메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 7-26

Conceptual quandaries about genetic data - A comparative perspective

Author keywords

Bioethics; Biomedicine; Biotechnologies; Council of Europe; Data protection law; Genetic data; Genetics; Genomics; International law; Medical law; OECD

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOETHICS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; DATA EXTRACTION; GENOMICS; HUMAN; HUMAN GENETICS; HUMAN RIGHTS; LAW; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRIVACY; PROTECTION; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY; EUROPE; FACTUAL DATABASE; GENETIC PRIVACY; LEGAL ASPECT;

EID: 66149147527     PISSN: 09290273     EISSN: 15718093     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157180909X400204     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 66249102885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QC in our Brave New World, (London, Sweet and Maxwell
    • H. Kennedy, QC The Hamlyn Lectures: Legal Conundrums in our Brave New World, (London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2004), p. 21.
    • (2004) The Hamlyn Lectures: Legal Conundrums , pp. 21
    • Kennedy, H.1
  • 2
    • 0035895515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomics and medicine: Dissecting human disease in the postgenomic era
    • DOI 10.1126/science.291.5507.1224
    • L. Peltonen V. A. McKusick"Dissecting Human Disease in the Postgenomic Era" 291 Science, No. 5507, 16 February 2001, 1224-1229. (Pubitemid 32173078)
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , Issue.5507 , pp. 1224-1229
    • Peltonen, L.1    McKusick, V.A.2
  • 3
    • 66249120929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systems Biology: the 21st Century Science
    • retrieved June 30
    • Institute for Systems Biology"Systems Biology: the 21st Century Science", retrieved June 30, 2008 http://www.systemsbiology.org/Intro-to- ISB-and-Systems-Biology/Systems-Biology-the-21st- Century-Science.
    • (2008) Institute for Systems Biology
  • 5
    • 28644434994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Playing God: Genes, Clones and Luck
    • in: (ed.) (Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press
    • R. Dworkin "Playing God: Genes, Clones and Luck", in: R. Dworkin (ed.) Sovereign virtue: The theory and practice of Equality, (Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press, 2000) pp. 427-52.
    • (2000) Sovereign virtue: The theory and practice of Equality , pp. 427-452
    • Dworkin, R.1    Dworkin, R.2
  • 6
    • 66249101110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This popular notion has been used in a recently published book by
    • See: (New York, Knopf
    • This popular notion has been used in a recently published book by J. D. Watson See: J. D. Watson A. Berry DNA: The Secret of Life, (New York, Knopf, 2003).
    • (2003) DNA: The Secret of Life
    • Watson, J.D.1    Watson, J.D.2    Berry, A.3
  • 7
    • 33745588546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The limits of reductionism in medicine: Could systems biology offer an alternative?
    • DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030208
    • A. C. Ahn M. Tewari Ch.-S. Poon R. S. Phillips"The limits of reductionism in Medicine: Could systems Biology Offer an Alternative?", 3 FLOS Medicine, No. 7, July 2006, 0709. (Pubitemid 43987803)
    • (2006) PLoS Medicine , vol.3 , Issue.6 , pp. 0709-0713
    • Ahn, A.C.1    Tewari, M.2    Poon, C.-S.3    Phillips, R.S.4
  • 9
    • 66249117194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic Essentialism and the Discursive Subject
    • Boston 10-15 August retrieved June 21, 2008
    • S. Nagl"Genetic Essentialism and the Discursive Subject" Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, Boston 10-15 August 1998, retrieved June 21, 2008 http://www.bu.edu/wcp/MainBioe.htm.
    • (1998) Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy
    • Nagl, S.1
  • 12
    • 66249115870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • case of autosomal dominant genetic disorders such as Huntington's disease results close to certainty can be expected only when both parents carry the defective gene. Retrieved June 30
    • In
    • A short description of each of these diseases can be found at the WHO webpage. In case of autosomal dominant genetic disorders such as Huntington's disease results close to certainty can be expected only when both parents carry the defective gene. Retrieved June 30, 2008 http://www.who.int/genomics/public/ geneticdiseases/en/index2.html.
    • (2008) A short description of each of these diseases can be found at the WHO webpage.
  • 13
    • 66249115538 scopus 로고
    • The study of the proteome, the complete set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism, using the technologies of large-scale protein separation and identification
    • by Marc Wilkins from the UNSW School of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences. Retrieved June 30, 2008
    • The study of the proteome, the complete set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism, using the technologies of large-scale protein separation and identification. The term proteomics was coined i. n. 1994 by Marc Wilkins from the UNSW School of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences. Retrieved June 30, 2008 http://www.babs.unsw.edu.au/staff-directory/wilkinsm. html.
    • (1994) The term proteomics was coined i. n.
  • 14
    • 19944398727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolomics istThe global analysis of metabolites, small molecules generated in the process of metabolism. See also: A proposed framework for the description of plant metabolomics experiments and their results, 22
    • 6 December
    • l4) Metabolomics istThe global analysis of metabolites, small molecules generated in the process of metabolism. See also: H. Jenkins et al., A proposed framework for the description of plant metabolomics experiments and their results, 22 Nature Biotechnology, 6 December 2004, 1601-1606.
    • (2004) Nature Biotechnology , pp. 1601-1606
    • Jenkins, H.1
  • 15
    • 33745588546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The limits of reductionism in medicine: Could systems biology offer an alternative?
    • DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030208
    • A. C. Ahn M. Tewari Ch.-S. Poon R. S. Phillips"The limits of reductionism in Medicine: Could systems Biology Offer an Alternative?", 3 PLOS Medicine 6, (June 2006), 0711. (Pubitemid 43987803)
    • (2006) PLoS Medicine , vol.3 , Issue.6 , pp. 0709-0713
    • Ahn, A.C.1    Tewari, M.2    Poon, C.-S.3    Phillips, R.S.4
  • 16
    • 4644335402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systems Biology, Proteomics, and the Future of Health Care: Toward Predictive, Preventative, and Personalized Medicine
    • DOI 10.1021/pr0499693
    • A. D. Weston L. Hood"Systems Biology, Proteomics and the Future Health Care: Toward Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine", 3 Journal of Proteome Research, 2004, 180. (Pubitemid 38500984)
    • (2004) Journal of Proteome Research , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 179-196
    • Westont, A.D.1    Hood, L.2
  • 18
    • 33746462775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical applications of a systems approach
    • DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030209
    • A. C. Ahn M. Tewari Ch.-S. Poon R. S. Phillips"The Clinical Applications of a Systems Approach", 3 PLOS Medicine, No. 7, (July 2006), 0959. (Pubitemid 44125973)
    • (2006) PLoS Medicine , vol.3 , Issue.7 , pp. 0956-0960
    • Ahn, A.C.1    Tewari, M.2    Poon, C.-S.3    Phillips, R.S.4
  • 21
  • 22
    • 66249091471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article 2 UNESCO International Declaration on 16 October 2003 r., Records of the General Conference of the 32nd Session, Paris 23 September-17 October
    • Article 2 UNESCO International Declaration on Human Genetic Data, 16 October 2003 r., Records of the General Conference of the 32nd Session, Paris 23 September-17 October 2003. 〈http://portal. unesco.org/en/ev. php-URL-ID=17720&URL-DO=DO-TOPIC&URL-SECTION=20l.html〉
    • (2003) Human Genetic Data
  • 24
    • 66249130285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article 2 UNESCO Declaration 22.
    • Article 2 UNESCO Declaration (2003) supra note 22.
    • (2003) supra note
  • 25
    • 30944461263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population Genetic Databases. Is a specific ethical and legal framework necessary?" 13
    • A. Cambom-Thomsen C. Sallée E. Rial-Sebbag B. M. Knoppers"Population Genetic Databases. Is a specific ethical and legal framework necessary?" 13 Gen Edit No. 1, 2005, 1.
    • (2005) Gen Edit No. , vol.1 , pp. 1
    • Cambom-Thomsen, A.1    Salleacute2    e, C.3    Rial-Sebbag, E.4    Knoppers, B.M.5
  • 26
    • 66249086454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genmedizin und Datenschutz
    • in: Winter, Fenger, Schreiber (eds.) (Munich, C. H. Beck
    • C. Grand K. Atia-Off"Genmedizin und Datenschutz", in: Winter, Fenger, Schreiber (eds.) Genmedizin undRecht, (Munich, C. H. Beck, 2001), pp. 538-540.
    • (2001) Genmedizin undRecht , pp. 538-540
    • Gr, C.1    Atia-Off, K.2
  • 28
    • 66249086105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a similar argument with relation to body parts and the right to informational self-determination see
    • Ch.
    • For a similar argument with relation to body parts and the right to informational self-determination see: Ch. Halasz Das Recht auf bio-materielle Selbstbestimmung (Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer, 2003).
    • (2003) Das Recht auf bio-materielle Selbstbestimmung (Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer
    • Halasz1
  • 29
    • 66249115192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inside information. Balancing interest regarding personal genetic data
    • Human Genetics Commission London, May 2002, p. In this report the HGC confirmed its view presented two years earlier in a discussion document on the storage protection and use of genetic information. See: Human Genetics Commission 2000 London, November 2000, p. 3-5.
    • Human Genetics Commission 2002, Inside information. Balancing interest regarding personal genetic data, London, May 2002, p. 2-7. In this report the HGC confirmed its view presented two years earlier in a discussion document on the storage protection and use of genetic information. See: Human Genetics Commission 2000 Whose hands on your genes?, London, November 2000, p. 3-5.
    • (2002) Whose hands on your genes? , pp. 2-7
  • 30
    • 66249117895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enquete-Kommission des Deutschen Bundestag 14. Wahlperiode. Drucksache 14/9020, May 14
    • Enquete-Kommission des Deutschen Bundestag 14. Wahlperiode. Recht undEthik in modernen Medizin. Drucksache 14/9020, May 14, 2002 〈http://dip.bundestag.de/btd/14/090/1409020.pdf〉.
    • (2002) Recht undEthik in modernen Medizin.
  • 32
    • 66249096568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entschließungen der 62. Konferenz der Datenschutzbeauftragten des Bundes und der Länder. 24-26 October Datenschutzbeauftragte des Bundes 2001. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
    • Entschließungen der 62. Konferenz der Datenschutzbeauftragten des Bundes und der Länder. 24-26 October 2001 Gesetz zur Sicherung der Selbstbestimmungbei genetschen Untersuchungen. Datenschutzbeauftragte des Bundes 2001. Retrieved May 10, 2008. 〈http://www.informationsfreiheit-mv.de/ dschutz/beschlue/ent62.html#nr7〉.
    • (2001) Gesetz zur Sicherung der Selbstbestimmungbei genetschen Untersuchungen.
  • 33
    • 66249094092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gesetzgebungsprojekt Gentestgesetz - Regelungsprinzipien und Regelungsmaterien", 1
    • See e.g.: and "Das geplante Gentestgesetz". Public lecture given on 27 January 2004. Retrieved May 10, 2008
    • See e.g.: R. Damm"Gesetzgebungsprojekt Gentestgesetz - Regelungsprinzipien und Regelungsmaterien", 1 Medizin und Recht, No. 1, 2004, 6-19 and U. Riedel"Das geplante Gentestgesetz". Public lecture given on 27 January 2004. Retrieved May 10, 2008 〈http://www.ulrike-riedel. de/pdf/Gentestgesetz%20-%20Rechtsprobleme%20und%20Regelungsbedarf.pdf〉.
    • (2004) Medizin und Recht, No. , vol.1 , pp. 6-19
    • Damm, R.1    Riedel, U.2
  • 34
    • 66249137369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council of Europe, Council of Ministers, Recommendation R (97) 5 on the protection of medical data, 13 February
    • Council of Europe, Council of Ministers, Recommendation R (97) 5 on the protection of medical data, 13 February 1997. 〈http://www.coe.int/t/e/ legal-affairs/legal-co-operation/data-protection/documents/international-legal- instruments/Rec(97)5-EN.pdf〉.
    • (1997)
  • 35
    • 66249097291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explanatory Memorandum to the Recommendation R (97) 5 on the protection of medical data, 13 February Retrieved
    • Explanatory Memorandum to the Recommendation R (97) 5 on the protection of medical data, 13 February 1997. Retrieved 〈http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal- affairs/legal-co%2Doperation/data-protection/documents/international-legal- instruments/EM-R(97)15-EN.pdf〉.
    • (1997)
  • 37
    • 66249091840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penetrance is the proportion of individuals with a specific genotype who express that character in the phenotype. If an allele is highly penetrant, the trait it produces will always or almost always be apparent in an individual carrying the allele. See
    • (Academic Press
    • Penetrance is the proportion of individuals with a specific genotype who express that character in the phenotype. If an allele is highly penetrant, the trait it produces will always or almost always be apparent in an individual carrying the allele. See: J. Lackie The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology, (Academic Press, 2007).
    • (2007) The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology
    • Lackie, J.1
  • 41
    • 7444253428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systems biology and new technologies enable predictive and preventative medicine
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1104635
    • L. Hood J. R. Heath M. E. Phelps B. Lin"Systems Biology and the New Technologies Enable Predictive and Preventative Medicine", 306 Science, 22 October 2004, 640. (Pubitemid 39440903)
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , Issue.5696 , pp. 640-643
    • Hood, L.1    Heath, J.R.2    Phelps, M.E.3    Lin, B.4
  • 45
    • 77949654893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data Protection and Genetics: Medical Research and the Public Good", 18
    • D. Beyleveld"Data Protection and Genetics: Medical Research and the Public Good", 18 Kings Law Journal No. 2, 2007, 275-289.
    • (2007) Kings Law Journal No. , vol.2 , pp. 275-289
    • Beyleveld, D.1
  • 47
    • 66249106264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'However, the definition has been worded in such a way that covers also genetic data which are not considered to be medical data in the recommendation' in: Explanatory Memorandum to the Recommendation (97) 5 on the protection of medical data
    • para. 44.
    • 'However, the definition has been worded in such a way that covers also genetic data which are not considered to be medical data in the recommendation' in: Explanatory Memorandum to the Recommendation (97) 5 on the protection of medical data Supra note 36, para. 44.
    • Supra note , vol.36
  • 48
    • 66249125257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article 27 para. 2 (7) Polish Data Protection Act, 29 August (Dz. U. 1997 Nr. 133 poz. 883 z pozn. zm).
    • Article 27 para. 2 (7) Polish Data Protection Act, 29 August 1996, (Dz. U. 1997 Nr. 133 poz. 883 z pozn. zm).
    • (1996)
  • 49
    • 35348983887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The latest research showed, however, that people have more SNPs than originally expected. SNPs - single nucleotide polymorphisms - are
    • DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the genome sequence is altered, which means the variation between humans are bigger. See: The International HapMap Consortium. October 17.
    • The latest research showed, however, that people have more SNPs than originally expected. SNPs - single nucleotide polymorphisms - are DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the genome sequence is altered, which means the variation between humans are bigger. See: The International HapMap Consortium. 2007. "A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs" 449 Nature, October 17. 851-861.
    • (2007) "A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs" 449 Nature , pp. 851-861
  • 50
    • 28644434994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Playing God: Genes, Clones and Luck
    • in: (ed.) (Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press
    • R. D. Workin"Playing God: Genes, Clones and Luck", in: R. Dworkin (ed.) Sovereign virtue: The theory and practice of Equality, (Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. 427-52.
    • (2000) Sovereign virtue: The theory and practice of Equality , pp. 427-452
    • Workin, R.D.1    Dworkin, R.2
  • 51
    • 33748998997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Property rights in genetic information", 6
    • See e.g.: "Whose Genes Are These Anyway?: Familial Conflicts over Access to Genetic Information", 91 Michigan Law Review 1993, 95; "Genetic information: Science, Society and Legal Norms", in: (ed.) Society and Genetic Information (New York - Budapest, CEU Press, 2003), p. 113 Property Rights in Blood, Genes and Data: Naturally Yours? (Leiden - Boston, M. Nijhoff Publishers, 2006), p. 34 "Genetic Exceptionalism and Future Diaries: Is Genetic Exceptionalism Different From Other Medical Information?", in: Rothstein (ed.) Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era (New Heaven, Yale University Press, 1997), p. 58 Genetic Privacy. Challenge to medico-legal norms, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2002), p. 107.
    • See e.g.: R. A. Spinello"Property rights in genetic information", 6 Ethics and Information Technology, No. 1, 2004, 30; M. Sutter"Whose Genes Are These Anyway?: Familial Conflicts over Access to Genetic Information", 91 Michigan Law Review 1993, 95; J. Sandor"Genetic information: Science, Society and Legal Norms", in: J. Sandor (ed.) Society and Genetic Information (New York - Budapest, CEU Press, 2003), p. 113 J. A. Bovenberg Property Rights in Blood, Genes and Data: Naturally Yours? (Leiden - Boston, M. Nijhoff Publishers, 2006), p. 34 T. Murray"Genetic Exceptionalism and Future Diaries: Is Genetic Exceptionalism Different From Other Medical Information?", in: Rothstein (ed.) Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era (New Heaven, Yale University Press, 1997), p. 58 G. Laurie Genetic Privacy. Challenge to medico-legal norms, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2002), p. 107.
    • (2004) Ethics and Information Technology, No. , vol.1 , pp. 30
    • Spinello, R.A.1    Sutter, M.2    Sor, J.3    Sandor, J.4    Bovenberg, J.A.5    Murray, T.6    Laurie, G.7
  • 53
    • 66249116223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNESCO Declaration on Human Genetic Data
    • Art. 4 a (iv)
    • Art. 4 a (iv) UNESCO Declaration on Human Genetic Data, supra note 23.
    • supra note , vol.23
  • 54
    • 66249085772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Art. 4 b
    • Art. 4 b supra.
    • supra
  • 55
    • 66249105582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine on Genetic Testing for Health Purposes
    • Draft Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine on Genetic Testing for Health Purposes supra note 33.
    • supra note , vol.33
  • 56
    • 66249135889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Genetics Commission
    • September 2000 Whose hands on your genes. November 2000 〈http://www.hgc.gov.uk/UploadDocs/DocPub/Document/business- consultations2maintext.pdf〉, Inside Information Balancing interest regarding personal genetic data. May 2002 〈http://www.hgc.gov.uk/Client/ Content.asp?ContentId=557〉.
    • Human Genetics Commission 2000, 2001, 2002. Protection of Genetic Information: An International Comparison. September 2000 〈http://www.hgc. gov. uk/UploadDocs/DocPub/Document/international- regulations.pdf〉, Whose hands on your genes. November 2000 〈http://www.hgc.gov. uk/UploadDocs/DocPub/Document/business-consultations2maintext.pdf〉, Inside Information Balancing interest regarding personal genetic data. May 2002 〈http://www.hgc.gov. uk/Client/Content.asp?ContentId=557〉.
    • (2000) Protection of Genetic Information: An International Comparison.
  • 57
    • 0001729102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk and Public Policy: Towards a High-Trust Democracy
    • in: Franklin, (ed.) (Cambridge, Polity Press
    • A. Coote"Risk and Public Policy: Towards a High-Trust Democracy", in: Franklin, (ed.) The Politics of Risk Society (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1998), p. 129.
    • (1998) The Politics of Risk Society , pp. 129
    • Coote, A.1
  • 58
    • 66249147450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Politics of Risk Society
    • in
    • U. Beck"Politics of Risk Society", in: supra, p. 14.
    • supra, p. , pp. 14
    • Beck, U.1
  • 59
    • 0002062234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic Exceptionalism and Future Diaries: Is Genetic Exceptionalism Different From Other Medical Information?
    • in: Rothstein (ed.)
    • T. Murray"Genetic Exceptionalism and Future Diaries: Is Genetic Exceptionalism Different From Other Medical Information?", in: Rothstein (ed.) supra note 52, p. 60.
    • supra note , vol.52 , pp. 60
    • Murray, T.1
  • 62
    • 84905367672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNESCO Universal Declaration of Human Rights and 11 November
    • UNESCO Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Human Genome, 11 November 1997 〈http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL-ID=13177&URL-DO= DO-TOPIC&URL-SECTION=201.html〉.
    • Human Genome , pp. 1997
  • 63
    • 0005805386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine
    • Oviedo, 4 April ETS 164.
    • Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, Oviedo, 4 April 1997, ETS 164.
    • (1997) Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine
  • 64
    • 66249096220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Council
    • 7 December OJ. EU 18.12. C 364/3.
    • European Council Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, Nice, 7 December 2000, OJ. EU 18.12. 2000 C 364/3.
    • (2000) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, Nice , pp. 2000
  • 65
    • 66249119267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNESCO Declaration on Human Genetic Data
    • Article 7
    • Article 7 UNESCO Declaration on Human Genetic Data (2003) supra note 23.
    • (2003) supra note , vol.23
  • 66
    • 31344467157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do we need a uniform regulatory system for biobanks across Europe?
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201530, PII 5201530
    • See e.g.: Jane Kaye 2006. "Do we need a uniform regulatory system for biobanks across Europe?", 14 European Journal of Human Genetics., November 25, 245-248 or B. M. Knoppers"Biobanking: International Norms", 33 The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics. Regulation of Biobanks., No. 1, 2005, 9. In these two papers the authors notice the variety of names and terms used to describe collections of human biological samples and data. However, they do neither discuss the ambivalence of the term 'biobank' as such. (Pubitemid 43135869)
    • (2006) European Journal of Human Genetics , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-248
    • Kaye, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.