Provenance in contest: Searching for the origins of Jesuit astronomy in Early Qing China, 1664-1705

International History Review

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 1-36

  Hu, Minghui ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 66149109809     PISSN: 07075332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2002.9640956     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. The word 'literati' was first used by the Jesuits to translate shi. I use it to refer to those members of the gentry who, after demonstrating literary qualifications in the civil examinations, maintained their status as Confucians in the élite class of imperial China. See J. Gernet, 'Chinese Heaven, Christian God', China and the Christian Impact (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 193-247
2. Xi Zezong, 'Lun Kangxi kexue zhengce de shiwu', Ziran kexue shi yanjiu, xix (2000), 18-29
3. Cf., Du Weiyun, Qing qianjia shidai zhi shixue yu shijia (Taipei, 1962), p. 3
4. B. Elman, From Philosophy to Philology (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), pp. 75-6
5. Yabuuchi Kiyoshi, 'Min-shin jidai no kagaku gijutsu shi', in Min-shin jidai no kagaku gijutsu shi, ed. Yabuuchi Kiyoshi and Yoshida Mitsukuni (Kyoto, 1970), pp. 1-26
6. N. Sivin, Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections (Brookfield, 1995), pp. 63-103
7. J. Henderson, 'The Assimilation of the Exact Sciences into the Ch'ing Confucian Tradition', Journal of Asian Affairs, v (1980), 15-31
8. and 'Ch'ing Scholars' Views of Western Astronomy', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, xlvi (1986), 121-48
9. Hashimoto Keizō, 'Rekishō kōsei no seiritsu', in Min-shin jidai no kagaku gijutsu shi, ed. Yabuuchi and Yoshida, pp. 49-92
10. Jiang Xiaoyuan, 'Shilun qingdai xixue zhongyuan shuo', Ziran kexue shi yanjiu, viii (1988), 101-8
11. Liu Dun, 'Qingchu minzu sichao de shanbian ji qi dui qingdai tianwen shuxue de yinxiang', Journal of Dialectics of Nature, xiii, 3 (1991), 42-52
12. Quan Hansheng, 'Qingmo de xixue yuanchu Zhongguo shuo', Zhongguo jindai shi luncong, ist Collection (Taipei, 1956), v. 216-58
13. T. Huters, Bringing the World Home: Appropriating the West in Late Qing China (forthcoming), ch. 1
14. Han Qi, 'Bai Jing de Yijing yanjiu he Kangxi shidai de "xixue zhongyuan" shuo', Hanxue yanjiu, xvi (1998), 185-201
15. Wang Yangzong, '"Xixue zhongyuan" shuo zai ming qing zhiji de youlai ji qi yanbian', Dalu zazhi, xc (June 1995), 39-45
16. P. Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), pp. 103-59
17. W. Peterson, 'Learning from Heaven: The Introduction of Christianity and Other Western Ideas into Late Ming China', The Cambridge History of China: VIII: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, part 2 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 789-839
18. N. Staendart, 'Number of Christians', Handbook of Christianity in China: I: 635-1800 (Leiden, 2001), pp. 380-93
19. and 'The Jesuit Presence in China (1580-1773): A Statistical Approach', Sino-Western Cultural Relations Journal, xiii (1991), 4-17. I thank Eugenio Menegon for this reference
20. See L. Pfister, Notices biographiques et bibliographiques sur les Jésuites de l'ancienne mission de Chine, 1552-1773 (Shanghai, 1932), pp. 130, 257
21. E. Menegon, A Different Country, the Same Heaven: A Preliminary Biography', Sino-Western Cultural Relations Journal, xv (1993), 27-51
22. See Chen Yuan, Tang ruowan yu mu chenmi (Beijing, 1980), pp. 510-15
23. Ruan Yuan, Chouren Zhuan (1810; repr. Taipei: Baibu congshu series 44), cxvi-cxxxvii. 45: 1a-2a
24. Huang Yi-long, 'Qingchu Qintianjian zhong ge mingzu tianwenxuejia de quanli qifu', Xinshixue, v (1991), 75-108, esp. 77-81
25. N. Golvers, The Astronomia Europaea of Ferdinand Verbiest, SJ: (Dillingen, 1687): Text, Translation, Notes, and Commentaries (Nettetal, 1993)
26. C. Hucker, A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China (Stanford, 1985), p. 169. Hucker uses the term 'the Directorate of Astronomy' and Joseph Needham 'the Directorate of Astronomy and Calendar'. The Jesuits in the eighteenth century usually called the directorate the 'Mathematical Tribunal'
27. U. Libbrecht, 'What Kind of Science Did the Jesuits Bring to China?', Western Humanistic Culture Presented to China by Jesuit Missionaries (XVII-XVIII centuries), ed. F. Masini (Rome, 1996), pp. 221-34
28. Huang Yi-long, 'Cong tangruowang suobian mingli shixi qingchu zhongou wenhua de chongtu yu tuoxie', Tsing-Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, xxvi (1996), 189-220
29. J. Spence, The Question of Hu (New York, 1988)
30. F. Hsia, French Jesuits and the Mission to China: Science, Religion, History (Chicago, 1999)
31. For a similar strategy in Siam, see R. S. Love, 'Monarchs, Merchants, and Missionaries in Early Modern Asia: The Missions Étrangères in Siam, 1662-84', International History Review, xxi (1999), 1-27
32. L. Kessler, K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of the Ch'ing Rule, 1661-84 (Chicago, 1976), pp. 53-73
33. On calendar disputes, see Huang Yi-long, 'Qingchu tianzhujiao yu huijiao tianwenjia jian de zhendou', Jiuzhou Xuekan, v, 3 (1993), 47-69
34. and 'Zeri zhizheng yu kangxi liyu', Tsing-Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, xxi (1991), 247-80
35. Hashimoto, 'Rekishou kousei no seiritsu', pp. 49-92, esp. 56-61
36. P. Rule, K'ung-tzu or Confucius? The Jesuit Interpretation of Confucianism (Boston, 1986), pp. 101-8
37. Roman Documents Concerning the Chinese Rites Controversy (1645-1041), trans. D. F. St Sure, ed. R. Noll (San Francisco, 1992), pp. viii-ix
38. It consisted of Louis Buglio (1637-82) and Gabriel de Magalhaens (1640-77)
39. See Pfister, Notices biographiques, pp. 230-43,251-5
40. F. Verbiest, Qinding ceyan jilue [Paris], B[ibliothèque] N[ationale] Chinois 4992
41. See N. Standaert, 'The Investigation of Things and the Fathoming of Principles (Gewu qiongli) in the Seventeenth-Century Contact between Jesuits and Chinese Scholars', in Ferdinand Verbiest: Jesuit Missionary, Scientist, Engineer, and Diplomat, ed. J. Wittek (Nettetal, 1994), p. 407
42. Chu Pingyi, 'Scientific Dispute in the Imperial Court: The 1664 Imperial Calendar Case', Chinese Science, xiv (1997), 7-34
43. Verbiest, Astronomia Europaea. The texts are to be found in BN Chinois 4984, Budeyi bian; Chinois 4998, Wanzhanbian; Chinois 4995, Wantui jixun bian; Chinois 4993, Wanzebian; Chinois 4992, Qinding ceyanjilue; Chinois 5002, Chongzhen bibian. See also, Verbiest, Budeyi bian, Tianzhujiao dongchuan wenxian (Taipei, 1965), pp. 333-471
44. Verbiest, Budeyi bian, BN ib-2a
45. Verbiest, Budeyi bian, BN 5b-6a
46. See B. Elman, A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China (Berkeley, 2000), pp. 468-71
47. Verbiest, Astronomia Europaea, pp. 54-8, 97-8
48. See also, Hsia, French Jesuits, pp. 66-75
49. See J. Henderson, The Development and Decline of Chinese Cosmology (New York, 1984), pp. 119-73
50. N. Sivin, 'Cosmos and Computation in Early Chinese Mathematical Astronomy', T'ung Pao, lv (1969), 1-73
51. Verbiest, BN Chinois 4995, Wantui jixun bian, p. 2a
52. For Verbiest's attack on the Chinese cosmology, see BN Chinois 4998, Wanzhan bian; BN Chinois 4995; BN Chinois 4993, Wanze bian
53. Verbiest, BN Chinois 4995, Wantui jixun bian, pp. 14b-21b
54. See also, Yang Guanxian, Tianzhujiao dongchuan wenxian xubian (Taipei, 1965), pp. 1163-7
55. Schall and Verbiest, BN Chinois 4982, Mingli puzhu jiehuo
56. Verbiest, BN Chinois 4995, Wantui jixun bian, p. 1b
57. See also, Huang Yi-Long and Chang Chih-ch'eng, 'The Evolution and Decline of the Ancient Chinese Practice of Watching for the Ethers', Chinese Science, xiii (1996), 82-106
58. Yang Guanxian, Budeyi, Tianzhujiao dongchuan wenxianxubian (Taipei, 1965), pp. 1103-56
59. Ibid
60. R. Westman, 'The Copernicans and the Churches', God and Nature, ed. D. Lindberg and R. Numbers (Berkeley, 1986), pp. 76-113
61. W. Ashworth Jr., 'Catholicism and Early Modern Science', ibid., pp. 136-66
62. C. Jami, '"European Science in China" or "Western Learning"? Representations of Cross-cultural Transmission, 1600-1800', Science in Contexts, xii (1999), 420-2
63. Lu Longqi, Lu Longqi nianpu (Beijing, 1993), pp. 235-6
64. Qingshilu (Beijing, 1986-7), v. 139.30a-33b (no. 2, pp. 526-7)
65. Han Qi, 'Junzhu he buyi zhijian: Li Guangdi zai Kangxi shidai de huodong jiqi dui kexue de yingxiang', Tsing-Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, xxvi (1996), 421-5
66. Hashimoto, 'Rekisho kosei no seiritsu', pp. 49-92
67. L. Struve, 'The Hsü Brothers and Semi-official Patronage of Scholars in the Kang-hsi Period', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, xlii (1982), 254-66
68. S. Wu, Communication and Imperial Control in China (Cambridge, 1970), pp.34-65
69. B. Elman, Classicism, Politics, and Kinship: The Ch'ang-chou School of New Text Confucianism in Late Imperial China (Berkeley, 1990), pp. 275-317
70. For the identification of the Old Man Star in modern astronomy, see J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1954), iii. 238. Needham identifies the Old Man Star as Canopus (Carina), the second brightest star in the sky
71. Kangxidi yuzhi weji (Taipei, 1966), 29: 3a-b
72. 'Shiji tianguanshu', Zhongguo tianwen lifa shiliao (Taipei, 1977), pp. 3-66, laorenxing passage, p. 20
73. See Elman, Civil Examinations, pp. 1-61
74. Xie Guozhen, 'Qingchu shunzhi kangxi jian zhi dangzheng', Mingqing zhiji dangshe yundong kao (Beijing, 1981), pp. 96-118
75. Wang Jingqi, 'Gao wenque yishi', Dushutang xizheng suibi (1928; repr. Hong Kong, 1967), pp. 36a-37a
76. Li Guangdi, Rongcun yulu, pp. 736-43
77. D. Mungello, The Forgotten Christians Hangzhou (Honolulu, 1994), pp. 41-67
78. Zhengjiao fengbao, ed. P. Hoang (Shanghai, 1894), pp. 98-101
79. Han Qi, 'Junzhu he buyi zhijian', pp. 427-9
80. Qingshilu, v. 139: 32a (no. 2, p. 527)
81. Huang Yilong, 'Qingqianqi dui zuican liangsu xianhoucixu de zhengzhi', in Jindai zhongguo kejishi lunji, ed. Yang Cuihua and Huang Yilong (Taipei, 1991), pp. 71-93
82. Qingshilu, v. 132:32b (no. 2, p. 527)
83. For a critical reading of Henderson's work, see W. Peterson's review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, xlvi (1986), 657-74
84. Shengzu renhuangdi shengxun, edict of 1689, 4.3b-4, cited and translated in Wu, Communication and Imperial Control in China, p. 34
85. Fang Yizhi, Wuli xiaoshi, 1664 (Chengdu, 1998), esp. l: 16 b-17b
86. W. Peterson, Bitter Gourd: Fang Ichih and the Impetus for Intellectual Change (New Haven, 1979), pp. 146-69
87. Qu Dajun, Guangdong xinyu (c. 1680) (Beijing, 1985), p. 7
88. See Sivin, Science in Ancient China, pp. 45-66
89. Elman, Civil Examination, pp. 476-7
90. Cf. T. Wilson, 'The Construction of Truth and Its Traditions: The Problem with Origins', Genealogy of the Way: The Construction and Uses of the Confucian Tradition in Late Imperial China (Stanford, 1995), pp. 112-43
91. D. Alden, The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750 (Stanford, 1996), pp. 229-54
92. and J. Witek, Controversial Ideas in China and in Europe: A Biography of Jean-François Fouquet (1665-1741) (Rome, 1982), pp. 13-72
93. Rule, K'ung-tzu or Confucius?, pp. 126-9
94. Witek, Controversial Ideas in China, pp. 58-64
95. I. Landry-Deron, Les Leçons de Sciences Occidentales de L'empereur de Chine Kangxi (1662-1722) par les Pères Bouvet et Gerbillon (Paris, 1995), pp. 83-101
96. Kessler, K'ang-hsi, pp. 149-54
97. Isabelle Landry-Deron has constructed an unpublished bar chart on the Jesuit tutoring (1689, 1690, and 1691) based upon Bouvet's diary (BN 17240). I thank her for allowing me to make use of it
98. C. Jami, 'From Clavius to Pardies: The Geometry Transmitted to China by Jesuits (1607-1723)', in Western Humanistic Culture, ed. Masini, pp. 175-99
99. P. Engelfriet, Euclid in China: The Genesis of the First Translation of Euclid's Elements in 1607 and Its Reception up to 1723 (Leiden, 1998), pp. 132-206
100. Li Di, Zhongguo shuxue shi jianbian (Shengyang, 1984), pp. 253-77
101. Liu Dun, '"Shuli jingwen" zhong "jiheyuanben" de diben wenti', Zhonguo keji shilao, xii (1991), 88-96
102. P. C. Perdue, 'Boundaries, Maps, and Movement: Chinese, Russian, and Mongolian Empires in Early Modern Central Asia', International History Review, xx (1998), 263-86
103. P. C. Perdue, 'Military Mobilization in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia', Modern Asian Studies, xxx (1996), 757-93
104. N. Di Cosmo, 'Qing Colonial Administration in Inner Asia', International History Review, xx (1998), 287-309
105. A. Chapman, 'Tycho Brahe in China: The Jesuit Mission to Peking and the Iconography of the European Instrument-making Process', Annals of Science, xli (1984), 417-43
106. See also, P. M. D'Elia SJ, 'The Double Stellar Hemisphere of Johann Schall von Bell SJ', Monumenta Serica, xviii (1959), 328-58
107. Yi Shitong, 'The Kangxi Celestial Globe: A Milestone in the History of Sino-Western Cultural Exchange', in Ferdinand Verbiest, SJ, ed. Witek, pp. 165-81
108. Chu Pingyi, 'Kuawenhua zhishi chuanbuo de gean yanjiu - mingmo qingchu guanyu diyuanshuo de zhenyi, 1600-1800', Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, lxix ( 1998), 602-34
109. Funakoshi Akio, Sakoku Nihon ni kita 'Koki-zu' no chirigakushiteki kaikyū (Tokyo, 1986), pp. 19-68
110. Memoirs of Father Ripa during Thirteen Years' Residence at the Court of Peking in the Service of the Emperor of China, comp. F. Prandi (London, 1855), pp. 19-66
111. Qingshilu, vi. 283: 7a-8a (no. 3, p. 765)
112. Kangxidi yuzhi Weji, 3: 4a-5a
113. Mei Wending, Lixue yiwen bu, in Meishi Congshu̇ Jiyao, ed. Mei Juecheng, rev. Mei Zangao, 1874 (Taipei, 1971)
114. See also Liu Dun, 'Qingchu minzu sichao de shanbian ji qi dui qingdai tianwen shuxue de yinxiang', Journal of Dialectics of Nature, xiii (1991), 46-8
115. J. Bouvet, Tianxue benyi [The Vatican], B[iblioteca] A[postolica] V[aticana] Borg. Cinese.317 (15)
116. See also, J.-B. Du Halde, The General History of China, trans. R. Brookes (London, 1741), pp. 14-30
117. Liu Zhi, Tianfang xingli, 1760, copy at Los Angeles, UCLA East Asian Library; Sato Minoru, 'Liu Zhi zhu "Tianfang xingli" no henghon ni tsuyite', Tōhō shukyo, xciv (Nov. 1999), 60-9
118. Chen Jiujin, Huihui tianwenxue shi yanjiu (Nannin, 1996), pp. 292-305
119. See F. Jameson, The Prison-House of Language (Princeton, 1972), pp. 162-8
120. and The Political Unconscious (Ithaca, 1981), pp. 163-9
121. Li Zubai, Tianxue chuangai, Tianzhujiao dongchuan wenxianxubian (Taipei, 1965), pp. 1055-62
122. I thank Benjamin Elman for this source. See also, Mungello, Forgotten Christians of Hangzhou, pp. 85-8
123. Louis Buglio, BN Chinois 4989, Budeyi bian, pp. 53a-54b
124. Lu Jiuyuan's [Xiangshan 1139-92] famous motto
125. Liu Ning, BN Chinois 7172, Juesilu, which mentions Schall's title in court (Tongwei jiaoshi) on page 5 of the third essay
126. See also, K. Lundbaek, Joseph de Prémare (1666-1736) - Chinese Philology and Figurism (Aarhus, 1991), pp. 142-5
127. For the title Tongwei jiaoshi, see Chen Yuan, 'Wu Meicun ji tongxuan laoren longfu zhu jieti', Chenyuan xueshu lunwenji(Beijing, 1980), pp.374-6
128. Liu Ning, BN Chinois 7172, Juesilu, p. 3b of the second essay
129. Han Qi, 'Zhang Xingyao yu qinming chuangjiao yueshu', Sino-Western Cultural Relations Journal, xiii (2000), 1-10
130. Zhang Xingyao, BN Chinois 7171, Tianru tongyi kao
131. See also, Mungello, Forgotten Christians of Hangzhou, pp. 95-167
132. and A. Dudink's critical review in Toung Pao, lxxxiv (1998), 196-213
133. D. P. Walker, The Ancient Theology: Studies in Christian Platonism from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century (London, 1972), p. 1
134. D. E. Mungello, Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology (Honolulu, 1985), pp. 329-53
135. Cf. E. Van Kley, 'Europe's "Discovery" of China and the Writing of World History', American Historical Review, Lxxvi (1971), 358-85
136. Walker, Ancient Theology, pp. 194-230
137. Cf. P. Findlan, 'The Janus Faces of Science in the Seventeenth Century: Athanasius Kircher and Issac Newton', Rethinking the Scientific Revolution, ed. M. Osier (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 221-46
138. See The Preface of Leibniz's Novissima Sinica: Commentary, Translation, Text, comp. D. Lach (Honolulu, 1957)
139. G. W. Leibniz, Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese (Honolulu, 1977)
140. For Leibniz's correspondence with Bouvet, see D. Mungello, Leibniz and Confucianism: The Search for Accord (Honolulu, 1977), pp. 46-62
141. A. S. Rosso, Apostolic Legations to China of the Eighteenth Century (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia, 1948)
142. Luo Guang, 'Jiaoting yu zhongguo shijieshi', Luoguang quanshu: XXVII (Taipei,1996)
143. I found two versions of The Essentials of the Studies of Heaven (tianxue benyi) in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana: Borg. Cinese. 357 (9) and Borg. Cinese. 317 (15), and another two versions in the Bibliothèque Nationale (BN Chinois 7160 and 7162). Borg. Cinese. 357 (9) contains detailed yet formative argumentation, and Borg. Cinese. 317 (15) is a more presentable version with Han Tan's preface. I rely on Borg. Cinese. 317 (15), which dates from 1707 and has the complete title gujin jingtianjian tianxue benyi
144. Cf. D. Mungello, 'Unearthing the Manuscripts of Bouvet's Gujin after Nearly Three Centuries', Sino-Western Cultural Relations Journal, x (1988), 34-61
145. C. von Collani, 'Claudio Filippo Grimaldi SJ zur Ankenft des Päpstilichen Legaten Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon in China', Monumenta Serica, xlii (1994), 329-59
146. H. Goodman and A. Grafton, 'Ricci, the Chinese, and the Toolkits of Textualists', Asia Major, iii (1990), 95-148
147. W. Peterson, The Cambridge History of China: VIII: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, part 2 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 824-33
148. J. Bouvet, BAV Borg. Cinese. 317 (15), Gujin jingtianjian tianxue benyi, pp. 5a
149. Struve, 'Hsü Brothers', p. 249
150. Yamada Keiji, Chugoku no kagakuto kagakusha (Kyoto, 1978)
151. Kodo Tasaka, 'An Aspect of Islamic Culture Introduced into China', Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, xvi (1957), 75-160
152. Chen, Huihui tianwenxue shi yanjiu, pp. 231-47
153. Chen also provides detailed annotation and commentary on Huihui lifa: see pp. 309-75
154. A. Vagnoni (Gao Yizhi), Kongji gezhi, Jiangzhou (Shanxi), 1633
155. See also Qiong Zhang, 'Demystifying Qi: The Politics of Cultural Transformation and Interpretation in the Early Jesuit Mission to China', Tokens of Exchange: The Problem of Translation in Global Circulations, ed. L. H. Liu (Durham, 1999), pp. 74-106
156. Xu Yuanzheng, '"Xu" in Liu Zhi's (1660?-1730?) Tianfang xingli', UCLA
157. W. Peterson, 'Calendar Reform Prior to the Arrival of Missionaries at the Ming Court', Ming Studies, xxi (1986), 45-61
158. Huang Zongxi, Huang zongxi quanji, punctusted version (Hangzhou, 1985), pp. 562-3
159. See also, L. Struve, 'Huang Zongxi in Context: A Reappraisal of His Major Writings', Journal of Asian Studies, xlvii (1988), 474-502
160. and L. Struve, 'Ambivalence and Action: Some Frustrated Scholars of the K'ang-Hsi Period', in From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China, ed. J. Spence and J. Wills (New Haven, 1979), pp. 321-65
161. Wang Xichan, Xiaoan yishu zhisi (repr. Shanghai, 1994), pp. la-lb
162. Jiang Xiaoyusn, 'Wang Xichan de shengping, sixiang, he tianwenxue huodong', Ziran bianzheng fa tongxun, xi, 4 (1989), 53-62
163. Qian Baocong, 'Mei Wuan xiansheng ninapu', in Qian Baocong kexueshi lunwen xuanji (Beijing, 1983), pp. 608-38
164. Hang Shijun, 'Mei Wending zhuang', in Daogutang wenji, 1888, 30: 1a-16a
165. Qian, 'Mei Wuan xiansheng ninapu', pp. 610-17
166. Li Di and Guo Shirong, Mei Wending (Shanghai, 1988), pp. 19-34
167. Hashimoto Keizõ, 'Bai Buntei no Rekisangaku', Tõhõ gakuhō, xli (1970), 491-518
168. and 'Bai Buntei no sugaku kenkyū', Tōhō gakuhõ, xliv (1973), 233-79
169. Liu Dun, 'Mei Wending zai jihexue lingyu zhong de ruogan gongxian', Ming-Qing Shuxueshi Lunji, ed. Mei Rongzhao (Jiangsu, 1990), pp. 182-218
170. Elman, From Philosophy to Philology, pp. 100-12
171. See also, Zhang Yontang, 'Mei Wenging de shengping yu sixiang', Mingmo qingchu lixue yu kexue guanxi zailun (Taipei, 1994), pp. 105-76
172. C. von Collani, 'Matteo Ricci in der Chronik der Ming-Dynastie der Bericht Joachim Bouvet SJ an Antoine Thomas SJ aus dem jahre 1707', Menumenta Serica, xli (1993), 189-203
173. Guangxu xuangcheng xianzhi, repr. of 1888 version (Nanjing, 1998), p. 10
174. Mei Wending, Jixuetang shiwenchao, 1758 (Anhui, 1994), pp. 3-8
175. Han Qi, 'Junzhu he buyi'
176. Li Guangdi, 'Xu', Lixue yiwen, 3a
177. Arai Shinji, 'Astronomical Studies by Zhao Youqin', Taiwanese Journal for Philosophy and History of Science, v (1996), 59-102
178. Yamada Keiji, Shushi no shizengaku (Tokyo, 1978)
179. Lu Longqi, Sanyutangji (repr. Taipei, 1967), pp. 28-9, 33, 138-9
180. Wei Xi, 'Xu', Lixue yiwen, 8a-8b
181. Wang Yuan, 'Xu', Lixue yiwen, 9a-9b
182. Mei Wending, Lixue yiwen, pt. 3, pp. 1a-19b
183. Cf. C. Jami, 'History of Mathematics in Mei Wending's (1633-1721) Work', Historia Scientiarum, iv (1994), 159-74
184. Hui Dong, Zhouyi shu (Huang Qing jingjie xuehaitang version, c. 1829, repr. Taipei, 1994), p. 224
185. I use the translation from R. J. Lynn, The Classic of Changes: A New Translation of the I Ching as Interpreted by Wang Bi (New York, 1994), p. 445
186. Cited and translated in Elman, Civil Examinations, p. 470
187. T. Kuhn, 'The Problem of the Planets', The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought (Cambridge, 1957), pp. 45-77
188. Kangxidi yuzhi weji, 19: 6a-13b
189. Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power, pp. 103-59
190. See P. Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500-1700 (London, 2001), pp. 30-48
191. P. Reill, The German Enlightenment and the Rise of Historicism (Berkeley, 975), pp. 75-99
192. M. Taussig, Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses (Routledge, 1993), pp. 112-28