High frequency of gross deletions in 5′ LTR/gag and nef genes in patients infected with CRF02-AG of HIV type 1 who survived for over 20 years: An association with korean red ginseng

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 535-541

  Cho, Young Keol ^a   Jung, You Sun ^a   Sung, Heungsup ^a   Sim, Mi Kyung ^a   Kim, Yoo Kyum ^a  

^a University of Ulsan College of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GINSENG EXTRACT; INDINAVIR; LAMIVUDINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADULT; AMPLICON; ARTICLE; CASE REPORT; CD4 CD8 RATIO; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG RESEARCH; FEMALE; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE DELETION; GINSENG; GROUP SPECIFIC ANTIGEN GENE; HERBAL MEDICINE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 CRF02 AG; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MALE; NEF GENE; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURVIVAL TIME; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS STRAIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CODON, NONSENSE; FEMALE; GAG GENE PRODUCTS, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV LONG TERMINAL REPEAT; HIV LONG-TERM SURVIVORS; HIV-1; HUMANS; LEUKOCYTES, MONONUCLEAR; MALE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEF GENE PRODUCTS, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; PANAX; PLANT EXTRACTS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SEQUENCE DELETION;

EID: 66149173663     PISSN: 08892229     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0301     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Daniel MD, Kirchhoff F, Czajak SC, Sehgal PK, and Desrosiers RC: Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef. Science 1992;258:1938-1941.
2. Kestler HW 3rd, Ringler DJ, Mori K, et al.: Importance of the nef gene for maintenance of high virus loads and for development of AIDS. Cell 1991;17:651-662.
3. Johnson RP, Glickman RL, Yang JQ, et al.: Induction of vigorous cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1997;71:7711-7718.
4. Kirchhoff F, Greenough TC, Brettler DB, Sullivan JL, and Desrosiers RC: Brief report: Absence of intact nef sequences in a long-term survivor with nonprogressive HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:228-232.
5. Deacon NJ, Tsykin A, Solomon A, et al.: Genomic structure of an attenuated quasi species of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients. Science 1995;270:988-991.
6. Brambilla A, Turchetto L, Gatti A, et al.: Defective nef alleles in a cohort of hemophiliacs with progressing and non-progressing HIV-1 infection. Virology 1999;259:349-368.
7. Casartelli N, Di Matteo G, Argentini C, et al.: Structural defects and variations in the HIV-1 nef gene from rapid, slow and non-progressor children. AIDS 2003;17:1291-1301.
8. Rhodes DI, Ashton L, Solomon A, et al.: Characterization of three nef-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains associated with long-term nonprogression. Australian Long-Term Nonprogressor Study Group. J Virol 2000; 74:10581-10588.
9. Rodes B, Toro C, Paxinos E, et al.: Differences in disease progression in a cohort of long-term non-progressors after more than 16 years of HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2004;18:1109-1115.
10. Kondo M, Shima T, Nishizawa M, et al.: Identification of attenuated variants of HIV-1 circulating recombinant form 01-AE that are associated with slow disease progression due to gross genetic alterations in the nef/long terminal repeat sequences. J Infect Dis 2005;192:56-61.
11. Li CP and Li RC: An introductory note to ginseng. Am J Chin Med 1973;1:249-261.
12. Cho YK, Kim YK, Lee I, Choi MH, and Shin YO: The effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG), zidovudine (ZDV), and the ombination of KRG and ZDV on HIV-infected patients. J Kor Soc Microbiol 1996;31:353-360.
13. Cho YK, Sung H, Lee HJ, Joo CH, and Cho GJ: Long-term intake of KRG in HIV-1-infected patients: Development of resistance mutation to zidovudine is delayed. Int Im-munopharmacol 2001;1:1295-1305.
14. Cho YK, Sung H, Kim TK, Lim J, Jung YS, and Kang SM: KRG significantly slows CD4 T cell depletion over 10 years in HIV-1 infected patients: Association with HLA. J Ginseng Res 2004;28:173-182.
15. Sung H, Kang SM, Lee MS, Kim TG, and Cho YK: Korean red ginseng slows depletion of CD4 T cells in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005;12:497-501.
16. Cho YK, Lim JY, Jung YS, Oh SK, Lee HJ, and Sung H: High frequency of grossly deleted nef genes in HIV-1 infected long-term slow progressors treated with Korean red ginseng. Curr HIV Res 2006;4:447-457.
17. Sung H, Jung Y, Kang MW, et al.: High frequency of drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected Korean patients treated with HAART. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007;23:1223-1229.
18. Cho YK and Jung YS: High frequency of gross deletions in 5' LTR/gag regions in HIV-1-infected long-term survivors treated with Korean red ginseng for a prolonged period. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008;24:181-194.
19. Cho YK, Jung YS, and Sung H: Frequent gross deletion in the HIV-1 nef gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean red ginseng; inhibition of detection by highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009;25:419-424.
20. Alexander L, Weiskopf E, Greenough TC, et al.: Unusual polymorphisms in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 associated with nonprogressive infection. J Virol 2000;74: 4361-4376.
21. Song YH, Meng ZF, Xing H, et al.: Analysis of HIV-1 CRF07-BC gag p6 sequences indicating novel deletions in the central region of p6. Arch Virol 2007;152:1553-1558.
22. 6 region of subtype C HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005;21:739-741.
23. Marlowe N, Flys T, Hackett J Jr, Schumaker M, Jackson JB, and Eshleman SH: HIV Prevention Trials Network; Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Groups. Analysis of insertions and deletions in the gag p6 region of diverse HIV type 1 strains. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004;20:1119-1125.