Rapid acceleration in dogs: Ground forces and body posture dynamics

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 212, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1930-1939

  Walter, Rebecca M ^a   Carrier, David R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

Acceleration; Biomechanics; Dogs; Ground forces; Locomotion

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY POSTURE; DOG; HINDLIMB; HISTOLOGY; JOINT; PHYSIOLOGY; RUNNING;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; DOGS; HINDLIMB; JOINTS; POSTURE; RUNNING;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 66749142453     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.023762     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Aerts, P., Van Damme, R., D'Aout, K. and Van Hooydonck, B. (2003). Bipedalism in lizards: whole-body modeling reveals a possible spandrel. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 358, 1525-1533.
2. Alexander, R. M. (1974). The mechanics of jumping by a dog (Canis familiaris). J. Zool. Lond. 173, 549-573.
3. Biewener, A. A. (1983). Allometry of quadrupedal locomotion: the scaling of duty factor, bone curvature, and limb orientation to body size. J. Exp. Biol. 105, 147-171.
4. Bret, C., Rahmani, A., Dufour, A. B., Messonnier, L. and Lacour, J. R. (2002). Leg strength and stiffness as ability factors in 100m sprint running. J. Sport Med. Phys. Fitness. 42, 274-281.
5. Bryant, J. D., Bennett, M. B. and Alexander, R. M. (1987). Forces exerted on the ground by galloping dogs (Canis familiaris). J. Zool. Lond. 213, 193-203.
6. Carrier, D. R., Gregersen, C. S. and Silverton, N. A. (1998). Dynamic gearing in running dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 3185-3195.
7. Cavagna, G. A., Dusman, B. and Margaria, R. (1968). Positive work done by a previously stretched muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 24, 21-32.
8. Cavagna, G. A., Komarek, L. and Mazzoleni, S. (1971). The mechanics of sprint running. J. Physiol. 217, 709-721.
9. Chelly, S. M. and Denis, C. (2001). Leg power and hopping stiffness: relationship with sprint running performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33, 326-333.
10. Dietz, V., Schmidtbleicher, S. and Noth, J. (1979). Neuronal mechanisms of human locomotion. J. Neurophysiol. 42, 1212-1222.
11. Fenn, W. O. and Marsh, B. S. (1935). Muscular force at different speeds of shortening. J. Physiol. 85, 277-297.
12. Gregerson, C. S. and Carrier, D. R. (2004). Gear ratios at the limb joints of jumping dogs. J. Biomech. 37, 1011-1018.
13. Gregerson, C. S., Silverton, N. A. and Carrier, D. R. (1998). External work and the potential for elastic storage at the limb joints of running dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 3197-3210.
14. Heglund, N. C. and Cavagna, G. A. (1985). Efficiency of vertebrate locomotor muscles. J. Exp. Biol. 115, 283-292.
15. Hunter, J. P., Marshall, R. N. and McNair, P. J. (2005). Relationship between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration. J. Appl. Biomech. 21, 31-43.
16. Jacobs, R. and van Ingen Schenau, G. J. (1992). Intermuscular coordination in a sprint push-off. J. Biomech. 25, 953-965.
17. Jacobs, R., Bobbert, M. F. and van Ingen Schenau, G. J. (1993). Function of mono-nd biarticular muscles in running. Med. Sci. Sport Exer. 25, 1163-1173.
18. Jacobs, R., Maarten, F. B. and van Ingen Schenau, G. J. (1996). Mechanical output from individual extensor muscles during explosive leg extensions: the role of biarticular muscles. J. Biomech. 29, 513-523.
19. Johnson, M. D. and Buckley, J. G. (2001). Muscle power patterns in the mid-acceleration phase of sprinting. J. Sport Sci. 19, 263-272.
20. Kuitunen, S., Paavo, K. V. and Kyrolainen, H. (2002). Knee and ankle joint stiffness in sprint running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34, 166-173.
21. Kurokawa, S., Fukunaga, T., Nagano, A. and Fukashiro, S. (2003). Interaction between fascicles and tendonous structures during counter movement jumping investigated in vivo. J. Physiol. 95, 2306-2314.
22. Lanczos, C. (1956). Applied Analysis. London: Isaac Pitman and Sons.
23. Lee, D. V., Bertram, J. E. and Todhunter, R. J. (1999). Acceleration and balance in trotting dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 3565-3573.
24. Lee, D. V., Stakebake, E. F., Walter, R. M. and Carrier, D. R. (2004). Effects of mass distribution on the mechanics of level trotting in dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 1715-1728.
25. Maes, L. D., Herbin, M., Hackert, R., Bels, V. and Abourachid, A. (2008). Steady locomotion in dogs: temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 138-149.
26. McGowan, C. P., Baudinette, R. V. and Biewener, A. A. (2005). Joint work and power associated with acceleration and deceleration in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). J. Exp. Biol. 208, 41-53.
27. Mero, A. (1988). Force-time characteristics and running velocity of male sprinters during the acceleration phase of sprinting. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 59, 94-98.
28. Mero, A., Luhtanen, P. and Komi, P. V. (1983). A biomechanical study of the sprint start. Scand. J. Sport. Sci. 5, 20-28.
29. Pfau, T., Witte, T. and Wilson, A. M. (2006). Center of mass movement and mechanical energy fluctuation during gallop locomotion in the Thoroughbred racehorse. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 3742-3757.
30. Roberts, T. J. and Marsh, R. L. (2003). Probing the limits to muscle-powered accelerations: lessons from jumping bullfrogs. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2567-2580.
31. Roberts, T. J. and Scales, J. A. (2002). Mechanical power output during running accelerations in wild turkeys. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1485-1494.
32. Roberts, T. J. and Scales, J. A. (2004). Adjusting muscle function to demand: joint work during acceleration in wild turkeys. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4165-4174.
33. Smith, J. M. and Savage, R. J. G. (1956). Some locomotory adaptations in mammals. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 42, 603-622.
34. Walter, R. M. and Carrier, D. R. (2007). Ground forces applied by galloping dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 208-216.
35. Weyand, P. G., Sternlight, D. B., Belizzi, M. J. and Wright, S. (2000). Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J. Appl. Physiol. 89, 1991-1999.