, "A Century of Political Economic Effects on American Indian Society, 1880-1980," Journal of Ethnic Studies 6 (Fall 1978): 1-82.
4. See also, Imre Sutton, Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature (New York City, 1975) for absence of homesteading literature in this exhaustive bibliography.
5. Julian H. Steward, "Changes in Shoshonean Indian Culture," Scientific Monthly 49, no. 6 (1939): 524-37, at 537.
6. Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994);
7. Jill St. Germain, Indian Treaty-Making Policy in the United States and Canada, 1867-1887 (Lincoln, NE, 2001);
8. Robert A. Williams, Linking Arms Together: American Indian Treaty Visions of Law and Peace, 1600-1800 (New York, 1999);
9. Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln, NE, 1985);
10. Jorgensen, "A Century of Political Economic Effects," 9-12.
11. Leonard A. Carlson, Indians, Bureaucrats, and Land: The Dawes Act and the Decline of Indian Farming (Westport, CT, 1981);
12. Edward C. Johnson, Walker River Paiutes: A Tribal History (Schurz, NV, 1975), 99-112;
13. Joseph G. Jorgensen, Sun Dance Religion: Power for the Powerless (Chicago, IL, 1972), 89-109;
14. David Rich Lewis, Neither Wolf nor Dog: American Indians, Environment, and Agrarian Change (New York City, 1994), 53-69;
15. Melissa L. Meyer, The White Earth Tragedy: Ethnicity and Dispossession at a Minnesota Anishinaabe Reservation, 1889-1920 (Lincoln, NE, 1994).
16. Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (Lincoln, NE, 1984), 2:660.
17. 24 Stat. 388, amend. 26 Stat. 794, Boyd Law School Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (hereafter BLSL) and
18. Prucha, The Great Father, 2:886.
19. 18 Stat. 402, at 420 and revised 23 Stat. 76, at 96, BLSL.
20. D.K. Parrott to Commissioner of Indian Affairs (hereafter CIA), 3 June 1915, Indian Homesteads-General File, Special Agent Land Correspondence, 1908-24, Reno Agency Records (hereafter RAR), U.S. National Archives Branch, San Bruno, CA (hereafter USNA-SB). All correspondence cited from USNA-SB is from Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75.
21. C.F. Hauke to Lorenzo D. Creel, 15 December 1911
22. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (Washington, DC, 1920), 82.
23. L.A. Dorrington to L.F. Clar, 11 January 1919, 2, Spud file, Land Allotment & Heirship Records, 1905-1925 (hereafter LA&HR), RAR, USNA-SB.
24. Martha C. Knack, "Utah Indians and the Homestead Laws," in State and Reservation: New Perspectives on Federal Indian Policy, ed. George Pierre Castile and Robert L. Bee (Tucson, AZ, 1992), 63-91, at 75
25. and Martha C. Knack, "Philene T. Hall, Bureau of Indian Affairs Field Matron: Planned Culture Change of Washakie Shoshone Women," Prologue 22 (1990): 151-67, at 154.
26. Broken Treaty at Battle Mountain, VHS, Joel L. Freedman, director (New York, 1974) and U.S. V. Mary and Carrie Dann, 873 F.2d 1189.
27. Walker River Agency, Census of Scattered Indians of Walker River Indian Reservation, 1 April 1934, 12, roll 634, Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940, National Archives Microfilm Publication M595, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, USNA-W
28. Russell R. Elliott, History of Nevada (Lincoln, NE, 1972), 211-24.
29. Terry G. Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers: Origins, Diffusion, and Differentiation (Albuquerque, NM, 1993), 241-56
30. and James A. Young and B. Abbott Sparks, Cattle in the Cold Desert (Reno, NV, 2002), 89-100.
31. Steven J. Crum, The Road on Which We Came=Po'i petun tammen kimmappeh: A History of the Western Shoshone (Salt Lake City, UT, 1994), 21-2, but 32-9 for short-lived efforts;
32. Johnson, Walker River Paiutes, 28;
33. Martha C. Knack and Omer C. Stewart, As Long as the River Shall Run: An Ethnohistory of Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation, expanded ed. (Reno, NV, 1999), 89-90.
34. "Treaty with the Western Shoshoni, 1863," in Indian Laws and Treaties, ed. and comp. Charles Kappler, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC, 1904), 2:851-2.
35. Malcomb McDowell, Report on Landless Indians of California and Nevada, April 1917, Board of Indian Commissioners Papers, Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois.
36. Acting Chief Land Division, Memorandum for Education-Appointments, undated carbon, file no. 62, 667-1910-310, part 9, Shivwits Agency Records, BIA-CCF, USNA-W.
37. Edward E. Hill, comp., Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States relating to American Indians (Washington, DC, 1981), 179-80.
38. Walker River Agency, "Census of Scattered Indians ...," 1932-1935, rolls 633-4.
39. Crum, The Road on Which We Came, 31;
40. Eugene M. Hattori, Northern Paiutes on the Comstock: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of an American Indian Population in Virginia City, Nevada, Occasional Papers - Nevada State Museum, no. 2, (Carson City, NV, 1975);
41. Martha C. Knack, "Nineteenth Century Great Basin Indian Wage Labor," in Native Americans and Wage Labor: Ethnohistorical Perspectives, ed. Alice Littlefield and Martha C. Knack (Norman, 1996), 163-74.
42. Lucile Rae Berg, "A History of the Tonopah Area and Adjacent Region of Central Nevada, 1827-1941" (master's thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 1942), 95
43. and Elliott, History of Nevada, 170-211.
44. L.F. Clar to L.A. Dorrington, 16 December 1918, Spud file, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
45. Shawn Hall, Preserving the Glory Days: Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Nye County, Nevada (Reno, NV, 1999), 154-8.
46. Don Ashbaugh, "Goldfield: Gay, Giddy and Great," Nevadan (4 June 1961): 65-6
47. microfilm, Nevada Historical Society, Las Vegas and Sally Zanjani, Goldfield: The Last Gold Rush on the Western Frontier (Athens, OH, 1992), 9, 12-3.
48. Euro-Americans enlisted Indians to hunt for minerals well into the twentieth century. See, for example, "Squaw Out Pinenutting Finds a Long Lost Lead-Silver Mine," Manhattan Magnet 4, no. 1 (21 September 1918): 1
49. and "Indians Find Ore," Manhattan Magnet 6, no. 1 (11 October 1919): 1, both on microfilm, in Lied Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (hereafter Lied Library).
50. 13th U.S. Census of Population (1910), Nevada, Nye County, Manhattan Precinct, reel 2, vol. 3, Lied Library.
51. Hall, Preserving the Glory Days, 157;
52. "One Indian Kills Another at Millett Camp," Manhattan News 1, no. 15 (6 May 1906): 8;
53. "Indian Killed," Manhattan Magnet 9, no. 14 (25 June 1921): 4. Manhattan News as well as Manhattan Magnet can be found on microfilm, Lied Library.
54. "Indian Killed in the Valley," Manhattan Mail 5, no. 35 (10 September 1910): 1
55. and "Drunken Indians Do Some Carving," Manhattan Post 1, no. 39 (8 July 1911): 1. Both on microfilm in Lied Library.
56. Among a great many others, "Drunken Indians Terrorize Citizens," Manhattan Mail 4, no. 47 (4 December 1909): 1;
57. "Summoned as Witnesses," Manhattan Post 1, no. 52 (7 October 1911): 1;
58. Lorenzo D. Creel to L.L. [sic] Clar, 12 July 1921, 2, Pine Creek Water Controversy File (hereafter PCWCF), LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
59. "Death Being Near, Indians Make Coffin for Sick Girl," Manhattan Mail 4, no. 7 (24 February 1909): 1;
60. "Indians Dying by Epidemic," Manhattan Mail 6, no. 10 (11 March 1911): 1;
61. "Death of Indian Girl," Manhattan Post 4, no. 15 (24 January 1914): 1.
62. "Bumper Crop Pine Nuts Makes the Indians Rejoice," Manhattan Mail 4, no. 36 (15 September 1909): 2;
63. "Indian Fandango at Hot Springs," Manhattan Post 1, no. 46 (26 August 1911): 1;
64. "Indians Will Have a High Old Time," Manhattan Post 3, no. 44 (9 August 1913): 1.
65. "Indians and Juniors Will Cross Bats," Manhattan Post 2, no. 34 (1 June 1912): 4;
66. "Juniors will Tackle Smoky Valley Indians," Manhattan Post 3, no. 37 (21 June 1913): 1;
67. "Indians Defeat Tonopah," Manhattan Magnet 9, no. 16 (9 July 1921): 4.
68. Nevada State Historic Preservation Office, Department of Cultural Affairs, 1910 Nevada Census, http://www.dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/shpo/NVCensus/ Find People (accessed 21 December 2005) and Alice Lorigan, interview with Edie Swift, 3 November 1981, 5, typescript, Book 629E, Central Nevada Historical Society, Tonopah, Nevada (hereafter CNHS-T).
69. Manhattan Post 1, no. 5 (12 November 1910): 3.
70. "William Baker is Shot by Drunken Indian," Manhattan Mail 5, no. 8 (5 March 1910): 1.
71. No teetotaler, Hooper was himself later arrested for public drunkenness. See "Drunken Indian Runs Amuck," Manhattan Post 2, no. 40 (13 July 1912): 1.
72. "Long Illness Causes Him to Blow His Head Off," Manhattan Post 1, no. 49 (16 September 1911): 1.
73. "Good News for Homesteaders," Manhattan Post 3, no. 38 (28 June 1913): 2;
74. "Some Important Law Points Recently Decided by the Secretary of the Interior," Manhattan Post 4, no. 20 (21 February 1914): I;
75. "Surveying for Homesteads," Manhattan Magnet 3, no. 8 (11 May 1918): 1;
76. "Local Surveys Are Now Being Made," Manhattan Magnet 3, no. 12 (8 June 1918): 2.
77. For comparison, see Karl Jacoby, Crimes against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation (Berkeley, CA, 2001), 173-4.
78. Lorenzo D. Creel, Report of Installation of Weir to Determine the Flow of Pine Creek, Nye County, Nevada, 26 November 1918, 4, PCWCF, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
79. See also, Olephia King, "Dust and Desire, Laughter and Tears," 1 June 1980, 27, 29
80. typescript, Getchell Library, University of Nevada, Reno and Russell W. Page, "Barley Creek, Monitor Valley, Central Nevada Mountains," 1991, 19, typescript, CNHS-T.
81. Robert Gilbert, in Transcript of Testimony and Proceedings before the State Engineer of the State of Nevada, In re Case no. 4376, Informal Hearing on the Water Application of Tim Hooper, (An Indian) to Appropriate Certain Waters of Pine Creek, Protested by United Cattle & Packing Company, (hereafter UCPC), 20 June 1917, 27-8, Tim Hooper File (hereafter THF) no. 2, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
82. Fred Jones to C.H. Asbury, 15 March 1915, 1, PCWCF, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
83. Lena Hafferon and R. F. Gilbert, Transcript of Testimony..., 20 June 1917, 13, 23-4, 28; photograph nos. 650, 652, 660, 666, and 670, Nye County Collection, Special Collections, Lied Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
84. Clerk of Reno Indian Agency to Mr. Asbury, 13 May 1916, 1, PCWCF, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
85. See also, Creel, Exhibit C, Report of Installation of Weir, 26 November 1918;
86. Jones to Asbury, 15 March 1915, 1;
87. Lorigan, interview, 11.
88. Creel, Report of Installation of Weir, 9.
89. L.F. Clar to C.H. Asbury, 4 May 1916, 2, PCWCF, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
90. Tim Hooper to C.H. Asbury, 3 April 1913, 1, THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB. Surveyor W.A. Ray, mining engineer J.C. Kennedy, and two other unsigned persons also wrote letters for Hooper, as did Charles Humphrey, witness for Hooper's improvements affidavit. Fred Jones and rancher Joe Scuffe wrote letters for Spud. Non-Indian involvement in Shoshone land claims is evident when Clar declared a "position we take on behalf of the Indian [Spud] and while I have a well defined plan to maintain his rights it will take more time" (Clar to Dorrington, 16 December 1918, 1). Sometimes the fine line separating mediation and advocacy from manipulation is obscure in the written record.
91. L.F. Clar to C.H. Asbury, 24 December 1912, 1, THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
92. and Myrtle T. Myles, "Story of the Old Stone House," Nevadan (1 March 1964): 4-5.
93. C.H. Asbury to Tim Hooper, 5 February 1913, 1, THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
94. Tim Hooper, statement, 13 November 1914, 1, copy in Collins to Asbury, 16 November 1914.
95. Also, L.A. Dorrington to A.C. [sic] Kennedy, 18 May 1918, 2
96. and Thomas J. Collins to C.H. Asbury, 16 November 1914, 1, THF no.3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
97. C.H. Asbury to Tim Hooper, 6 November 1914, 2. THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
98. C.H. Asbury to Tim Hooper, 20 January 1915, 1, THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
99. Also, Tim Hooper to C.H. Asbury, 12 December 1914, 1-2
100. and C.H. Asbury to U.S. Land Office, Carson City, Nevada, 20 January 1915, 1, THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
101. Clerk to Asbury, 13 May 1916, 2-3;
102. If true, perhaps Marsh was trying to help his old Shoshone neighbors. The source of both rumor of Hooper's manipulation and criticism of Hooper as claim jumper was Clar, who himself purportedly suggested to Mike that he preempt Spud and Fisherman's unclaimed water, despite their having used it for three years (L.F. Clar to Lorenzo D. Creel, 2 April 1922, 1, Spud file, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB and Clerk to Asbury, 13 May 1916, 1).
103. W.A. Ray to Calvin H. Asbury, 30 March 1915, 1, THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
104. David Hurst Thomas, Lorann S.A. Pendleton, and Stephen C. Cappannari, "Western Shoshone," in Great Basin, ed. Warren L. d'Azevedo, vol. 11, Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant (Washington, DC, 1986), 262-83, at 276.
105. Fred J. Jones to C.H. Asbury, 7 February 1915, 2, PCWCF, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
106. [C.H. Asbury] to Tim Hooper, 25 March 1915, 1, PCWCF, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
107. C.H. Asbury to Tim Hooper 15 February 1915, 2, PCWCF, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
108. Tim Hooper to C.H. Asbury, 3 March 1915, 1, PCWCF, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
109. C.H. Asbury to CIA, 17 November 1915, 1, THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB;
110. UCPC, Protest in the Matter of the Application no. 4376, filed by Tim Hooper, To Appropriate the Waters of Pine Creek, Nye County, Nevada, 20 April 1917, THF no. 1, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
111. Tim Hooper, in Transcript of Testimony..., 20 June 1917, 37.
112. Lorenzo D. Creel to Seymour Case, 26 November 1918, 2
113. copy, Creel, Exhibit B, Report of Installation of Weir, THF no. 1, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB and Transcript of Testimony..., 20 June 1917.
114. and photographic captions. Creel's record search proved Hooper's accusation unsubstantiated. Hooper filed for 1.60 CFS of surplus water from Pine Creek later than two claims by Nye County Land and Livestock Co., the predecessors in interest to UCPC. Hooper's filing also followed those of Fisherman and Spud, but was prior to Mike (Seymour Case to Lorenzo D. Creel, 18 November 1918, 2, copy, Addendum D, Creel, Report of Installation of Weir).
115. Assistant Commissioner of General Land Office (hereafter GLO) to Register and Receiver, Carson City, Nevada, 3 May 1918, 2-3, THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
116. Also, Tim Hooper, Affidavit of Settlement and Improvement, 2 April 1918, THF no. 1, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
117. Department of Interior, Regulations Governing Indian Allotments on the Public Domain, under Section 4 of the Act of February 8, 1887 (24 Stat., 338), as Amended by the Act of February 28, 1918 (26 Stat., 855), approved April 15, 1918 (Washington, DC, 1918).
118. The GLO challenged over 100 allotment applications pending through the Reno Agency under this new regulation (Dorrington to Clar, 11 January 1919, 2).
119. Hauke to Creel, 18 December 1911, 1.
120. C.F. Hauke to L.A. Dorrington, 18 May 1918, 1, THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
121. L.A. Dorrington to Spud, 9 July 1918, 1-2.
122. See also, Lorenzo D. Creel to A.A. Wilhelm, 13 November 1918, both in Spud file, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB. C. F. Hauke to L.A. Dorrington, 23 December 1919, 1-2, Indian Homesteads, General File, Special Agent Land Correspondence, 1908-24, RAR, USNA-SB.
123. Federal deadlines were a real problem for Indians in Monitor Valley. "Owing to the fact that Spud lives 40 miles from the Millett post office and was busy working in the harvest fields, did not receive the enclosed notifications until to day. The Indians [sic] intentions were honorable but on account of the distance and uninhabited district, he failed to receive the registered letter within the alloted [sic] time" (Fred Jones to L.A. Dorrington, 9 August 1918, 1, Spud file, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB).
124. [Tim Hooper] to Register & Receiver, 22 May 1918, 1, THF no. 3;
125. L.A. Dorrington to J.C. Kennedy, 29 May 1918, 1-2, THF no. 3;
126. Commissioner GLO to Register and Receiver, Carson City, Nevada, 25 June 1918, THF no. 3;
127. C.F. Hauke to Secretary of the Interior, 8 October 1919, with approvals, Spud file. All of these can be found in LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
128. Joe Scuffe to L.F. Clar, 10 June 1919, 1, Spud file, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
129. Quote is found in Tim Hooper to L.A. Dorrington, 2 March 1921, 1, THF no. 3.
130. and Lorenzo D. Creel to L.L. [sic] Clar, 12 July 1921, 2, PCWCF. All of these can be found in LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB
131. Creel to Clar, 12 July 1921, 1.
132. Lorenzo D. Creel to Tim Hooper, 4 May 1921, 1;
133. L.A. Dorrington and Lorenzo D. Creel to Ira Murdoch, 28 April 1921, 1-2;
134. James E. Jenkins to Tim Hooper, 10 June 1924, 1. All of these can be found in THF no. 3, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
135. D.K. Parrott to CIA, 9 August 1924, 1;
136. Reno Indian Agency, Receipt for Patent no. 1018, 26 February 1925;
137. Tonopah Mining Reporter, 15 September to 13 October 1923, and 12 July to 9 August 1924, clippings.
138. All of these can be found in THF no. 2, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
139. Tim Hooper to Office of Indian Affairs, 29 September 1933, 1;
140. Ray R. Parrett to CIA, 9 March 1935, 1-2, both in Walker River Agency File (hereafter WRAF) 45, 058-1933-310, BIA-CCF, USNA-W.
141. Ray R. Parrett to CIA, 31 October 1933, 1, WRAF 45, 058-1933-310, BIA-CCF, USNAAV Also, Hooper, 29 September 1933, 1.
142. John Collier to Tim Hooper, 27 November 1933, 1, WRAF 45, 058-1933-310, BIA-CCF, USNA-W. Also, 48 Stat. 984, BLSL.
143. Parrett to CIA, 9 March 1935, 1
144. and UCPC, Tim Hooper, and Phil Kennedy, Memorandum, 22 April 1935
145. enclosure in Don C. Foster to CIA, 1 March 1940, WRAF 45,058-1933-310, BIA-CCF, USNA-W.
146. UCPC and Tim Hooper, Contract, 18 September 1939
147. The deed, signed 6 February 1940, specifically retained federal trust restrictions and included "all water and water rights, however, acquired, being and appurtenant to said lands-" To clear the federal logjam, UCPC sued for clear title to all its lands and waters, including both Hooper's original and Stone House properties. (UCPC V. John Doe Smith et al., Fifth District Court, State of Nevada, 28 January 1942, case no. 5038, 69-78, Book Y, Miscellaneous Records, Records Office, Nye County Courthouse, Tonopah, Nevada [hereafter RO-TJ.)
148. Not until August 1942 was the federal government satisfied with all legal details (Book of Deeds 49:147, RO-T).
149. See also, Allan G. Harper to Commissioner GLO, 4 November 1942, 1, WRAF 45, 058-1933-310, BIA-CCF, USNA-W.
150. Walter V. Woehlke to Secretary of Interior, 1 June 1942, 1, WRAF 45, 058-1933-310, BIA-CCF, USNA-W.
151. and James Boni, An Interview with James Boni, cond. and ed. by Robert D. McCracken, 1990, 61, Nye County Town History Project, CNHS-T.
152. Fred Baker to J.M. Stewart, 10 February 1940, 2, WRAF 45, 058-1933-310, BIA-CCF, USNA-W;
153. Mayme W. Hooper, An Interview with Mayme W. Hooper, cond. and ed. by Robert D. McCracken, 1987, 9-11,
154. Nye County Town History Project, CNHS-T;
155. King, "Dust and Desire," 28-9;
156. William Thomas, Interview, n.d., typescript copy, Book 629S, CNHS-T.
157. Julian Steward, Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin no. 120 (Washington, DC, 1938), 110-1.
158. See also, Martle T. Myles, "Smoky Valley Stories: Part V," Nevadan (6 April 1969): 28-9.
159. M. Hooper, Interview, 1-5
160. and "Albert Hooper is buried," Tonopah Times Bonanza and Goldfield News, 5 June 1980, 1, microfilm, Lied Library.
161. Boni, Interview, 61;
162. "Mayme Hooper with her mother-in-law on her honeymoon, near Lone Pine, California," negative no. 7023F
163. Mayme Hooper Photographic Collection, CNHS-T and Beth Sennett, "Wage Labor: Survival for the Death Valley Timbisha," in Native Americans and Wage Labor, Littlefield and Knack, 218-44, at 233-9.
164. Tim Hooper, Quitclaim Deed to Albert Hooper, 28 February 1948, Book of Deeds 52: 371, RO-T.
165. and Myles, "Smoky Valley Stories," 5.
166. The following are all in RO-T: U.S. To Albert Hooper, 25 January 1946, Book of Deeds 51: 356;
167. U.S. to Albert Hooper, 16 February 1955, Book of Deeds 56: 516;
168. U.S. to Albert Hooper, 10 April 1961, Official Records Books 44: 426. Whether the pattern of these purchases resulted from information concerning available land flowing through the Native community, desire to aid elderly friends, or subtle revenge against people who had opposed his father's presence a generation before, cannot be ascertained from the documents.
169. U.S. to Albert Hooper, 9 November 1954, Book of Deeds 56:352-3, RO-T
170. Sarah Spud Hughes, aka Sarah Spud to Albert Hooper, 20 August 1953, Book of Deeds 55:524, RO-T.
171. Nevada Trust Property Tax Deed, 5 December 1953, Book of Deeds 56:40-1, RO-T.
172. Albert Hooper to Frank G. Arcularius and Howard E. Arcularius, 25 February 1970, Book of Deeds 129: 303-5, RO-T;
173. "Albert Hooper is buried," Tonopah Times Bonanza and Goldfield News.
174. John Wesley Powell, Report of the Lands of the Arid Region of the United Slates, with a More Detailed Account of the Lands of Utah (Washington, DC, 1879; facsimile, Boston, 1983), 28.
175. Fred J. Jones to C.H. Asbury, 7 April 1916, 2, PCWCF, LA&HR, RAR, USNA-SB.
176. Parrott to CIA, 3 June 1915, 1.
177. Columbus Delano, 1874, quoted in Prucha, The Great Father, 2:660, emphasis added.