Predictable surface emission patterns in terahertz photonic-crystal quantum cascade lasers

Optics Express

Volumn 17, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 9491-9502

  Chassagneux, Y ^a   Colombelli, R ^a   Maineult, W ^b   Barbieri, S ^b   Khanna, S P ^c   Linfield, E H ^c   Davies, A G ^c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DIDEROT   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN METHOD; PHOTONIC CRYSTALS; SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS; TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS;

FAR-FIELD PATTERNS; FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN SIMULATIONS; OPERATING TEMPERATURE; PHOTONIC BAND STRUCTURES; POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS; TERAHERTZ FREQUENCIES; TERAHERTZ PHOTONICS; WAVELENGTH RANGES;

QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS;

ARTICLE; COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DIODE LASER; EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EVALUATION; RADIATION SCATTERING; REPRODUCIBILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TERAHERTZ RADIATION; THEORETICAL MODEL;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE ANALYSIS; LASERS, SEMICONDUCTOR; MODELS, THEORETICAL; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SCATTERING, RADIATION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TERAHERTZ RADIATION;

EID: 66849109254     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10944087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/OE.17.009491     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. K. Sakay, Terahertz optoelectronics (New York: Springer, 2005).
2. D. Mittleman, Sensing with Terahertz radiation (New York: Springer Books, 2004).
3. R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "THz semicondiictor- heterostructure laser," Nature (London) 417, 156 (2002).
4. B. S. Williams, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers," Nat. Photon. 1, 517-525 (2007).
5. C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007).
6. M. A. Belkin, J. A. Fan, S. Hormoz, F. Capasso, S. Khanna, M. Lachab, A. G. Davies, and E. H. Linfield, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with copper metal-metal waveguides operating up to 178 K," Opt. Express 16, 3242 (2008).
7. K. Unterrainer, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, H. Y. Hwang, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade lasers with double metal-semiconductor waveguide resonators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3060-3062 (2002).
8. S. Kohen, B. Williams, and Q. Hu, "Electromagnetic modeling of terahertz quantum cascade laser waveguides and resonators;' J. Appl. Phys. 97, 053106 (2005).
9. A. J. L. Adam, I. Kasalynas, J. N. Hovenier, T. O. Klaassen, J. R. Gao, E. E. Orlova, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Beam patterns of terahertz quantum cascade lasers with subwavelength cavity dimensions," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 151105 (2006).
10. M. I. Amanti, M. Fischer, C. Wariher, G. Scalari, and J. Faist, "Horn antennas for terahertz quantum cascade lasers," Electron. Lett. 43, 573 (2007).
11. Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli, W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and G. A. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature (London) 457, 174 (2009).
12. H. Luo, S. R. Laframboise, Z. R. Wasilewski, G. C. Aers, H. C. Liu, and J. C. Cao, "Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on a three-well active module," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 041112 (2007).
13. Y. Chassagneux, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, S. Dhillon, C. Sirtori, H. E. Beere, J. Alton, and D. A. Ritchie, "Terahertz microcavity lasers with subwavelength mode volumes and thresholds in the milliampere range," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 091113 (2007).
14. P. Gellie, W. Maineult, A. Andronico, G. Leo, C. Sirtori, S. Barbieri, Y. Chassagneux, J. R. Coudevylle, R. Colombelli, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Effect of transverse mode structure on the far field pattern of metal-metal terahertz quantum cascade lasers," J. Appl. Phys. 104, 124513 (2008).
15. M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, R. Colombelli, O. Crisafulli, and O. Painter, "Design of mid-IR and THz quantum cascade laser cavities with complete TM photonic bandgap," Opt. Express 15, 5948 (2007).
16. B. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Distributed-feedback terahertz quantum cascade lasers with laterally corrugated metal waveguides," Opt. Lett. 30, 2909-2911 (2005).
17. G. A. Samara, "Temperature and pressure dependences of the dielectric constants of semiconductors," Phys. Rev. B 27, 3494-3505 (1983).
18. J. Vučković, M. Loncar, H. Mabchi, and A. Scherer, "Optimization of the Q factor in photonic crystal microcav-ities," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 850 (2002).
19. S.H. Kim, S. K. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, "Vertical beaming of a wavelength-scale photonic crystal resonator," Phys. Rev. B 73, 235117 (2006).
20. A. Taflove and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (Norwood, MA: Artech, 2000).
21. A. Farjadpour, D. Roundy, A. Rodriguez, M. Ibanescu, P. Bermel, J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, and G. Burr, "Improving accuracy by subpixel smoothing in FDTD," Opt. Lett. 31, 2972-2974 (2006).
22. M. Imada, A. Chutinan, S. Noda, and M. Mochizuki, " Multidirectionally distributed feedback photonic crystal lasers," Phys. Rev. B 65, 195306 (2002).