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An important study clearly demonstrated that MSM are found in sub-Saharan Africa and that they have a high prevalence of HIV infection
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Sanders EJ, Graham SM, Okuku HS, et al. HIV-1 infection in high risk men who have sex with men in Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS 2007; 21:2513-2520. An important study clearly demonstrated that MSM are found in sub-Saharan Africa and that they have a high prevalence of HIV infection.
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AIDS
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Sanders, E.J.1
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van Griensven F. Men who have sex with men and their HIV epidemics in Africa. AIDS 2007; 21:1361-1362.
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Geibel S, van der Elst EM, King'ola N, et al. 'Are you on the market?': a capture-recapture enumeration of men who sell sex to men in and around Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS 2007; 21:1349-1354.
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Grijsen ML, Graham SM, Mwangome M, et al. Screening for genital and anorectal sexually transmitted infections in HIV prevention trials in Africa. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 28 Mar [Epub ahead of print]. A second study from Africa that found a significant level of anal intercourse in both MSM (36%) and women (18%) being screened for inclusion in an HIV-vaccine cohort.
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Grijsen ML, Graham SM, Mwangome M, et al. Screening for genital and anorectal sexually transmitted infections in HIV prevention trials in Africa. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 28 Mar [Epub ahead of print]. A second study from Africa that found a significant level of anal intercourse in both MSM (36%) and women (18%) being screened for inclusion in an HIV-vaccine cohort.
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20
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Baral S, Sifakis F, Cleghorn F, Beyrer C. Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in low- and middle-income countries 2000-2006: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e339. A systematic review of the literature shows that MSM from low- and middle-income countries in the Americas, Asia, and Africa have a higher prevalence of HIV infection than the general population in their respective countries.
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Sudol KM, Phillips DM. Relative safety of sexual lubricants for rectal intercourse. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31:346-349.
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Fuchs EJ, Lee LA, Torbenson MS, et al. Hyperosmolar sexual lubricant causes epithelial damage in the distal colon: potential implication for HIV transmission. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:703-710. An extremely important paper shows that commercially available sexual lubricants that are hyper-osmolar can induce greater epithelial denudation than iso-osmolar gels. Because epithelial damage may increase the risk of HIV transmission, hyperosmolar gels would make poor rectal microbicide formulations.
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23
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Tabet SR, Surawicz C, Horton S, et al. Safety and toxicity of nonoxynol-9 gel as a rectal microbicide. Sex Transm Infect 1999; 26:564-571.
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Phillips DM, Sudol KM, Taylor CL, et al. Lubricants containing N-9 may enhance rectal transmission of HIV and other STIs. Contraception 2004; 70:107-110.
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van de Wijgert JH, Shattock RJ. Vaginal microbicides: moving ahead after an unexpected setback. AIDS 2007; 21:2369-2376.
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McGowan I, Elliott J, Cortina G, et al. Characterization of baseline intestinal mucosal indices of injury and inflammation in men for use in rectal microbicide trials (HIV Prevention Trials Network-056). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 46:417-425. This paper defines the biological variability of mucosal safety biomarkers that might be used in phase I rectal safety studies. Important conclusions are that mucosal cytokine gene expression and T-cell phenotype appear stable and may have utility in assessing microbicide rectal safety.
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29
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Elliot J. Ex vivo HIV-1 challenge of colorectal explants may be an important predictor of microbicidal effectiveness in vivo [abstract]. In: Microbicides 2008; 24-27 February 2008; New Delhi. New Delhi: Plan it!; 2008. Abstract B04-241.
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Elliot J. Ex vivo HIV-1 challenge of colorectal explants may be an important predictor of microbicidal effectiveness in vivo [abstract]. In: Microbicides 2008; 24-27 February 2008; New Delhi. New Delhi: Plan it!; 2008. Abstract B04-241.
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Nodin N, Carballo-Dieguez A, Ventuneac AM, et al. Knowledge and acceptability of alternative HIV prevention bio-medical products among MSM who bareback. AIDS Care 2008; 20:106-115.
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Carballo-Dieguez A, Exner T, Dolezal C, et al. Rectal microbicide acceptability: results of a escalation trial. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34:224-229. This study defined the acceptability of a microbicide used in the rectal compartment. The authors demonstrate that over 35 ml of microbicide was found to be unacceptable by the majority of study participants. This critical information helps define the formulation profile for future products.
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Carballo-Dieguez A, Exner T, Dolezal C, et al. Rectal microbicide acceptability: results of a volume escalation trial. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34:224-229. This study defined the volume acceptability of a microbicide used in the rectal compartment. The authors demonstrate that over 35 ml of microbicide was found to be unacceptable by the majority of study participants. This critical information helps define the formulation profile for future products.
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40
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Carballo-Dieguez A, Bauermeister JA, Ventuneac A, et al. The use of rectal douches among HIV-uninfected and infected men who have unprotected receptive anal intercourse: implications for rectal microbicides. AIDS Behav 2007; 18 Aug [Epub ahead of print]. This study reported that rectal douching is a common practice among MSM engaging in anal intercourse. This finding has two implications. Firstly, studies are needed to determine whether rectal douching results in damage to the intestinal mucosa and secondly douches may provide a useful platform for the development of microbicides that can deliver active agents to the left side of the colon.
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Carballo-Dieguez A, Bauermeister JA, Ventuneac A, et al. The use of rectal douches among HIV-uninfected and infected men who have unprotected receptive anal intercourse: implications for rectal microbicides. AIDS Behav 2007; 18 Aug [Epub ahead of print]. This study reported that rectal douching is a common practice among MSM engaging in anal intercourse. This finding has two implications. Firstly, studies are needed to determine whether rectal douching results in damage to the intestinal mucosa and secondly douches may provide a useful platform for the development of microbicides that can deliver active agents to the left side of the colon.
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41
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