Management strategy for dirty abdominal incisions: Primary or delayed primary closure? A randomized trial

Surgical Infections

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 129-136

  Duttaroy, Dipesh D ^a   Jitendra, Jagtap ^a   Duttaroy, Bithika ^a   Bansal, Ujjwal ^a   Dhameja, Prarthna ^a   Patel, Gunjan ^a   Modi, Nikhil ^a  

^a GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; CEFTRIAXONE; COSMETIC; METRONIDAZOLE; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ABDOMINAL DEHISCENCE; ABDOMINAL DISEASE; ABDOMINAL INJURY; ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANASTOMOSIS DEHISCENCE; APPENDIX ABSCESS; APPENDIX DISEASE; APPENDIX PERFORATION; ARTICLE; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEATH; DELAYED PRIMARY CLOSURE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; FEMALE; GAUZE DRESSING; HEALING; HOSPITAL BED; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INDIA; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORBIDITY; OPERATION DURATION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIMARY CLOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SKIN INCISION; SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE; SURGICAL INFECTION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TERTIARY HEALTH CARE; UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL;

ABDOMEN; ABDOMINAL ABSCESS; ABDOMINAL INJURIES; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; APPENDICITIS; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PEPTIC ULCER PERFORATION; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; SURGICAL WOUND DEHISCENCE; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 66249099894     PISSN: 10962964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/sur.2007.030     Document Type: Article

References (212)

1. 1. Barie PS, Eachempati SR. Surgical site infections. Surg ClinNorth Am 2005;85:1115-1135.
2. Cruse PJE, Foord R. The epidemiology of wound infection. Surg Clin North Am 1980;60:27-39.
3. Nichols RL. Preventing surgical site infections. Clin Med Res 2004;2:115-118.
4. Nichols RL. Preventing surgical site infections: A surgeon's perspective. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:220-224.
5. Renvall S, Niinikoski J, Aho AJ. Wound infections in abdominal surgery. Acta Chir Scand 1980;146:25-30.
6. Green JW, Wenzel RP. Postoperative wound infection: A controlled study of the increased duration of hospital stay and direct cost of hospitalization. Ann Surg 1977;185:264-268.
7. Urban JA. Cost analysis of surgical site infections. Surg Infect 2006;7(Suppl 1):S19-S22.
8. Wechter ME, Pearlman MD, Hartmann KE. Reclosure of the disrupted laparotomy wound: A systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:376-383.
9. Bucknall TE, Cox PJ, Ellis H. Burst abdomen and incisional hernia: A prospective study of 1129 major laparotomies. Br Med J 1982;284:931-933.
10. 10. Riou J-PA, Cohen JR, Johnson H. Factors influencing wound dehiscence. Am J Surg 1992;163:324-330. (Pubitemid 23072514)
11. 11. Cliby WA. Abdominal incision wound breakdown. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2002;45:507-517. (Pubitemid 34615190)
12. Irvin TT, Stoddard CJ, Greaney MG, Duthie HL. Abdominal wound healing: A prospective clinical study. Br Med J 1977;2:351-352.
13. Cohn SM, Giannotti G, Ong AW, et al. Prospective randomized trial of two wound management strategies for dirty abdominal wounds. Ann Surg 2001;233:409-413.
14. Velmahos GC, Vassiliu P, Demetriades D, et al. Wound management after colon injury: Open or closed? A prospective randomized trial. Am Surg 2002;68:795-801. Coller FA, Valk WL. The delayed primary closure of contaminated wounds. Ann Surg 1940;112:256-262. (Pubitemid 19009449)
15. Grosfeld JL, Solit RW. Prevention of wound infection in perforated appendicitis. Ann Surg 1968;168:891-895.
16. Stone HH, Hester TR. Topical antibiotic and delayed primary closure in the management of contaminated surgical incisions. J Surg Resl972;12:70-76.
17. Andersen B, Bendtsen A, Holbraad L. Wound infections after appendicectomy. Acta Chir Scand 1972;138:531-536.
18. Stone HH, Hester TR Jr. Incisional and peritoneal infection after emergency celiotomy. Ann Surg 1973;177:669-678.
19. Paul ME, Wall WJ, Duff JH. Delayed primary closure in colon operations. Can J Surg 1976;19:33-36.
20. Brown SE, Allen HH. The use of delayed primary wound closure in preventing wound infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;127:713-717. (Pubitemid 8090656)
21. Verrier ED, Bossart KJ, Heer FW. Reduction of infection rates in abdominal incisions by delayed wound closure techniques. Am J Surg 1979;138:22-28. (Pubitemid 9224560)
22. Weiss Y. Delayed closure in the management of the contaminated wound. Int Surg 1982;67:403-404.
23. Smilanich RP, Bonnet I, Kirkpatrick JR. Contaminated wounds: The effect of initial management on outcome. Am Surg 1995;61:427-430.
24. Lemieur TP, Rodriguez JL, Jacobs DM, et al. Wound management in perforated appendicitis. Am Surg 1999;65:439-443,
25. Bender JS. Factors influencing outcome in delayed primary closure of contaminated abdominal wounds: A prospective analysis of 181 consecutive patients. Am Surg 2003;69:252-256.
26. Pettigrew R. Delayed primary wound closure in gangrenous and perforated appendicitis. Br J Surg 1981;68:635-638. (Pubitemid 12247396)
27. Tsang TM, Tarn PKH, Saing H. Delayed primary wound closure using skin tapes for advanced appendicitis in children. Arch Surg 1992;127:451-453.
28. Adesunkanmi AR, Ajao OG. Typhoid ileal perforation: The value of delayed primary closure of abdominal wounds. Afr J Med Sci 1996;25:311-315.
29. Rucinski J, Fabian T, Panagopoulos G, et al. Gangrenous and perforated appendicitis: A meta-analytic study of 2532 patients indicates that the incision should be closed primarily. Surgery 2000;127:136-141.
30. Ussiri EV, Mkony CA, Aziz MR. Sutured and open clean-contaminated and contaminated laparotomy wounds at Muhimbili National Hospital: A comparison of complications. East Centr Afr J Surg 2004;9:89-95.
31. Henry MCW, Moss RL. Primary versus delayed wound closure in complicated appendicitis: An international systematic review and metaanalysis. Pediatr Surg Int 2005;21:625-630.
32. Lahat G, Tulchinsky H, Goldman G, et al. Wound infection after ileostomy closure: A prospective randomized study comparing primary vs. delayed primary closure techniques. Tech Coloproctol 2005;9:206-208.
33. Vermulst N, Vermeulen J, Hazebroek EJ, et al. Primary closure of the skin after stoma closure: Management of wound infections is easy without (long-term) complications. Dig Surg 2006;23:255-258.
34. McGreal GT, Joy A, Manning B, et al. Antiseptic wick: Does it reduce the incidence of wound infection following appendectomy? World J Surg 2002;26:631-634.
35. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, et al. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:247-280.
36. Wilson H. Secondary suture of war wounds. Ann Surg 1945;121:152-156.
37. Shepard GH. The healing of wounds after delayed primary closure. Plast Reconstruc Surg 1971;48:358-360.
38. Burke JP. Infection control: A problem for patient safety. N Engl J Med 2003;348:651-656.
39. Ogunsola FT, Oduyebo O, Iregbu KC, et al. A review of nosocomial infections at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital: Problems and strategies for improvement. J Nigeria Infect Control Assoc 1998;1:14-20.
40. Wilson APR, Gibbons C, Reeves BC, et al. Surgical wound infection as a performance indicator: Agreement of common definitions of wound infection in 4773 patients. BMJ 2004;329:720.
41. Horwitz JR, Chwals WJ, Doski JJ, et al. Pediatric wound infections: A prospective multicenter study. Ann Surg 1998;227:553-558.
42. Duque-Estrada EO, Duarte MR, Rodrigues DM, Raphael MD. Wound infections in pediatric surgery: A study of 575 patients in a university hospital. Pediatr Surg Int 2003; 19:436-438.
43. Uludag O, Rieu P, Niessen M, Voss A. Incidence of surgical site infections in pediatric patients: A 3-month prospective study in an academic pediatric surgical unit. Pediatr Surg Int 2000;16:417-420.
44. Walz JM, Paterson CA, Seligowski JM, Heard SO. Surgical site infection following bowel surgery: A retrospective analysis of 1446 patients. Arch Surg 2006;141:1014-1018.
45. Taye M. Wound infection in Tikur Anbessa hospital. Ethiop Med J 2005;43:167-174.
46. Lawal OO, Adejuyigbe O, Oluwole F. The predictive value of bacterial contamination at operation in post-operative wound sepsis. Afr J Med Sci 1990;19:173-179. (Pubitemid 20290254)
47. Otokunefor TV, Datubo-Brown DD. Bacteriology of wound infection in the surgical wards of a teaching hospital. West Afr J Med 1990;9:285-290.
48. Efem SEE, Akuma AJA, Inyang U. Surgical wound infection rate in Calabar University Teaching Hospital. West Afr J Med 1986;5:61-68.
49. Ojiegbe GC, Njoku-Obi ANU, Ojukwu JO. Incidence and parametric determinants of post-operative wound infections in a university teaching hospital. Cent Afr J Med 1990; 36:63-67.
50. Ichikawa S, Isihara M, Okazaki T, et al. Prospective study of antibiotic protocols for managing surgical site infections in children. J Pediatr Surg 2007;42:1002-1007.
51. Uludag O, Rieu P, Nissen M, et al. Incidence of surgical site infections in paediatric patients: A 3-month prospective study in academic pediatric surgical unit. Pediatr Surg Int 2000;16:417-420.
52. Doig CM, Wilkinson AW. Wound infection in a children's hospital. Br J Surg 1976;63:647-650.
53. Davenport M, Doig CM. Wound infection in pediatric surgery: A study in 1094 neonates. J Pediatr Surg 1993;28:26-30.
54. Davis SD, Sobocinski K, Hoffmann RG, et al. Postoperative wound infection in a children's hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis 1984;3:114-116.
55. Bhattacharyya N, Kosloske AM. Postoperative wound infection in pediatric surgical patients: A study of 676 infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25:125-129.
56. Casanova JF, Herruzo R, Diez J. Risk factors for surgical site infection in children. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:709-715. (Pubitemid 44271952)
57. Sharma LK, Sharma PK. Postoperative wound infection in a pediatric surgical service. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:889-891. (Pubitemid 16025624)
58. Duque-Estrada EO, Duarte MR., Rodrigues DM, et al. Wound infection in pediatric surgery: A study of 575 patients in a university hospital. Pediatr Surg Int 2003;19:436-438.
59. Porras-Hernandez JD, Vilar-Compte D, Cashat-Cruz M, et al. A prospective study of surgical site infection in a pediatric hospital in Mexico City. Am J Infect Control 2003;31:302-308.
60. Nguyen D, MacLeod WB, Phung DC, et al. Incidence and predictors of surgical site infection in Vietnam. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:485-492.
61. 24. Pishori T, Siddiqui AR, Ahmed M. Surgical wound infection surveillance in general surgical procedures at a teaching hospital in Pakistan Raz. Am J Infect Control 2003;31:296-301. (Pubitemid 36966100)
62. Ussiri EV, Mkony CA, Aziz MR. Surgical wound infection in clean-contaminated and contaminated laparotomy wounds at Muhimbili National Hospital. East Cent Afr J Surg 2005;10:19-23.
63. Efem SEE. Clinical observations on the wound healing properties of honey. Br J Surg 1988;75:679-681. (Pubitemid 18177489)
64. Olaitan PB, Adeleke OE, Ola IO. Honey: A reservoir of microorganisms and an inhibitory agent for microbes. Afr Health Sci 2007;7:159-165.
65. Vardi A, Barzila Z, hinder N, et al. Local application of honey for treatment of neonatal postoperative wound infection. Acta Paediatr 1998;87:429-432.
66. Okeniyi JA, Olubanjo OO, Ogunlesi TA, Oyelami OA. Comparison of healing of incised abscess wounds with honey and EUSOL dressing. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:511-513. (Pubitemid 40994588)
67. Malone DL, Genuit T, Gannon C, Napolitano LM. Surgical site infections: Re-analysis of risk factors. J Surg Res 2002;103:89-95.
68. Gorecki W, Grochowska E, Krysta M, et al. A prospective comparison of antibiotic usage in pediatric surgical patients: The safety, advantage and effectiveness of the Surgical Infection Society guidelines versus a common practice. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1430-1434.
69. Hedrick TL, Heckman JA, Smith RL, et al. Efficacy of protocol implementation on incidence of wound infection in colorectal operations. J Am Coll Surg 2007;205:432-438.
70. Ferzoco LB, Raptopoulos V, Silen W, Acute diverticulitis. N Engl J Med 1998 338: 1521-1526.
71. Rafferty J, Shellito P, Hyman NH, Buie WD. Practice parameters for sigmoid diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:939-944.
72. Stollman NH, Raskin JB. Diagnosis and management of diverticular disease of the colon in adults. Ad Hoc Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:3110-3121.
73. Dominguez EP, Sweeney JF, Choi YU. Diagnosis and management of diverticulitis and appendicitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2006;35: 367-391.
74. Kang JY, Melville D, Maxwell JD. Epidemiology and management of diverticular disease of the colon. Drugs Aging 2004;21: 211-228.
75. Mueller MH, Glatzle J, Kasparek MS, et al. Long-term outcome of conservative treatment in patients with diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;17:649-654.
76. Arfwidsson S, Knock NG, Lehmann L Winberg T. Pathogenesis of multiple diverticula of the sigmoid colon in diverticular disease. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1964 63(Suppl 342):l-68.
77. Painter NS. Diverticulosis of the colon and diet. Br Med J 1969;2:764-765.
78. Parks TG. Natural history of diverticular disease of the colon. Clin Gastroenterol 1975;4:53-69.
79. Kaiser AM, Jiang JK, Lake JP, et al. The management of complicated diverticulitis and the role of computed tomography. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:910-917.
80. Fleischner FG, Ming SC. Revised concepts on diverticular disease of the colon II: So-called diverticulitis: Diverticular sigmoiditis and persigmoiditis; diverticular abscess, fistula, and frank peritonitis. Radiology 1965;84:599-609.
81. Stollman N, Raskin JB. Diverticular disease of the colon. Lancet 2004;363:631-639.
82. Buchanan GN, Kenefick NJ, Cohen CR. Diverticulitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002;16:635-647.
83. Hinchey EJ, Schaal PG, Richards GK. Treatment of perforated diverticular disease of the colon. Adv Surg 1978;12:85-109.
84. Chang GJ, Shelton AA, Welton ML. Large intestine. In: Doherty GM, Way LW, editors. Current Surgical Diagnosis & Treatment. 12th edition. New York. McGraw Hill, 2006. Pp.685-737.
85. Christou NV, Turgeon P, Wassef R, et al. Management of intra-abdominal infections: The case for intraoperative cultures and comprehensive broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage. The Canadian Intra-abdominal Infection Study Group. Arch Surg 1996;131:1193-1201.
86. Brook I, Frazier EH. Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of retroperitoneal abscesses. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:938-941.
87. Brook I, Frazier EH. Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology in intra-abdominal infections associated with diverticulitis. J Med Microbiol 2000;49:827-830.
88. Solornkin JS, Mazuski JE, Baron EJ, et al. Guidelines for the selection of anti-infective agents for complicated intra-abdominal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:997-1005.
89. Hjern F, Josephson T, Altman D, et al. Conservative treatment of acute colonic diverticulitis: Are antibiotics always mandatory? Scand J Gastroenterol 2007;42:41-47.
90. Kellum JM, Sugerman HJ, Coppa GF, et al. Randomized, prospective comparison of cefoxitin and gentamicin-clin-damycin in the treatment of acute colonic diverticulitis. Clin Ther 1992;14:376-384.
91. Onderdonk AB, Bartlett JG, Louie T, et al. Microbial synergy in experimental intra-abdominal abscess. Infect Immun 1976;13:22-26.
92. Yellin AE, Heseltine PN, Berne TV, et al. The role of Pseudomonas species in patients treated with ampicillin and sulbactam for gangrenous and perforated appendicitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985;161:303-307.
93. Falagas ME, Barefoot L, Griffith J, et al. Risk factors leading to clinical failure in the treatment of intra-abdominal or skin/soft tissue infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996;15:913-921.
94. Wong WD, Wexner SD, Lowry A, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of sigmoid diverticulitis-Supporting documentation. The Standards Task Force, The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:290-297.
95. Mazuski JE, Sawyer RG, Nathens AB, et al. The Surgical Infection Society guidelines on antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections: An executive summary. Surg Infect 2002;3:161-173.
96. 27. Hatala R, Dinh T, Cook DJ. Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing in immunocompetent adults: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:717-725. (Pubitemid 126495163)
97. Study Group of Intraabdominal Infections. A randomized controlled trial of ampicillin plus sulbactam vs. gentamicin plus clindamycin in the treatment of intraabdominal infections: A preliminary report. Rev Infect Dis 1986;8(Suppl 5):S583-S588.
98. Schropp KP, Kaplan S, Golladay ES, et al. A randomized clinical trial of ampicillin, gentamicin and clindamycin versus cefotaxime and clindamycin in children with ruptured appendicitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991;172:351-356.
99. Williams RR, Hotchkin D. Aztreonam plus clindamycin versus tobramycin plus clindamycin in the treatment of intraabdominal infections. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13(Suppl 7):S629-S633.
100. Eckhauser FE, Knol JA, Raper SE, et al. Efficacy of two comparative antibiotic regimens in the treatment of serious intra-abdominal infections: Results of a multicenter study. Clin Ther 1992;14:97-109.
101. Bailey JA, Virgo KS, DiPiro JT, et al. Aminoglycosides for intra-abdominal infection: Equal to the challenge? Surg Infect 2002;3:315-335.
102. Mazuski JE, Sawyer, RG, Nathens AB, et al. The Surgical Infection Society guidelines on antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections: Evidence for the recommendations. Surg Infect 2002;3:175-233.
103. Malangoni MA, Condon RE, Spiegel CA. Treatment of intra-abdominal infections is appropriate with single-agent or combination antibiotic therapy. Surgery 1985;98:648-655.
104. Hopkins JA, Wilson SE, Bobey DG. Adjunctive antimicrobial therapy for complicated appendicitis: Bacterial overkill by combination therapy. World J Surg 1994;18:933-938.
105. Barie PS, Vogel SB, Dellinger EP, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing cefepime plus metronidazole with imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Cefepime Intra-abdominal Infection Study Group. Arch Surg 1997;132:1294-1302.
106. Berne TV, Yellin AE, Appleman MD, et al. A clinical comparison of cefepime and metronidazole versus gentamicin and clindamycin in the antibiotic management of surgically treated advanced appendicitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993;177(Suppl):18-22.
107. Walker AP, Nichols RL, Wilson RF, et al. Efficacy of a beta-lactamase inhibitor combination for serious intraabdominal infections. Ann Surg 1993;217:115-121.
108. Chow JW, Satishchandran V, Snyder TA, et al. In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: The 2002 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). Surg Infect 2005;6:439-448.
109. Krobot K, Yin D, Zhang Q, et al. Effect of inappropriate initial empiric antibiotic therapy on outcome of patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:682-687.
110. Dougherty SH, Sirinek KR, Schauer PR, et al. Ticarcillin/ clavulanate compared with clindamycin/gentamicin (with or without arnpicillin) for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections in pediatric and adult patients. Am Surg 1995;61:297-303.
111. Brismar B, Malmborg AS, Tunevall G, et al. Piperacillin-tazobactam versus imipenem-cilastatin for treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:2766-2773.
112. Cohn SM, Lipsett PA, Buchman TG, et al. Comparison of intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole versus piperacillin/tazobactam in the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections. Ann Surg 2000;232:254-262.
113. Solomkin JS, Yellin AE, Rotstein OD, et al. Ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections: Results of a double-blind, randomized comparative phase III trial. Ann Surg 2003;237:235-245.
114. Brismar B, Malmborg AS, Tunevall G, et al. Meropenem versus imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;35:139-148.
115. Donahue PE, Smith DL, Yellin AE, et al. Trovafloxacin in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections: Results of a double-blind, multicenter comparison with imipenem/cilastatin. Trovafloxacin Surgical Group. Am J Surg 1998;176(6A Suppl):53S-61S.
116. Lucasti C, Jasovich A, Umeh O, et al. Efficacy and tolerabil-ity of IV doripenem versus meropenem in adults with complicated intra-abdominal infection: A phase III, prospective, multicenter, randomized double-blind noninferiority study. Clin Ther, 2008;30:868-883.
117. Elsakr R, Johnson DA, Younes Z, Oldfield EC III. Antimicrobial treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Dig Dis 1998;16:47-60.
118. Barboza E, del Castillo M, Yi A, Gotuzzo E. Clindamycin plus amikacin versus clindamycin plus aztreonam in established intraabdominal infections. Surgery 1994;116:28-35.
119. Gordon KA, Jones RN, SENTRY Participant Groups (Europe, Latin America, North America). Susceptibility patterns of orally administered antimicrobials among urinary tract infection pathogens from hospitalized patients in North America: Comparison report to Europe and Latin America. Results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2000). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;45:295-301.
120. Babinchak T, Ellis-Grosse E, Dartois N, et al. The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: Analysis of pooled clinical trial data. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41(Suppl 5):S354-S367.
121. Solornkin IS, Reinhart HH, Dellinger EP, et al. Results of a randomized trial comparing sequential intravenous/ oral treatment with ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole to imipenem/cilastatin for intra-abdominal infections. The Intra-abdominal Infection Study Group. Ann Surg 1996;223:303-315.
122. Yoshioka K, Youngs DJ, Keighley MR. A randomised prospective controlled study of ciprofloxacin with metronidazole versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with metronidazole in the treatment of intra-abdominal infection. Infection 1991;19:25-29.
123. Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA. Ciprofloxacin vs. cefotaxime regimens for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Infection 1995;23:278-282.
124. Malangoni MA, Song J, Herrington J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of moxifloxacin compared with piperacillin-tazobactam and amoxicillin-clavulanate for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Ann Surg 2006;244:204-211.
125. Wirtz M, Kleeff J, Swoboda S, et al. Moxifloxacin penetration into human gastrointestinal tissues. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:875-877.
126. Moxifloxacin (Avelox) [package insert]. West Haven, Connecticut: Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 2007.
127. Drudy D, Quinn T, O'Mahony R, et al. High-level resistance to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin associated with a novel mutation in gyrB in toxin-A-negative, toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:1264-1267.
128. Carroll DN. Moxifloxacin-induced Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:1517-1519.
129. Ackermann G, Tang-Feldman YJ, Schaumann R, et al. Antecedent use of fluoroquinolones is associated with resistance to moxifloxacin in Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9:526-530.
130. Ortiz-de-Saracho J, Pantoja L, Romero MJ, Lopez R. Moxifloxacin-induced Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Ann Pharma-cother 2003;37:452-453.
131. Owens RC Jr, Kruesmann F, Reiter C, et al. Comparative frequency of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in phase II and phase III moxifloxacin clinical trials. Presented at the 7th European Congress of Chemotherapy and Infection, Florence, Italy, October 19-22, 2005.
132. Blossom DB, McDonald LC. The challenges posed by reemerging Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:222-227.
133. Weiss K, Bergeron L, Bernatchez H, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea rates and global antibiotic consumption in five Quebec institutions from 2001 to 2004. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007;30:309-314.
134. Cuchural GJ Jr, Tally FP, Jacobus NV, et al. Susceptibility of the Bacteroides fragilis group in the United States: Analysis by site of isolation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:717-722.
135. Aldridge KE, O'Brien M. In vitro susceptibilities of the Bacteroides fragilis group species: Change in isolation rates significantly affects overall susceptibility data. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:4349-4352
136. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive rnethi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007;298:1763-1771.
137. Mazuski JE. Clinical challenges and unmet needs in the management of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Surg Infect 2005;6:S49-S69.
138. Montravers P, Gauzit R, Muller C, et al. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in cases of peritonitis after intra-abdominal surgery affects the efficacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:486-494.
139. Burnett RJ, Haverstock DC, Dellinger EP, et al. Definition of the role of enterococcus in intra-abdominal infection: Analysis of a prospective randomized trial. Surgery 1995;118:716-721.
140. Harbarth S, Uckay I. Are there patients with peritonitis who require empiric therapy for Enterococcus? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:73-77.
141. Calandra T, Bille J, Schneider R, et al. Clinical significance of Candida isolated from peritoneum in surgical patients. Lancet 1989;2:1437-1440.
142. Smith JA, Bell GA, Murphy J, et al. Evaluation of the use of a protocol in the antimicrobial treatment of intra-abdominal sepsis. J Hosp Infect 1985;6:60-64.
143. McClean KL, Sheehan GJ, Harding GK. Intraabdominal infection: A review. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:100-116.
144. Montravers P, Chalfine A, Gauzit R, et al. Clinical and therapeutic features of nonpostoperative nosocomial intra-abdominal infections. Ann Surg 2004;239:409-416.
145. Dupont H, Carbon C, Carlet J. Monotherapy with a broad-spectrum beta-lactam is as effective as its combination with an aminoglycoside in treatment of severe generalized peritonitis: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Antimi-crob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2028-2033.
146. Solomkin JS, Reinhart HH, Dellinger EP, et al. Results of a randomized trial comparing sequential intravenous/oral treatment with ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole to imipenem/cilastatin for intra-abdominal infections. The Intra-Abdominal Infection Study Group. Ann Surg 1996;223:303-315.
147. Koperna T, Schulz F. Prognosis and treatment of peritonitis: Do we need new scoring systems? Arch Surg 1996;131:180-186.
148. Wittman DH, Schein M, Condon RE. Management of secondary peritonitis. Ann Surg 1996;224:10-18.
149. Pitcher WD, Musher DM. Critical importance of early diagnosis and treatment of intra-abdominal infection. Arch Surg 1982;117:328-333.
150. Bosscha K, van Vroonhoven TJ, van der Werken C. Surgical management of severe secondary peritonitis. Br J Surg 1999;86:1371-1377.
151. Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Baron EJ, et al. Guidelines for the selection of anti-infective agents for complicated intra-abdominal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:997-1005.
152. Societe Francaise d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation. Management of community-acquired peritonitis-consensus conference-short text. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2001;20:368s-373s.
153. Davey P, Libby G, Hunter K, et al. How important is appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment for intra-abdominal infections? Value Health 2001;4:126-127.
154. Krobot K, Yin D, Zhang Q, et al. Effect of inappropriate initial empiric antibiotic therapy on outcome of patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:682-687.
155. Roehrborn A, Thomas L, Potreck O, et al. The microbiology of postoperative peritonitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1513-1519.
156. Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993;270:2957-2963.
157. Cattan P, Yin DD, Sarfati E, et al. Cost of care for inpatients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;21:787-793.
158. Sotto A, Lefrant JY, Fabbro-Peray P, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial therapy management of 120 consecutive patients with secondary peritonitis. J Antimicrobial Chemother 2002;50:569-576.
159. Christou NV, Barie PS, Dellinger EP, et al. Surgical Infection Society intra-abdominal infection study: Prospective evaluation of management techniques and outcome. Arch Surg 1993;128:193-199.
160. Cometta A, Baumgartner JD. Treatment of severe infections: Should one always administer an aminoglycoside? Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1996;Suppl.76:28S- 33S.
161. Seiler CA, Brugger L, Forssmann U, et al. Conservative surgical treatment of diffuse peritonitis. Surgery 2000;127:178-184.
162. Carlet J. L'infection en reanimation. Masson Paris 1986; pp126-138.
163. Lau WY, Fan ST, Chu KW, et al. Influence of surgeons' experience on postoperative sepsis. Am J Surg 1988;155:322-326.
164. Bremmelgaard A, Raahave D, Beier-Holgersen R, et al. Computer-aided surveillance of surgical infections and identification of risk factors. J Hosp Infect 1989;13:1-18.
165. Haouet K, Kacem C, Kolsi K, et al. Facteurs de risque de l'in-fection des plaies operatoires en chirurgie digestive : Etude retrospective sur 3000 plaies operatoires. Tunis Med 2000; 78:634-640.
166. Mosdell DM, Morris DM, Voltura A, et al. Antibiotic treatment for surgical peritonitis. Ann Surg 1991;214:543-549.
167. Burnett RJ, Haverstock DC, Dellinger EP, et al. Definition of the role of enterococcus in intraabdominal infection: Analysis of a prospective randomized trial. Surgery 1995;118:716-721.
168. Montravers P, Andremont L, Massias L, Carbon C. Investigation of the potential role of Enterococcus faecalis in the pathophysiology of experimental peritonitis. J Infect Dis 1994;169:821-830.
169. Sitges-Serra A, Lopez MJ, Girvent M, et al. Postoperative en-terococcal infection after treatment of complicated intra-abdominal sepsis. Br J Surg 2002;89:361-367.
170. Christou NV, Turgeon P, Wassef R, et al. Management of intra-abdominal infections. Arch Surg 1996;131:1193-1201.
171. Solomkin JS, Dellinger EP, Christou NV, Busuttil RW. Results of a multicenter trial comparing imipenern/cilastin to tobramycin/clindamycin for intra-abdominal infections. Ann Surg 1990;212:581-591.
172. Bosscha K, Reijnders K, Hulstaert PF, et al. Prognostic scoring systems to predict outcome in peritonitis and intra-abdominal sepsis. Br J Surg 1997;84:1532-1534.
173. Donahue PE, Smith DL, Yellin AE, et al. Trovafloxacin in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections: Results of a double-blind, multicenter comparison with imipenem/cilastatin. Trovafloxacin Surgical Group. Am J Surg 1998;176(6A Suppl):53S-61S.
174. Barie PS, Vogel SB, Dellinger EP, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing cefepime plus metronidazole with imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Cefepime Intra-abdominal Infection Study Group. Arch Surg 1997;132:1294-1302.
175. Huizinga WKJ, Warren BL, Baker LW, et al. Antibiotic monotherapy with meropenem in the surgical management of intra-abdominal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;36(Suppl A):179-189.
176. Dellinger EP, Wertz MJ, Meakins JL, et al. Surgical infection stratification system for intra-abdominal infection: Multi-center trial. Arch Surg 1985;120:21-29.
177. Solomkin JS, Hemsell DL, Sweet R, Tally F, Bartlett J. Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of intraabdominal infections. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15(Suppl 1):S33-S42.
178. Bratzler DW, Houck PM. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: An advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Am J Surg 2005;189:395-404.
179. Jimenez JC, Wilson SE. Prophylaxis of infection for elective colorectal surgery. Surg Infect 2003;4:273-280.
180. Konishi T, Watanabe T, Morikane K, et al. Prospective surveillance effectively reduced rates of surgical site infection associated with elective colorectal surgery at a university hospital in Japan. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:526-528.
181. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, et al. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:250-278.
182. Rovera F, Diurni M, Dionigi G, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 2005;3:787-795.
183. Weiss CA III, Statz CL, Dahms RA, et al. Six years of surgical wound infection surveillance at a tertiary care center: Review of the microbiologic and epidemiological aspects of 20,007 wounds. Arch Surg 1999;134:1041-1048.
184. Bratzler DW, Hunt DR. The surgical infection prevention and surgical care improvement projects: National initiatives to improve outcomes for patients having surgery. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:322-330.
185. Arnaud JP, Bellissant E, Boissel P, et al. Single-dose amoxy-cillin-clavulanic acid vs. cefotetan for prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery: A multicentre, prospective, randomized study. The PRODIGE Group. J Hosp Infect 1992;22(Suppl A):23-32.
186. Bellantone R, Pacelli F, Sofo L, et al. Systemic perioperative prophylaxis in elective oncological colorectal surgery: Cefotetan versus clindamicin plus aztreonam. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1988;14:763-766
187. Hershman MJ, Swift RI, Reilly DT, et al. Prospective comparative study of cefotetan with piperacillin for prophylaxis against infection in elective colorectal surgery. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1990;35:29-32.
188. Jagelman DG, Fabian TC, Nichols RL, et al. Single-dose cefotetan versus multiple-dose cefoxitin as prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Am J Surg 1988;155:71-76.
189. Milsom JW, Smith DL, Corman ML, et al. Double-blind comparison of single-dose alatrofloxacin and cefotetan as prophylaxis of infection following elective colorectal surgery. Trovafloxacin Surgical Group. Am J Surg 1998;176:46S-52S.
190. Morton AL, Taylor EW, Lindsay G, Wells GR. A multicenter study to compare cefotetan alone with cefotetan and metronidazole as prophylaxis against infection in elective colorectal operations. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1989;169:41-45.
191. Periti P, Mazzei T, Tonelli F. Single-dose cefotetan vs. multiple-dose cefoxitin antimicrobial prophylaxis in colorectal surgery: Results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:121-127.
192. Morita S, Nishisho I, Nomura T, et al. The significance of the intraoperative repeated dosing of antimicrobials for preventing surgical wound infection in colorectal surgery. Surg Today 2005;35:732-738.
193. Shah PM, Isaacs RD. Ertapenem, the first of a new group of carbapenems. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:538-542.
194. Itani KM, Wilson SE, Awad SS, et al. Ertapenem versus cefotetan prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2640-2651.
195. Jousimies-Somer HR, Summanen P, Citron DM, et al. Wadsworth-KTL anaerobic bacteriology manual. Sixth edition. Belmont, CA. Star Publishing, 2002.
196. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, et al. Manual of clinical microbiology. Eighth edition. Washington, D.C. ASM Press, 2003.
197. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria: Approved standard. Seventh edition. CLSI document Mll-A7. Wayne, PA. CLSI, 2007.
198. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing: Approved standard. Ninth edition. CLSI document M2-A9. Wayne, PA. CLSI, 2006.
199. Citron DM, Appleman MD. Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdorninal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:2312-2316.
200. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM. Annual incidence, epidemiology, and comparative in vitro susceptibilities to cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefmetazole, and ceftizoxime of recent community-acquired isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group. J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:2361-2366.
201. Gill SR, Pop M, Deboy RT, et al. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 2006;312:1355-1359.
202. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Vaidya SA, et al. In vitro activity of 11 antibiotics against 74 anaerobes isolated from pediatric intra-abdominal infections. Anaerobe 2006;12:63-66.
203. Hecht DW. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in anaerobic bacteria: Worrisome developments. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:92-97.
204. Harbarth S, Uckay I. Are there patients with peritonitis who require empiric therapy for enterococcus? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:73-77.
205. Pelletier SJ, Raymond DP, Crabtree TD, et al. Outcome analysis of intraabdominal infection with resistant gram-positive organisms. Surg Infect 2002;3:11-19.
206. Rohrborn A, Wacha H, Schoffel U, et al. Coverage of ente-rococci in community acquired secondary peritonitis: Results of a randomized trial. Surg Infect 2000;1:95-107.
207. Teppler H, McCarroll K, Gesser RM, Woods GL. Surgical infections with enterococcus: Outcome in patients treated with ertapenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam. Surg Infect 2002;3:337-349.
208. Onderdonk AB, Bartlett JG, Louie T, et al. Microbial synergy in experimental intra-abdominal abscess. Infect Immun 1976;13:22-26.
209. von Eiff C, Peters G, Heilmann C. Pathogenesis of infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:677-685.
210. Patel M, Kumar RA, Stamm AM, et al. USA 300 genotype community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of surgical site infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;45:3431-3433.
211. Heseltine PN, Yellin AE, Appleman MD, et al. Imipenem therapy for perforated and gangrenous appendicitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1986;162:43-48
212. Solomkin JS, Yellin AE, Rotstein OD, et al. Ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections: Results of a double-blind, randomized comparative Phase III trial. Ann Surg 2003;237:235-245.