Using the People of Color Racial Identity Attitude Scale Among Asian American College Students: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 252-260

  Perry, Justin C ^a   Vance, Kristen S ^a   Helms, Janet E ^b  

^a CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Asian Americans; racial identity

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ASIAN AMERICAN; COLLEGE STUDENT; CONSTRUCT VALIDITY; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; IDENTITY; MALE; PEOPLE OF COLOR RACIAL IDENTITY ATTITUDE SCALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; RACIAL IDENTITY; RACISM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ASIAN AMERICANS; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; STUDENTS;

EID: 66349119391     PISSN: 00029432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0016147     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Alvarez A.N., and Helms J.E. Racial identity and reflected appraisals as influences on Asian Americans' racial adjustment. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 7 (2001) 217-231
2. Alvarez A.N., Juang L., and Liang C.T.H. Asian Americans and racism: When bad things happen to "model minorities.". Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 12 (2006) 477-492
3. Bianchi F.T., Zea M.C., Belgrave F.Z., and Echeverry J.J. Racial identity and self-esteem among Black Brazilian men: Race matters in Brazil too!. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 8 (2002) 157-169
4. Carter R.T. The influence of race and racial identity in psychotherapy: Toward a racially inclusive model (1995), Wiley, New York
5. Chen G.A., LePhuoc P., Guzman M.R., Rude S.S., and Dodd B.G. Exploring Asian American racial identity. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 12 (2006) 461-476
6. Cokley K. Critical issues in the measurement of ethnic and racial identity: A referendum on the state of the field. Journal of Counseling Psychology 54 (2007) 224-234
7. Cokley K.O. Racial(ized) identity, ethnic identity, and Afrocentric values: Conceptual and methodological challenges in understanding African American identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52 (2005) 517-526
8. Espiritu Y.L. Asian American panethnicity (1993), Temple University Press, Philadelphia
9. Floyd F.J., and Widaman K.F. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment 7 (1995) 286-299
10. Gee G.C., Spencer M., Chen J., Yip T., and Takeuchi D.T. The association between self-reported racial discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide. Social Science and Medicine 64 (2007) 1984-1996
11. Gee G.C., Spencer M.S., Chen J., and Takeuchi D. A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health 97 (2007) 1275-1282
12. Helms J.E. Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice (1990), Greenwood Press, Westport, CT
13. Helms J.E. An update on Helms's White and People of Color (POC) racial identity models. In: Ponterotto J.G., Casas J.M., Suzuki L.A., and Alexander C.M. (Eds). Handbook of multicultural counseling (1995), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 181-198
14. Helms, J. E. (1995b). The People of Color (POC) Racial Identity Attitude Scale. Unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park.
15. Helms J.E. Toward a methodology for measuring and assessing racial as distinguished form ethnic identity. In: Sodowsky G.R., and Impara J.C. (Eds). Multicultural assessment in counseling and clinical psychology (1996), The Buros Institute of Mental Measurement, Lincoln, NE 143-192
16. Helms J.E. Some better practices for measuring racial and ethnic identity constructs. Journal of Counseling Psychology 54 (2007) 235-246
17. Helms J.E., and Cook D.A. Using race and culture in counseling and psycho-therapy: Theory and process (1999), Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA
18. Hutcheson G., and Sofroniou N. The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models (1999), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
19. Hwang W. Acculturative family distancing: Theory, research, and clinical practice. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 43 (2006) 397-409
20. Inman A.G. South Asian women: Identities and conflicts. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 12 (2006) 306-319
21. Jones J.M. Prejudice and racism. 2nd ed. (1997), McGraw-Hill, New York
22. Kibria N. The contested meanings of "Asian American": Racial dilemmas in the contemporary U.S. Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (1998) 939-958
23. Kim B.S.K., Atkinson D.R., and Umemoto D. Asian cultural values and the counseling process: Current knowledge and directions for future research. The Counseling Psychologist 29 (2001) 570-603
24. Kim B.S.K., and Omizo M.M. Behavioral acculturation and enculturation and psychological functioning among Asian American college students. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 12 (2006) 245-258
25. Kim J., and Mueller C.W. Factor analysis: Statistical methods and practical issues (1978), Sage, Newbury Park, CA Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, No. 07-014
26. Lee S. Unraveling the "model minority" stereotype: Listening to Asian American youth (1996), Teacher's College Press, New York
27. McConkey K.M., Sheehan P.W., and Law H.G. Structural analysis of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 28 (1980) 164-175
28. Min P.G., and Kim R. Formation of ethnic and racial identities: Narratives by young Asian-American professionals. Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 (2000) 735-760
29. Noh S., and Kaspar V. Perceived discrimination and depression: Moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. American Journal of Public Health 93 (2003) 232-238
30. Noh S., Kaspar V., and Wickrama K.A.S. Overt and subtle racial discrimination and mental health: Preliminary findings for Korean immigrants. American Journal of Public Health 97 (2007) 1269-1274
31. Nunnally J. Psychometric theory (1978), McGraw-Hill, New York
32. Osajima K. The hidden injuries of race. In: Revilla L., Nomura G., Wong S., and Hune S. (Eds). Bearing dreams, shaping visions: Asian Pacific American perspectives (1993), Washington State University Press, Pullman, WA 81-91
33. Osajima K. Replenishing the ranks: Raising critical consciousness among Asian Americans. Journal of Asian American Studies 10 (2007) 59-83
34. Ponterotto J.G., Utsey S.O., and Pedersen P.B. Preventing prejudice. 2nd ed. (2006), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
35. Pyke K.D., and Dang T. "FOB" and "whitewashed": Identity and internalized racism among second generation Asian Americans. Qualitative Sociology 26 (2003) 147-172
36. Smith J.C., Rausch S.M., and Jenks Kettmann J.D. Factor structure of the Smith Irrational Beliefs Inventory: Results of analyses on six different samples. Psychological Reports 95 (2004) 696-704
37. Sue D. The interplay of sociocultural factors on the psychological development of Asians in America. In: Atkinson D.R., Morten G., and Sue D.W. (Eds). Counseling American minorities: A cross-cultural perspective. 5th ed. (1998), McGraw Hill, Boston 205-213
38. Tabachnick B.G., and Fidell L.S. Using multivariate statistics. 4th ed. (2001), Harper & Row, New York
39. Takaki R.N. Strangers from a different shore: A history of Asian Americans (1998), Back Bay Books, Boston
40. Tuan M. Forever foreigners or honorary whites? (1998), Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ
41. Wang T.H., and Wu F.H. Beyond the model minority myth. In: Curry G.E. (Ed). The affirmative action debate (1996), Addison Wesley, Reading, MA 191-207
42. Wong F., and Halgin R. The "model minority": Bane or blessing for Asian Americans?. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 34 (2006) 38-49
43. Worthington R.L., and Whittaker T.A. Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist 34 (2006) 806-838
44. Wu F.H. Yellow: Race in America beyond black and white (2002), Basic Books, New York
45. Yip T., Gee G.C., and Takeuchi D.T. Racial discrimination and psychological distress: The impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrant and United States-born Asian adults. Developmental Psychology 44 (2008) 787-800
46. Yoo C.H., and Lee R.M. Does ethnic identity buffer or exacerbate the effects of frequent racial discrimination on situational well-being of Asian Americans?. Journal of Counseling Psychology 55 (2008) 63-74