Neighborhood socioeconomic status and homicides among children in urban Canada

Pediatrics

Volumn 123, Issue 5, 2009, Pages

  Birken, Catherine S ^a,b,c   Parkin, Patricia C ^a,b,c   To, Teresa ^b,c   Wilkins, Russell ^d,e   Macarthur, Colin ^b,f  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^d STATISTICS CANADA   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^f University of Toronto   (Canada)

Author keywords

Child; Epidemiology; Homicide; Injury; Population health; Socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CALCULATION; CANADA; CHILD; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DEATH CERTIFICATE; FEMALE; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; POISSON DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION RESEARCH; POPULATION RISK; POSTAL MAIL; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL STATUS; URBAN AREA; VITAL STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HOMICIDE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; ONTARIO; POVERTY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL CLASS; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 66049106769     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-0132     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1977
2. Statistics Canada. Mortality, Summary List of Causes, 1997. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada; 1999. Available at: www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/af-fdr. cgi?1=eng&loc=http://www%20statcangc.ca/pub/84f0209x/84f0209x1997000-eng. pdf&t=Mortality,%20Summary%20Lit%20of%30Causes&k=620442. Accessed November 16, 2007
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rates of homicide, suicide, and firearm-related death among children: 26 industrialized countries. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(5):101-105
4. Last JM, ed. A Dictionary of Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press; 1988
5. Hippisley-Cox J, Groom L, Kendrick D, Coupland C, Webber E, Savelyich B. Cross-sectional survey of socioeconomic variations in severity and mechanism of childhood injuries in Trent 1992-7. BMJ. 2002;324(7346):1132 (Pubitemid 34518108)
6. Faelker T, Pickett W, Brison RJ. Socioeconomic differences in childhood injury: a population based epidemiologic study in Ontario, Canada. Inj Prev. 2000;6(3):203-208
7. Engström K, Diderichsen F, Laflamme L. Socioeconomic differences in injury risks in childhood and adolescence: a nationwide study of intentional and unintentional injuries in Sweden. Inj Prev. 2002;8(2):137-142
8. Durkin MS, Davidson LL, Kuhn L, O'Connor P, Barlow B. Low-income neighborhoods and the risk of severe pediatric injury: a small-area analysis in northern Manhattan. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(4):587-592 (Pubitemid 24140530)
9. Roberts I, Li L, Barker M. Trends in intentional injury deaths in children and teenagers (1980-1995). J Public Health Med. 1998;20(4):463-466
10. Wise PH, Kotelchuck M, Wilson ML, Mills M. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in childhood mortality in Boston. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(6):360-366 (Pubitemid 15046368)
11. Wilkins R, Berthelot JM, Ng E. Trends in mortality by neighbourhood income in urban Canada from 1971 to 1996. Health Rep. 2002;13(suppl):1-28
12. Wilkins R, Adams O, Brackner A. Changes in mortality by income in urban Canada from 1971 to 1986. Health Rep. 1989;1(2):137-174
13. Overpeck MD, Brenner RA, Trumble AC, Smith GS, MacDorman MF, Berendes HW. Infant injury deaths with unknown intent: what else do we know? Inj Prev. 1999;5(4):272-275
14. Schnitzer PG, Ewigman BG. Child deaths resulting from inflicted injuries: household risk factors and perpetrator characteristics. Pediatrics. 2005;116(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/116/5/e687
15. Overpeck MD, Brenner RA, Trumble AC, Trifiletti LB, Berendes HW. Risk factors for infant homicide in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(17):1211-1216 (Pubitemid 28482131)
16. Brenner RA, Overpeck MD, Trumble A, DerMisonian R, Berendes H. Deaths attributable to injuries in infants, United States, 1983-1991. Pediatrics. 1999;103(5):968-974
17. Krieger N. Overcoming the absence of socioeconomic data in medical records: validation and application of a census-based methodology. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(5):703-710
18. Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Soobader MJ, Subramanian SV, Carson R. Choosing area-based socioeconomic measures to monitor social inequalities in low birth weight and childhood lead poisoning: the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project (US). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(3):186-199 (Pubitemid 36250180)
19. Oakes JM. The (mis)estimation of neighborhood effects: causal inference for a practicable social epidemiology. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58(10):1929-1952 (Pubitemid 38326972)
20. Pickett KE, Pearl M. Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(2):111-122 (Pubitemid 32095197)
21. Anderson RT, Sorlie P, Backlund E, Johnson N, Kaplan GA. Mortality effects of community socioeconomic status. Epidemiology. 1997;8(1):42-47 (Pubitemid 27014220)
22. Krieger N, Chen JT, Selby JV. Comparing individual-based and household-based measures of social class to assess class inequalities in women's health: a methodological study of 684 US women. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(10):612-623 (Pubitemid 29443784)
23. National Center for Health Statistics. Instructions for Classifying Multiple Causes of Death, 1988. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1988
24. National Center for Health Statistics. Instructions for Classifying Multiple Causes of Death, 2007. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2006
25. World Health Organization; International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. Preventing Child Maltreatment: A Guide to Taking Action and Generating Evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2006
26. Herman-Giddens ME, Brown G, Verbiest S, et al. Underascertainment of child abuse mortality in the United States. JAMA. 1999;282(5):463-467 (Pubitemid 29357995)
27. McCurdy K. Risk assessment in child abuse prevention programs. Soc Work Res. 1995;19(2):77-88
28. MacMillan HL; Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Preventive health care, 2000 update: prevention of child maltreatment. CMAJ. 2000;163(11):1451-1458
29. Olds DL, Eckenrode J, Henderson CR Jr, et al. Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: fifteen year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA. 1997;278(8):637-643 (Pubitemid 27373837)
30. Farrell AD, Valois RF, Meyer AI, Tidwell RP. Impact of the RIPP violence prevention program on rural middle school students. J Primary Prev. 2003;24(2):143-167 (Pubitemid 37323420)
31. Flay BR, Graumlich S, Segawa E, et al. Effects of 2 prevention programs on high-risk behaviors among African American youth: a randomized trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(4):377-384 (Pubitemid 38451567)
32. Ludwig J, Duncan GJ, Hirschfield P. Urban poverty and juvenile crime: evidence from a randomized housing-mobility experiment. Q J Econ. 2001;116(2):655-679 (Pubitemid 33584302)